Saddam Hussein Exam
King Faisal II and the July 14 Revolution
A coup of Iraq's monarchy that created a short lived government (faisal dies)
No Blood for Oil
A protesting chant used to protest the Persian Gulf war. These protests were held in Washington, people didn't want the war in Iraq.
Anfal Operation
An attack on the Kurdish population by Saddam, Chemical weapons etc we saw a video about this
Saddam's rise to power
Became president after a coup, Wanted to fight the Kurds, they were located on the border, Iran supported the Kurds, US set up a meeting to reconcile the countries and prevent war
Day of Challenge
Big parade (but not as big as Saddam wanted) the day before U.N. forces were set to invade
Effects of the war on Iraq and Iran
Bloodiest and most destructive military conflict since World War II, The war was an expensive and bloody conflict, Iran consolidated the Revolution, Iraq faced economic and social instability
How Iran-Iraq war was total
Both Iran and Iraq bombed each other's urban cities which brought their civilians into the war, Both countries bombed each other's oil tankers which were their main source of income
Desert Storm
Combat phase -- actual fighting against Iraq to free Kuwait, They stopped short of actually invading Iraq after liberating Kuwait so that they could stay within the guidelines of the U.N. or whatever
Cult of Personality
Constant message: "Saddam and Iraq are one and the same. The President is the only one who can understand the Iraqi people and who can speak for them.", Thousands of portraits, posters, statues, and murals all over Iraq- it was claimed that there as many pictures of Saddam as there were people in the country (about 20 million), Appealed to various elements in society: dressed as a Bedouin, in Kurdish clothing, in suits, and as a Muslim pilgrim to Mecca, Often photographed with children, His birthday was a two day national holiday
how golf war was Total
Environmental destruction in Kuwait, Iraq bombed Israel (knew if they got involved it would be more divisive), Kuwaiti resistance - civil disobedience, sabotage, intelligence gathering, etc, Fought to save about 300 oil wells that would have otherwise been destroyed, Again, this only lasted about 6 weeks
Battle of Khafji
First major ground battle of the persian gulf war, located in the Saudi Arabian city of Khafji
Role of Foreign Policy to maintain power
Foreign newspapers/media banned and so was travel, No contact to foreign people was allowed, Wanted the west to believe he dropped the nuclear weapons production but instill fear by convincing them he still had them available to him, (but he focused mainly on internal affairs)
Desert Shield
Goal: prevent an attack on Saudi Arabia and free Kuwait (Operation Desert Shield)., Equipped Saudi Arabia with troops and weapons as a countermeasure against the possibility of Iraqi invasion
Operation Iraqi Freedom Shock and Awe
HUGE bombing campaign by the U.S. (at night so it was super visible and impressive and scary), Chad watched it on the TV
How Iran-Iraq war was limited
Iran refused to use to use their chemical weapons
Resorted to shelling Basra
Iraq bombed a steel factory and an unfinished nuclear plant in Iran, Iranians then shelled Basra, Iraq then carried out air raids on various Iranian cities including Isfahan, Iran then bombed a suburb of Baghdad
War of the Cities
Iraq declared all Iranian air space a war zone and implied that civilian aircraft were legitimate targets, both sides agreed to stop attacking urban centers, but Iraq resumed bombing raids after May 25, 1985, when there was a failed Iranian attempt to kill the leader of Kuwait
Human Shields
Iraq kept a ton of British and American children around their important guns and stuff so that British and American troops wouldn't blow the stuff up but really it just made them mad
Persian Gulf War Causes
Iraq now controlled 20% of global oil supplies, Concerned that this was the first time that a nation invaded and annexed another country since WWII, Arab states
Saddamism
Iraq was central to the Arab World (Mesopotamia was the greatest of Arab civilizations) and so therefore should be the leader of the Arab world
Operation Iraqi Freedom Purpose and Effects
Iraq was viewed by the US as an evil threat & a terror-brewing nation, people weren't happy that Saddam was still out there meandering around, First time in history that the US launched a preemptive war, Resistance groups formed out of the people that the US wouldn't allow to have jobs during occupation, a small force still remains in the Embassy to train the Iraqi military, Iraq still suffers from violence, corruption, and depressed standard of living
Tanker War
Iraq's goal- disrupt oil shipments to draw in the US and USSR and to get Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to enter the war on Iraq's side, in 1984 64 oil tankers were attacked, mostly by Iraq, Iran responded by attacking Saudi and Kuwaiti tankers (Iraq had no tankers of its own), 1987 US attacked Iranian oil platforms claiming they were used by Iran to attack Western ships in the Persian Gulf, also began to allow Kuwaiti oil tankers to fly the American flag
effects of the war on Kuwait
Kuwait's buildings and cities were destroyed, They were also without food, water, electricity and medical supplies, Kuwait's oil facilities (around 600) were burning creating immense amount of smoke/air pollution, also acid rain
Baath Party
Most Ba'athists were Sunni Muslims, In 1968 seized power, nationalized the oil industry
Control of the Economy
Saddam Hussein continued Iraq's economic development as one dependent on primary products exporting, especially oil. This resulted in the development of a backward economy with poor planned economic development.
