SAT II US history incorrect/skipped test questions and answers

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 required Southern states to do all of the following to gain readmission to the Union EXCEPT A. allow African Americans to participate in state convention and elections B. ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution C. pay reparations and provide land grants to all former slaves D. Rewrite the state constitution E. submit the state constitution to the U.S congress fro approval

C Ironically, Reconstruction called for many harsh and punitive measures, but it did not require the South to pay reparations to the party most deeply hurt by slavery

Because of New England's geography and poor climate, its 17th century economy became cenetered on which of the following activites? A. Large-scale agriculture of a variety of crops B. subsistence farming C. sea trade, shipping, and fishing C single-crop production of valuable cash crops E. manufacturing

C NE's geo. made it ill suited to large scal agriculture. As a result, the early coneomy of the region grew up around its access to the ocean and consisted largely of sea trade, shipping, and fishing

On purpose of "muckraking" journalism in the early 20th century was to A. report of foreign policy and overseas military involvement B. report on the economic difficulties brought about by the stock market crash C. report on political and corporate corruption D. report on athletic events and popular culture E. report on religious topics of interest to immigrant communities

C So-called "muckraking" journalists were primarily interested in reform, and during the Progressive Era they were actively invovlved in investigations that exposed corrupt business practices and political scandals

Which of the following was a direct effect of the Second Great Awakening? A. A greater faith in scientific reason and expert knowledge B. A rejection of European religious ideas C. The increased participation of women in reform movements D. the establishment of many state-supported churches E. a widespread disillusionment with organized churches

C The Second Great Awakening established a sentiment of reform in the United States based on arguments of moral improvement. What resulted was a burgeoning of reform movements with a wide range of agendas (e.g, abolition, temperance, female suffrage). As many of these issues dealt directly with the day-to-day lives of women, their participation and leadership naturally grew over time

One direct result of the Tea Act of 1773 was A. a sharp decline in tea exports from British East India B. an increase in the price of coffee beans C. a drop in profits among American colonial tea merchants D. an armed revolt from the American colonists in Massachuesttes E. a disruption of British trade in tobacco and sugra

C The Tea Act of 1773, enacted by Britain a few years before the American Revolution, removed tuies from the East India company. The result was a flood of East India tea in the colonies and much lower prices. Colonial merchants protests this infringement on free trade, because high duuties had to be paid on all other teas and little to no profit could be made on the East India tea.

Look at the cartoon on 264 Which two American leaders are depicted attempting to repair the union in the cartoon above? A. Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln B. Andrew Mellon and Abraham Lincoln C. Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln D. Andrew Carnegie and Abraham Lincoln E. Andrew "Dice" Clay and Abraham Lincoln

C The cartoon depicts Abraham Lincoln and his VP Andrew Johnson attempting to repaire the Union at the end of the Civil War. Jackson=7th president, Mellon and Carnegie were American industrialists, and Clay is a stand up comedian popular in the 1980s/90s

Each of the following helps to explain why the American colonist encountered great difficulties during the first year of the Revolutionary War EXCEPT: A. Not all of the colonists initally favored indendence B. the colonial forces lacked the funding and training to match the British "redcoats" in open battle C. The colonial forces had had less than half the troop strength of the British army D. Britain promised freedom to any slave who helped to fight to restore British authority in the colonies E. Early miliatry losses resulted in a decline in morale among American troops.

C The colonists did in fact have almost hte same number of troops as the British. The problem was not number of troops but lack of training and funding necessary to go head to head with the well season British veternas. The tide of the war began to turn after a sereis of decisive battles and after France joined the American side in 1778

The Economic Opportunity Act and the Civil Rights act were signed into law by President A. Harry S. Truman B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. Lyndon B. Johnson D. Herbert Hoover E. Theodore Roosevelt

C These two laws were part of LBJ's Great Society initives, and they were both signed into law in '64. Economic Opportunity act is sometimes referred to as the antipoverty program which ties more clearly to the Great Society initiative

"To believe you own though, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all, --that is genius" The mid-19th-century statement above is most representative of which of the following schools of thought? A. Utilitarianism B. Deism C. Transcendentalism D. Social Darwinism E. Pragmatism

C Transcendentalists believed that to fully understand the real-world one should not rely on the senses because knowledge came from the innate divinity of each person's soul. The idea that all men and women, by nature, equally capable resulted in many Transcendentalists becoming involved in mid-19th-century reform movements

The British established vice-admiralty courts in the colonies primarily to A. prevent the colonists from organizing legislatures B. try Native Americans and French settlers who threatened British colonists C. make it easier to prosecute colonists who violated the Navigation Acts D. protect the rights of free blacks in areas where slavery was permitted E. process loyalist property claims after the revolutionary war

C Vice-admiralty courts are military courts in which defendants are not tried by a jury of peers. Why did the British see the need for such courts in the colonies? When the British tried to prosecute violaters of its tax law before colonial juries, the jurors regularly ignored the law and acquitted the defendant. Jurors sympathized with the defendants, after all, because they too hated the British taxes. In order to convict violaters, the British were forced to establish vice-admiralty courts. The colonist, of course, objected, further building momentum for the revolution.

All of the following contributed to the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 EXCEPT: A. the lack of sufficient cash reserves in the banking system B. the overvaluing of the stock market C. the unrestricted purchase of stock on credit D. the speculative investment of large amounts of money E. the lack of insurance for bank deposits

E A, B, C, AND D are closely tied to the cash flow and overspeculation associated with the crash. Choice E was not (may have worsened crash but not a direct cause)

Each of the follwoing was a characteristic of the religious ideals of the First Great Awakening EXCEPT A. an emphasis on tirual and hierarchy B. an emphasis on evangelism C. an emphasis on personal revelation D. an emphasis on the need for salvation E. an emphasis on commitment to personal morality

A The First Great awakening was a religious revival movemtn that took palce both in Britain and the American colonies in teh 1730s and 1740s. One of its defining features was a move away from ritual and hierarchy toward a more personal and individualistic Christian faith

U.S policy toward Native American tribes in the West during the 1880s can best be described as A. inconsistant B. conciliatory C. clearly defined D assimilastionist E. laissez-faire

A 1880s=after civil war and after the bulk of western expansion had taken place as U.S troops forced tribes into the reservation system. Inconsisiten U.S policy toward NAs was the result of various government agencies working at cross-purposes. For example: a reform movement to have better relations with the tribes gained support in the DIA in the 80s while the DW directed military agression against tribes

In response to a 1957 court order to integrate Little Rock public high schools, the state of Arkansas A. closed the city's high schools for two years B. initiated the nation's first state-funded school busing program C. integrated schools in the city of Little Rock, but not in smaller towns D. allowed blacks and whites to attend the same schools, but held segregated classes E. negotiated a compromise with the court, allowing the state ten years to complete the integration process

A Arkansas chose to shut down its public schools rather than integrate them. That's how bad race relations were in the South a half-century ago.

Which of the following reforms is associated with Jacksonian democracy? A. improved public education B. education for women C. the rise of abolititonism D. Imprvoed treatment of the insane E. the creation of child labor laws

A B and E can be eliminated as these were concerns of the progressive era. Chocies C and D can also be eliminated bc they don't directly relate to Jacksonian democracy. A fits Jackson's persona of a man of the people and a support of direct representation, which philosphically depended on basic education for American citizens as voters and pariticpants in political process

All of the follwoing are ideas advocated by The Federalist Papers EXCEPT A. Republican government works best in small communities B. Wider representation decreases the opportunities for tyranny C. individual states will grow increasingly hostile to one another D. the army should be under federal control E. the republican government must balance its power among different branches

A B,D, and E all refer to characteristics or benefits of a national government, whereas choices A and C are opposing opions concerning small government. A is the odd one out as the only choice that refers to the benefits of a small government (a view not supported by federalists)

All of the following were cash crops of the early Chesapeake colonies EXCEPT A. corn B. cotton C. tobacco D. rice E. indigo

A Cotton, tobacco, indigo, and rice were all cash crops of the Chesapeake colonies. Corn did not become a cash crop in the United States until the middle of the 19th century

Most historians believe that Franklin Roosevelt decided to run for an unprecedented third presidential term primarily because he A. was convinced that the United Staes would soon enter World War II B. hoped to establish a precedent of three-term presidencies C. believed that only he could prevent the communist take over of Cuba D. wanted Harry Truman to succeed him but believed Truman was not yet ready to take over the presidency E. knew that he would die within weeks of his reelection

A From the outset of World War II until the U.S entry in 1941, Franklin Roosevelt was convinced that America would, and should, eventually enter the war. In fact, he angled the country toward participation, particularly after Poland fell to Germany, by extending aid to the Allies. The strong possibility that America would soon enter the war convinced Roosevelt to run for an unprecedented third term, breaking the two-term precedent established by Washington and honored by all other presidents. After Roosevelt's death, the government formalized the two-term limit with a constitutional amendment.

George Whitefield was a major figure in which of the following movements? A. First Great Awakening B. Second Great Awakening C. the temperance movement D. the abolitionist movement E. The Social Gospel Movement

A George Whitefield was an English preacher who helped popularize outdoor religious revivals and Methodism in the American colonies in the 1740s during the First Great Awakening

The Supreme Court's decisions in both McCullough v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden involved questions regarding A. The powers granted the federal government under the Constitution B. the authority of the US states government to curtail civil liberties during wartime C. the constitutionality of the federal income tax D. the legality of slavery in the US E. the power of the federal judiciary to void congressional legislation

A In McCullough v. Maryland, the Marshall Court heard a case wherein the state of Maryland had passed a law intending to interfere with the function of the Second Bank of the United States. The court invalidated the Maryland law, establishing two important Constitutional principles in the process: first, that the constitution granted to Congress implied powers in order to execute those powers specifically given to it under the Constitution-the so-called Necessary and Proper Clause- and second, that no state may impede the federal government from the lawful exercise of its power. Gibbons v. Ogden was a similarly significant ruling dealing with the scope of the federal government's authority under the Constitution. The ruling in the case established that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution empowered the federal government to regulate interstate commerce

The region of the Ohio River Valley was disputed terrirotry among which groups in the middle of the eighteenth century> A. The french and the british B. the french and the spanish C. the british and the spanish D. the british and the dutch E. the french and the dutch

A In the 18th century both the French and the British claimed to hold territory in the Ohio Valley, a fact that was one of the primary reasons behind the French and Indian War of 1754-63

James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking tales novels deal mainly with A. the difficulties faced by the early explorers of the American continent B. the lives of men and women on the North American frontier C. the attitudes of British political figures toward the American colonists D. the settlement of california by Spanish colonists E. the achievemetns of immigrants in 19th century NY

A JFC's work dealt with the lives of the frontier settlers, the natural environment of the American frontier, and the implications of human impact on that environemnt (B). His work was one of the first truly American-based works of literature. Think leather=rough eliminated C, D and E

"Television has been far more influential than even Gutenberg's printing press. Books, magazines, and radio ahve all been described as mass media, but none can compare to the size and shape of television; it is massive. Audiences are drawn from every social class and every demographi. Television focuses and directs these disparate individuals by engaging them in a purely homgenous activity" The above statement made by a media critic most liekly refers to A. the imapct of television as a mass-communication technology on the general public B. the results of government censorship in the mass media C. the difficulties faced by traidtional media D. the lack of information available to the average television viewer E. the influence wielded by the media on political affairs

A Key parts of this quote are that television is "more influential than G's printing presS" and that it has a mass audience of viewers making A the best choice.