How golf war was Limited
Saddam waited to be attacked before taking action, Bush stopped the war when all UN goals were achieved, not when Saddam was out of power, Coalition forces gave Saddam a deadline to leave Kuwait before the ground campaign would start, There was some Kuwaiti resistance, but it largely collapsed after 6 weeks (this can also support total war when they were resisting)
UN Resolution 678
Secretary of State James Baker met with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Saddam threatened Israel??? And US said don't worry we'll protecc you?, Release of foreign hostages but stated Iraq would never leave Kuwait and would use chemical weapons
Norman Schwarzkopf
Stoman norman or whatever, He was in charge of desert storm
Mukhabarat
The Department of General Intelligence (Mukhabarat) led by Saddam's younger brother Barzan al-Tikritil, Used torture and assassination, Operated both domestically and internationally
Use of terror
The People's Army (paramilitary force of the Ba'ath Party to counter the weight of the regular army), Mukhabarat
Control of the Media
The government used arrests, threats, detentions, torture, execution, and exile to control journalists, writers, poets, and artists, TV was limited to four government owned and controlled channels, Could only access the internet (introduced in 1999) through the government's server in 30 internet centers scattered throughout the country.
effects of the war on Iraq
There was a few revolutions against Saddam after the war, One was brought on by the kurds and the other brought on by shiite Muslims, They gained some ground but ultimately lost as saddam once again attacked his own people, Iraq was also pushed back into a state before industrialization, there was no electricity, food, or water, Many of the people also died of diseases and there was a large amount of chemicals in the air that iraqis were exposed to, Many iraqis also died because kuwaitis were mad and lashed out against them leading to torture, imprisonment and death
Reasons for Coalition Victory
Timing factors, US had just modernized its military in the 1980s, Advanced technologies - smart bombs, satellite intelligence, better tanks, GPS, etc (this meant they could fight at night), Cold War had just ended so the military was still at full strength, Saddam's Mistakes, Saddam underestimated US determination, Saddam didn't take a lot of offensive action, he just waited until the coalition built up a bunch and attacked before he actually did anything, Military became entrenched in kuwait, He didn't let his highly skilled forces fight in the war, saved them in case a revolt broke out in Iraq and he needed them to protect him
Coalition of Nations Air Campaign
an extensive aerial bombing campaign from 17 January 1991 to 23 February 1991, widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure, First night was the longest bomber run in history, Louisiana bombers flew to kuwait and then flew back in one night, 85% dropped on their targets - many were smart bombs (would hit only the target and wouldn't kill civilians/civilian infrastructure), We were able to weaken the Iraqi ground forces. The US was able to hit any target at anytime., Ground forces were weakened so much that the United States was able to set a new deadline for Iraq to get out of Kuwait. Or the ground war will start.
Operation Ramadan
goal was to capture Basra, which they believed would lead to the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the establishment of an Islamic state in Iraq, Iran only able to capture 32 square miles of Iran
Iran-Iraq War causes
saddam's rise to power, long term tensions, religious differences, border disputes, control of the shatt al-arab waterway
UN Resolution 687
the Council set the terms, in a comprehensive resolution, with which Iraq was to comply after losing the Gulf War.