Which of the following best characterizes the literature of the beat generation? A. A rejection of mainstream American values and an embrace of experimentation with drugs and alternative sexualities B. An ebrace of nature and the conservation movement C. an emphasis unpon intuitive thought and the power of human reasoning D. an attempt to apply objectivity and detachment to the study of human being and animals E. A return to conservative and classical themes

A The Beat generation was part of the broader countercultural movement that emerged in the 50s and 60s in America. Authors such as Jack kerouac and William S. Burroughs wrote novels and poetry that emphasized a rejection of mainstream American values and expectations in favor of rebellious youth culture

The Dred Scott decision led to the nullification of the A. Missouri Compromise B. Emancipation Proclamation C. Fugitive Slave Law D. 3/5ths Compromise E. Intolerable Acts

A The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision permitted slaves to be transferred as owned properites between free and slave states, thus violating the terms of various sectional compromises, such as the Missouri Compromise (A). Can elimiante D and E bc they were before civil war/ B was declared druing the civil war and never nullified

Although the Mormon Church established its first headquarters in Ohio, the chruch's followers eventually relocated to Utah, primarily because A. the region's isolation offered the church protection from its enemies B. the federal government recruited church members to settle the area C. a prolonged drought left much of Ohio's farmland unusable D. the Shakers, who had already relocated to Utah, invited the Mormons to join their religious community El Mormon theology required the Mormons to live in complete isolation from the non-Mormon world

A The Mormon Church was formed in Wester New York's "Burned Over" district in 1830. The church is based on the revelation of Joseph Smith, a revelation that Mormons believe to be divinely inspired. Smith's preaching, particularly his acceptance of polygamy, drew strong opposition in the East and Midwest, and Smith was killed by a mob while imprisoned in Illinois. The Mormons, realizing that they would never be allowed to practice their faith in the East, made the long, difficult trek to the Salt Lake Valley, which they settled and transformed from desert into farmland through extensive irrigation. The Mormons' success was largely attributable to the settlers' strong sense of community and selflessness, and through their communal efforts they came to dominate the Utah territory.

The Progressive movement received the greatest support from which of the following constituencies? A. Middle-class city dwellers B. Land-owning farmers C. Migrant farm workers D. Southern Democrats E. Western Cattle Ranchers

A The Progressives of the early 1900s followed in the wake of the Populists of the preceding decade, but the second movement succeeded where its predecessor had failed. `One of the reasons populism faltered is that its constituents were mostly poor farmers, whose struggle for daily survival made the political activity difficult. The Progressives achieved greater successes in part because theirs was an urban, middle-class movement. Its proponents started with more economic and political clout than did the Populists; furthermore, Progressives could devote more time to the causes they championed. Also, because many Progressives were northern and middle-class, the Progressive movement did not intensify regional and class differences, as the Populist movement had.

during the early seventeenth century, the British valued the American colonies as A. markets for raw goods produced in England's West Indian colonies B. producers of livestock and fresh fruits and vegetables C. manufacturing centers D. population centers from which the British military could draft soldiers E. conduits of trade with Native American artisans

A The correct answer describes the colonies' role in Britain's mercantilist economy. Throughout the colonial period, most European economies subscribed to a theory called mercantilism. Mercantilists believed that economic power was rooted in favorable balance of trade (that is, exporting more than you import) and the control of specie (hard currency, such as coins). That is why the British considered their colonies in the West Indies, which produced sugar and other available commodities, more important than their American colonies. The American colonies were seen primarily as markets for British and West Indian goods, although they also were valued as sources of raw materials that would otherwise have to be brought from a foreign country. Several answer choices can be eliminated using common sense. The length and difficulty of the trip from the colonies to England makes it unlikely that England would have depended on the colonies for livestock, fresh fruit, and fresh vegetables (B); the colonial economy was based in agriculture, (not manufacturing (C); and the market for "primitive" art, such as created by Native Americans (E), did not develop until the 20th century.

"There is something very absurd in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island. In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary target" The above statment is an example of A. the application of natural law to politcal theory B. the Loyalist policy toward the American colonies C. Federalist writing after the American Revolution D. Puritan political thought E. civil libertarianism in the 20th century

A The quote uses a scientific metaphor (planets and their smaller satellites) to make a point that the relationship of the American colonies to Britian is "unnatural". Only A reflects this

"I refuse to accept the view that mankind is so tragically bound to the starless midnight of racism and war that the bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood can neber become a reality...i believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word" This quote above most likely comes from which of the following sources? A. Marin Luther King Jr.'s acceptance speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony, 1964 B. Malcolm X's speech, "The Ballot or the Bullet", 1964 C. Jesse Jackson's Democratic National Convention adress, 1984 D. President John F. Kennedy's inaugaration speech, 1961 E. LBJ speech, "The American Promise", 1965

A The refrances to race and nonviolence indicate that Martin Luther King Jr. is the best match for this quote

The following quote about Great Britain's colonial policies most matches which of the types of people below? "But if it was thought hard that charter privileges should be taken away by act of parliament, is it not much harder to be in part, or in whole, disfranchised of rights, that have been always thought inherent to a British subject, namely, to be free from all taxes, but what he consents to in person, or by his representative? This right, if it could be trace no higher than Magna Charta, is part of the common law, part of a British subjects birthright, and as inherent and perpetual..." A. a colonist in North America B. a slave in North America C. the King of England D. a member of the British Parliament E. a colonial governor

A This quote by Massachusettes politician James Otis Jr. elucidates the concept of taxation without representation which the colonist were attempting to remedy. Parliament felt that virtual representation gave it the right to pass laws for the good of all its citizens while the colonists felt their needs could not properly be heard unless they had actual representatives in Parliament; therefore, the answer is choice A.

Which of the following was an important advancement in civil rights that took place during the presidency of Harry Truman? A. the desegrgation of the American military B. the overturning of Plessy V. Ferguson C. the Montgomery bus boycott D. the establishment of the Southern Christian Leadership Confrence E. the establishment of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

A Truman desegregated the American military in 1948, an action that in many ways ushered in the modern civil rights movement. All of the events mentioned in other answer choices occurred during the presidency of Eisenhower

In deciding to drop atomic bombs on Japan, President Truman was probably LEAST influenced by his A. misconception that the bomb was no more destructive than other conventional weapons of the era B. fear that the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan C. certainty that an invasion of Japan would result in numerous American casualties D. belief that it was the best way to force a quick Japanese surrender E. desire to demonstrate to the rest of the world the power of America's new weapon

A Truman knew that the atomic bomb was considerably more powerful than conventional weapons of the era, although he and many others were surprised to discover exactly how much more power it was. His reasons for dropping the bomb included a fear that Soviets would enter the war in the Pacific (B) and thus become a political power in the region; certainty that a ground invasion of Japan would result in heavy casualties (C); the belief that the devastating effect of the weapon would force an immediate surrender (D); and the desire to establish a leadership role in the postwar era (D).

Which of the followng was an important reason for George H. W bush's defeat in the presidential election fo '92? A. A weak domestic econom B. the Persian Gulf War C. Hightened tensions with the USSR D. the third party candidacy of Ralph Nader E. The Iran-Contra Affair

A despire a host of foreign policy successes, including a resounding victory in the Persian Gulf War and successfully managing the breakup of the USSR GHWB 1992 re-election bid failed. This was laregly due to both the weakness of the domestic economy in the months preceding the election and the third-party candidacy of Ross Perot.

Which of the following was the most likely reason that President Taft fell out of favor with many Progressive Republicans? A. He passed legislation which lowered tariffs only slightly B. He supported regulation of railroads C. He was opposed to legislation involving taxes. D. he was anti reform E. He passed legislation allowing for the direct election of senators

A Taft was a Progressive, however, he was not as outspoken or as effective as his predecessor Roosevelt. The passage of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff during his presidency caused Taft to lose favor with republicans who hoped for much lower tariff rates. Choices (B) and (E) are true, but would not have alienated Progressive republicans. Choices (C) and (D) are not true.

Which of the follwoing is an example of the policy known as "dollar diplomacy"? A. The U.S Congress places limits on interstate trade in order to control local governments B. The U.S government offers financial rewards to countries in order to achieve its foreign policy goals C. American multinational corporations represent U.S government interests in other countries D. Government officials sell arms to foreign countries in order to raise money for overt military operations E. the government abandons the gold standard as a measure of the value of U.S Currency

B "Dollar diplomacy" refers to using economic incentives and monetary policies to secure international alliances rather than military forace or war (B). A and E should be eliminated bc they are not related to the international affairs suggested by the word diplomacy. D and D put U.S diplomacy in a very harsh and controversial light

The US exercised which of the following policies in gaining access to the land where the Panama Canal was built? A. The Monroe Doctrine B. the Roosevelt Corollary C. nativism D. the Frontier theisis E. Intolerable Acts

B R's corollary to the Monroe doctirne was a policy used to rationalize U.S invovlement in Latin and Central America, including the movement to connect the Carribean to the pacific OCean via the Panama canal

The fundamental difference between the Congregationalist and Separaist wings of the Puritan movement was that A. one group settled in the northern coloies, the other in the southern B. only one group wanted to split for the Anglican church C. only one group advocated the separation of church and state D. one group believed the Bible was factually accurate the other believed it was not E. on group remained in England while the other emigrated to the New World

B As their name implies, the Separatists wanted to split completely with the Anglican Church. The Congregationalists, on the other hand, wanted to reform the Anglican Church but did not want to leave it. They hoped to purge the church of corruption and sought greater autonomy as a means of distancing themselves from the central church's failings.

Which of the following states the central idea of the 1963 book The Feminine Mystique? A. The United States military, having succeeded at racial integration, should also integrate by gender. B. Cultural forces conspire to discourage women from pursuing careers and to encourage them to seek fulfillment in domestic life. C. Mentally, psychologically, and physically, women are fundamentally no different from men D. Those who pursue abortion rights do so in support of a larger, politically subversive agenda. E. The economic circumstances that, in many families, require both spouses to work full-time are bringing about the destruction the American family.

B Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique was a widely popular book of the early 1960s that challenged many Americans' assumptions about the roles women serve in society. Friedman particularly bristled at the conventional presumption that all women wanted nothing more than to marry and raise families. The book called for reform to make it easier for women to join the professional ranks that, at the time, were the near-exclusive domain of men (white men). Friedan was a co-founder of the National Organization of Women (NOW), an organization that has lead the assault on laws allowing gender discrimination.

All of the following contributed to the Senate's defeat of the Treaty of Versailles EXCEPT: A. President Wilson's unwillingness to compromise with the Senate B. the opposition of the British and the French governments to the Treaty C. postwar isolationism among conservatives D. widespread skepticism about the potential effectiveness of the League of Nations E. criticism that the treaty punished Germany too harshly

B Both the British and the French supported the Treaty of Versailles; indeed, they signed the treaty (the US did not). President Wilson supported the treaty despite its weaknesses (white he hoped for an equitable settlement, the treaty imposed harsh punishments on the losers of the war). Wilson favored the treaty primarily because it created the League of Nations, which he believed could prevent such wars in the future. The Senate, however, opposed the treaty. At eh war's end, most Americans quickly favored a return to isolationist foreign policy. They particularly wanted to steer clear of European conflicts, which most Americans considered to be the problem of the Europeans. Thus, the Senate was particularly wary of the League of Nations. Wilson lost the resulting stalemate, and the treaty was never signed.

The constitutional amendement restricting the presidency to a two-term limit was passed by Congress during the presidency of A. Franklin D. Roosevelt B. Harry S. Truman C. Dwight D. Eisenhower D. Lyndon B. Johnson E. Richard M. Nixon

B FR served 4 terms. The all to formalize the two-term traditionc ame during his third administration and was enacted under Truman, the president who immediately followed him.

Which of the following is NOT a nineteenth-century American novel? A. Moby-Dick B. For Whom the Bell Tolls C. The last of the Mohicans D. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn E. The Scarlet Letter

B For Whom the Bell Tolls was written by Ernest Hemingway in 1940. More to the point, its subject was the Spanish Civil War, which took place between 1936 and 1939. Each of the other books is a famous work by a great American 19th century author

In Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court ruled that the government must A. enforce federal laws guaranteeing African Americans the right to vote B. provide defense lawyers to felony defendants who are too poor to hire attorneys C. prevent business from establishing monopolies in essential services, such as food production D. overturn laws aimed at discriminating against unpopular religious groups E. advise criminal suspects of their right not to incriminate themselves

B In Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer for free, if he or she cannot afford to hire a lawyer. The Court based its decision on the Sixth Amendment, which guarantees defendants the right "to have the assistance of counsel." and the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees due process at the state level. If (E) sounded particularly familiar, its because it refers to another important case concerning the rights of criminal defendants. That case, Miranda v. Arizona, established the right of defendants to be informed of their rights before questioning.

The Embargo act of 1807 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. the near collapse of New England's import-export industry B. the alleviation of French and British harassment of American ships C. the cessation of legal trade with Canada D. an increase in smuggling of British goods into the United States E. a sharp decrease in the value of American farm surplus

B In reaction to British and French harassment of U.S merchant ships, the government passed the Embargo Act of 1807, which forbade trade with both nations. The law devastated America's import and export business by banning trade with the nation's two biggest trade partners. New England's economy collapsed, farmers had nowhere to sell their surplus, and smuggling became widespread. The law failed, however, to end the harassment of U.S ships on the high seas. Confrontations over the issue eventually led to the war of 1812

"In good time we are going to sweep into power in this nation and throughout the world. We are going to destroy all enslaving and degrading capitalist institutions and recreate them as free and humanizing institutions." The statement above best represents the ideology of A. Radical Republicans of the 1870s B. American Socialists of the 1910's C. Isolationists of the 1920's D. New Deal Democrats of the 1930's E. McCarthyites of the 1950's

B Of the five groups listed in the answer choices, only the socialist had nay desire to "destroy all enslaving and degrading capitalist institutions". Radical Republicans (A) sought to punish the South after the Cvili War; isolationists (C) wished to avoid military and political involvement in Europe; New Deal Democrats (D) sought to resuscitate the economy by means of agressive government intervention; and (E) McCarthyites crusaded against the "Communist menace"

In the early twentieth century, the U.S government asserted its right to intervene in Latin American politics if it felt that instability in the region threatened U.S security. That assertion is known as the A. domino theory B. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine C. "mutually assured destruction" strategy D. Good neighbor policy E. theory of social Darwinism

B Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine set the stage for Teddy Roosevelt's interventionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere. The Roosevelt Corollary was invoked by the government to justify military intervention in Nicaragua, Cuba, Haiti, the DR, and Mexico. It was later overturned by Fraklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy (D). The domino theory (A) holds that communist expansion, even into small countries like Vietnam, must be prevented at all costs, because once communists take over one country, the others surrounding it fall quickly, like dominoes. "mutually assured destruction" (C) described the U.S-Soviet nuclear relationship throughout much of the Cold War; neither was willing to use nuclear weapons because an attack by either would guarantee the destruction of both. The theory of social Darwinism (E) was invoked by late 19th century capitalists to explain why they were so rich while others were so poor.

Which of the following was the most important immediate result of the Jay Treaty of 1794? A. End of the Federalist Party's control of the national government B. Maintenance of a fragile peace with Great Britian C. Recall of the United States minister to France D. Redefinition of neutral rights by the United States government E. Passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts

B The Jay Treaty settled several outstanding disputes between the US and GB that had not been resolved by the Treaty of Paris (1783). Although unpopular with many, this treaty maintained peace between the two states.

The Bostonians paying the excise-man, or tarring and feathering The 1774 print shown above most likely depicts which of the following? A. The colonists expressing their gratitude to the British monarchy B. The colonists expressing their dissatisfaction with the system of direct taxation imposed by the British C. The colonists enjoying the festivites associated with the arriavel of a ship in the port of Boston D. The colonists protesting the unjust reatment of Native Americans New England E. The colonists publicly humiliating a man accused of being a heratic

B This print depicts the tarring and feathering (public humiliation) of Boston Commissioner of Custemss James Malcolm. One can see that tea is being forced down the throat of the "excise man" while the Bostom Tea Party takes place in the backround

In the years since 1910 the African American population has shifted from A. mostly urban to mostly suburban B. mostly rural to almost entirely urban C. almost entirely suburban to mostly rural D. almost entirely urban to almost entirely rural E. mostly suburban to mostly entirely urban

B in 1910 the majroity of AAs lived in rural areas, primarily in the South. In the early part of the 20th century a period soemtimes called the "Great Migration" there was a mass exodus of AAs to northern cities. More than half of AAs still live in the soutehr states but nationwide mroe than 70% of AA now live in urban areas

Marbury v. Madison is considered to be a landmark Supreme Court ruling for which of the following reasons? A. It established the rules by which the federal government is able to tax the states B. it helped to differentiate between the separate spheres of influence of the executive and judicial branches of government C. it clarified the issue of when an individual is legally granted the right to privacy D. it laid out the circumstances under which it is permissible for a company to operate across state lines E. it refined the definition of "Freedom of speech"

B the 1803 Marbuy v Madison was foundational in the development of judicial review and established that only the Supreme Court has the power to decide whether particular laws are consitutional

In which of the following geographical areas were women most numerically strong during the colonial period? A. The Jamestown colony C. the frontier regions C. the Plymouth colony D. the Massachusetts Bay Colony E. New York

B Most of the early colonial settlements were disproportionately populated by men, but the frontier regions had a more even distribution of the sexes

Laissez-Faire cpaitalism was most strongly endorsed by A. moderate socialists B. mercantilists C. free-market industrialists D. abolitionists E. labor unions

C "Laissez-faire" is a term associated with free market economies

The "Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry" From April 1942 most liekly preceded which of the following events A. The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor B. the admission of Hawaii into the nation C. the internement of Japanese-Americans in California D. the segregation of Asian students in American public schools E. the issuance of labor permits for Japanese migrant workers

C After the Japanese bombed pearl harbor in dec. 1941 roosevelt signed legislation that uprooted Americans with Japanese heritage and palced them into internment camps

Which of the follwoing was one of the most important political ramifcation of the Treat of Paris, which ended the French and Indian war of 1763 A. The British ceded all of its territory north of the Mason-Dixon line B. Britian ceded all of its territory west of the Missouri River in France C. France ceded all of its territory east of the Mississippi River to Britian D. Britain ceded all its territory south of the 49th parallel to France E. France ceded all of its territory north of the 49th parallel to Britain

C At the end of the French and Indian war, France chose to cede its territory east of the Mississippi river in favor of holding onto several territories in the Carribean. This change in the political map had long-lasting cosequences in the subsequent history of the US and in Anglo-French relations

Harry Truman reversed the momentum of his 1948 reelection campaign when he began using his campaign speeches to criticize A. the "unnecessary" Marshall Plan B. his opponent's "lack of moral decency" C. the "do-nothing" Eightieth Congress D. the "militant" feminist movement E. the "trouble-making" labor unions

C By the time 1948 rolled around, many Democratic constituencies-among them labor, consumers, southerners, were, for various reasons, any at President Truman. His defeat in the election seemed certain. Truman's popularity, however, received an unintentional boost from the Republican dominated Congress. The staunchly conservative legislature passed several anti-labor acts too strong even for Truman, who had previously supported some anti-union measures; the Taft-Hartley Act, passed over Truman's veto, prohibited closed shops (which require union membership as a prerequisite to hiring), restricted labor's right to strike, prohibiting the use of union funds for political purposes, and gave the government broad power to intervene in strikes.. The same Congress then rebuked Truman's efforts to pass health-care reform; increase aid to schools, farmers, the elderly, and the disabled; and promote civil rights for blacks. The cumulative effect of all this meanness made Truman look a lot better to those he had previously offended. Still, as election time neared, Truman trailed his chief opponent, Thomas Dewey. He then made one of the most brilliant political moves in American history: he recalled the Congress whose majority members had just drafted an extremely conservative republican platform at the party convention, and challenged them to enact that platform. Congress met for two weeks and didn't pass one significant piece of legislation. Truman then went out on a grueling public appearance campaign, everywhere deriding the "d0-nothing" Eightieth Congress. To almost everyone's surprise, Truman won reelection, and his coattails carried a democratic majority into Congress.

In the years immediately following the declaration of the Monroe Doctrine, the doctrine's goals were achieved primarily because A. the American military imposed a blockade on all European ships traveling to the Western Hemisphere B. American merchants reinforced the doctrine with a boycott of good produced in countries that violated its goals C. the British Navy prevented Spain and Portugal from retaking their colonies in Central and South America D. American and European diplomats negotiated a treat reiterating the Monroe Doctrine's objectives E. a prolonged European economic depression made it impossible for any European nation to intervene in the Western Hemisphere

C During James Monroe's presidency, international tensions increased as a result of a series of revolutions in Central and South America. All involved native inhabitants revolting against, and declaring independence from, European imperial regimes. Ultimately, events compelled Monroe to recognize the new nations. At the same time, Monroe decided that America should assert its authority over the Western Hemisphere. The result was the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of mutual noninterference. You stay out of North America, Monroe told Europe, and we'll stay out of your squabbles. The Monroe Doctrine also claimed America's right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere if it felt its security was threatened. No European country tried to intercede in the Americas following Monroe's declaration, and so the Monroe Doctrine appeared to work. No one, however, was afraid of the American military; Spain, France and others stayed out of the Western Hemisphere because the powerful British navy made sure they did. The British were already establishing a powerful empire in Asia; this, coupled with their prevention of Spanish and French intervention in the Americas, assured England's supremacy in Europe.

Which of the following novels does NOT take African American American alienation from the cultural mainstream as one of its central themes? A. Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man B. Richard Wright's Native Son C. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby D. Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God E. James Baldwin's Go tell It on the Mountain

C Each of the incorrect answers cites a novel by an African American about the African American experience in the U.S. In Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, a bootlegger rises to the upper echelons of all-white high society.

The first to use the presidential veto extensively was A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. Andrew Jackson D. William Henry Harrison E. James Buchanan

C George Washington (A) used the veto sparingly, hoping to establish a precedent for others to follow. Thomas Jefferson (B), who, like Washington, feared a too=powerful presidency, followed Washington's lead. Andrew Jackson did not; a popular leader faced with a contrary Congress, Jack often wielded the veto as a means of getting his way. William Henry Harrison (D) died one moth in office, and so had no time to use the veto extensively. Both he and Buchanan (E) postdate Jackson.

Which of the follwoing would be most useful in determining the political views of American women in the 1870s? A. Voting returns from the presidential elections of 1876 B. Membership rolls of major political parties C. Diaries and published works by women indiciaitng political viewpoints D. comparable viewpoints of French women in the same period E. Voting returns of American men of the same period

C In the 1870s, women were not allowed to vote and were actievly discouraged from enetering political ogranizations, eliminating A band B. The viewpoints of French women adn American men would not necessarily be reflective of the views of American women, elemeinated D and E

From which countires did the majority of "New Immigrants" to the U.S arrive in the years following the Civil War? A. England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland B. Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden C. Italy, Greece, Russia, and China D. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands E. Mexico, honduras, El salvador, and Gutamala

C after the Civil War, the US experienced a huge influx of immigrants from southern (Mediterranean) European countires, Russia, eastern European Countries, and Asia. The term "New Immigrant" was coined in the 1880s and reflects the fact that these immigrants did not come from countries that had been the primary sources of immigration prior to the civil war.

Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because she A. campaigned for women's suffrage B. argued that all colonist should have the right to bear arms C. believed that one could communicate with God without the assistance of the clergy D. organized a boycott of British goods E. sold provisions and weapons to local Native Americans

C Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) preached a personal, devotional brand of Christianity that relied on direct communication with God, Her teaching challenged the authority of the puritan clergy. The fact ath sh was an intelligent, well-educated, and powerful women in a resolutely patriachal society also turned many against her. She was tried for heresy, convicted, and banished. She moved to Rhode Island, the colony founded by Roger Williams (another religious exile from Massachusetts), then later relocated to New York.

Which of the following is true of the Indian removal policy pursued by the United States during Andrew Jackson's presidency? A. It was met with great popular resistance in the states from which Indians were removed B. It was implemented with the cooperation of all Indian tribes involved C. its implementation violated Indian rights as defined by the Supreme Court D. It was less harsh than the policy pursued by the previous administration E. its focus was the relocation of Indians living in the northeastern states.

C In two separate descision (Cherokee Nation V. Georgia and Worcester V. Georgia) the Supreme Court protected Native American rights to their land. Jackson ignored these decisions, forcibly evicting tribes from the Georgia area if they would not leave voluntarily. He supported the Removal Act of 1830, which set in motion the events that resulted in the Trail of Tear, a brutal 1838 forced march of Cherokees that resulted in thousands of deaths from sickness and starvation,.

The Panic of 1837 was most likely precipitated by all of the following EXCEPT: A. unregualted lending practices on part of Andrew Jackson's pet banks B. Andrew Jackson's refusal to re-charter the Bank of the U.S C. Andrew Jackson's passage of the Specie Circular denying the use of credit to buy land D. a change in the standard for setting the value of U.S currency E. overconfidence in the strength of the real estate market

D A, B and C are all similar and refer to the banking crisis precipitated by Jackson's policies. E seems to refer to the overspecultaion and extended credit that are common to many "panics" or stock crashes. D however, refers to the currency debates (Silver v. Gold standard) of the late 19th century

All of the following were examples of post World War I isolationism in the U.S EXCEPT A. noninvolvement in the affairs of foreign nations B refusal to join the League of nations C. the "Red Scare" D. the suspension of trade with European nations E a reduction military funding

D A, B, C, E=connected to isolationism D=not due to our economic and cultural ties with many European nations

Which of the following did NOT involve a controversy between advocates of strict and loose construction of the Constitution? A. Hamilton's report on the public credit B. Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory C. Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland D. Pierce's acquisition of land in the Gadsden Purchase E. Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus

D Although the treaty contributed to debates over the potential expansion of slavery into new territories, the Gadsden Purchase was generally supported by those who wanted to resolve boundary issues remaining from the Mexican-American war and those who wanted to establish a southern route for the transcontinental railroad through the region. By contrast, the options in choices, A, B, C, and E did all involve controversies between strict and loose construction of the Constitution

Bacon's Rebellion is one of the earliest examples of A. a potentially violent conflict resolved through peaceful negotiation B. armed conflict between French and British colonists C. an act of pacifist civil disobedience D. a populist uprising in America E. a colonial protest against unfair tariffs imposed by the British

D Bacon's Rebellion is often cited as an early example of a populist uprising in America. It took place on Virginia's frontier during the 1670s, and it concerned westward expansion. As the farmable land to the east filled up, settlers looked to the western portion of the colony. Many settlers were willing to chance the dangers of the frontier life in return for an opportunity to "strike it rich", but as they were encroaching on the land already inhabited by Native Americans, those dangers were great. The pioneers soon believed that the colonial government was not making a good faith effort to protect them, and that, furthermore, the government was using them as a "human shield" to protect the wealthier colonists to the east. Rallying behind Nathanial Bacon, these settlers first attacked both the local Doeg and Susquehannock tribes, and then turned their attentions toward the colonial governor. The rebels marched on Jamestown and burned it to the ground, but when Bacon died of dysentery, the rebellion dissolved. The war Bacon almost instigated between the colonists and Native

During the Revolutionary war, George Washington did which of the following? A. He relied on the American navy B. He believed that colonial milItias were more dependable than the continental army C. He commanded an army better equipped and better trained than Britain's army D. He understood that the army was a symbol of the republican cause E. he encouraged planters to form slave militias for colonial defense

D George Washington knew when the Continental army won victories against the well-trained and well-funded British military it could provide symbolic proof of the viability of the republican cause. In addition, Continental army victories resulted in practical support in terms of raising funds, encouraging volunteers, and garnering international backing.

The election of 1824 is notable in part because A. it was the first time women were permitted to vote nationwide B. it was the first election to use a "winner-take-all" system C. it coalesced the entire country around a unified political front D. it returned the country to factional two-party politics E. it marked the end of the Whig Party's political power

D In the election of 1824 Americans were able to vote directly for their presidential canidates for the first time. This experience brought out the factionalism and divisions within American society and returned the country to partisan politics after a period of several decades in which the Republicans faced very little real opposition

The Open Door Policy was primarily aimed at increasing sales of American goods in A. Vietnam B. Eastern Europe C. France D. China E. Brazil

D In the late 1800's, President McKinley sought an Open Door Policy for all Western nations hoping to trade with Asia. During this period, Europe controlled international trade with China; McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the United States be given better trade opportunities in the region. The European nations that had colonized China were not so keen on the idea' to their way of thinking, they had fought for those markets and they did not intend to share. The policy failed although the US eventually gained access to Chinese markets after providing military support to suppress a Chinese rebellion

The ideals stated in the Declaration of Independence are most similar to those expressed in which of the following? A. Machiavelli's The Prince B. Plato's Republic C. Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan D. John Locke's Two treatises on Government E. St. Augustine's City of God

D Locke's Two treatises on Government includes several key arguments that greatly influenced the Declaration of Independence. Among them are the notions that people are born with "natural rights" to life, health, liberty, and property; people create governments to protect these rights; because governments can accomplish this, people agree to obey their governments. Locke called this agreement "the social contract". Locke proposed that the people have the right to overthrow their government when it fails to serve this fundamental purpose. Machiavelli's The Prince (A) is a primer for devious political leaders; Plato's Republic (B) outlines a utopia in which philosopher-kings rule autocratically; Hobbes's Leviathan makes a case for autocracy by arguing that humans are too evil to participate in a more liberal form of government, and St. Augustine's City of God (E) occurred at a much later date.

Pair the following men with the ideal that most matches him A. Marcus Gravey-Talented 10th; Booker T. Washington Atlanta Comprimise; W. E. B Du Bois-Back to Africa B. Marcus Gravey-Atlanta Comprimise; Booker T. Washington Talented 10th; W. E. B Du Bois-Back to Africa C. Marcus Gravey-Atlanta Comprimise; Booker T. Washington Back to Africa; W. E. B Du Bois-Talented 10th D. Marcus Gravey-Back to Africa; Booker T. Washington Atlanta Comprimise; W. E. B Du Bois-Talented 10th E. Marcus Gravey-Back to Africa; Booker T. Washington Talented 10th; W. E. B Du Bois-Atlanta Comprimise

D Marcus Garvey's Back to Africa Movement advocated the immmigartion of African Americans to Africa where they could be free of corrupt white society. Washinton's Atlanta Compromise aruged that African Americans should work hard to earn the respect of whites rather than agressively pursue equality. W.E.B Du Boi's Talented Tenth was the idea that a small number of African Americans should become community leaders though intellect and skill

Which of the following popular mid 19th century pastimes best reveal the pervasive influence of slavery in the culture of cities in the northern United States? A. Circuses B. Operas C. Baseball games D. Minstrel shows E. Horse races

D Minstrel shows were preformed by White actors who portrayed African American characters by wearing blackface makeup. Through their emphasis on song and dance, these shows relied upon heavily radicalized stereotypes of African and African American cultures and often utilized themes that justified slavery.

Thomas Jefferson's establishment of the University of Virginia is innovative because A. it contained a prominent School of Divinity B. students were able to bring their families to campus C. it was the first institution of higher education in the state of Virginia D. higher education was separated from religious doctrine E. tuition was free to all students

D One of the ways in which Jefferson's founding of the University of Virginia was unique is that he conciously estaalbished it as a secular insitution of higher education, in contrast to the other universities of the 18th and early 19th century

By the late 1600s, the greatest cultural difference between the New England colonies and the southern colonies was the A. influence of the English language on culture B. level of government support for the arts C. influence of Native American customs on colonists D. extent of literacy among White colonists E. impact of Catholicism on religious practices

D Owing to the Puritans' focus on being able to read the Bible to improve religious understanding, they were generally supportive of the establishment of public school systems. This resulted in basic literacy rates that were much higher in New Engladd than any other region of the early American Colonies

The "Tripel Entente" refers to the alliance among which nations in the period immediately follwoing WWI? A. the US, GB and France B. the US, France, and Russia C. Germany Austria-Hungary, and Italy D. GB, France, and Russia E. GB, Germany, and the US

D Prior to WWI the Triple Entente was the alliance among Great Britian, France, and Russia. The US did not enter WWI until 1917 when Pres. WW declared that the US would join the Triple Entente nations

All of the follwoing are associated with American transcendentalism in the 19th century EXCEPT A. the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau B. a belief of the importance of the human spirit C. utopian communities such as Oneida D. an emphasis on technological progress through industry E. female writers and thinkers, such as Margaret Fuller

D RWE and HDT shoudl jump out at you as the key figures of the time, and then you can connect their works Walden and On Nature, which celebrated the human spirit and natural things. Therefore A, B, C go together, D sticks out. (MF and EPP=female transcendentalists)

Look at page 36 in cb test book Which of the following is supported by the graph above? A. Between 1845 and 1855, the number of immigrants to the United States was greater than the total resident population B. Immigration to the United States grew at a steady rate though-out the antebellum period C. The total resident population of the United States population quadrupled between 1820 and 1860 D. From the early 1840s to the mid 1850s the number of immigrants to the United States increased sharply E. in the 1850s the total resident population of the United States dropped dramatically

D Sharp increases in immigration beginning in the 1840s depicted on the graph resulted from the significant influx of German and Irish immigrants to the US. This substantially contributed to overall population growth in the US in the antebellum period.

The American takeover of the Philippines after the Spanish-American war was immediaely followed by A. the establishment of democratic self-rule on the islands B. a transfer of control of the islands to Japan C. a Philippine referendum calling for admission to the United States D. a protracted armed insurgence by Philippine nationalists E. a second war, between the United states and England, for control of the islands

D The American takeover of the Philippines sparked a debate among foreign policy leaders: Should the U.S control the Philippines, or should it grant the country independence. Proponents of annexing the Philippines argued that, if the US granted the island independence, they sould simply be conquered by another European nation, with the only result being that the U.S would lose a valuable possession. Opponents felt that the unite states should promote independence and democracy, both noble national traditions. To control the Philippines, they argued, would make the U.S no better than the British tyrants the colonist had overthrown in the revolutionary War. In the end, the Senate voted to annex the Philippines. Filipino nationalists responded by waging a three-year-long guerrilla war against the U.S. Although the U.S eventually gained control of the country, the Philippines remained a source of controversy for decades to come. The U.S granted the Philippines independence in 1946.

The Platt admendemt of 1901 primarily concerned United States' relations with A. Great Britain B. Germany C. China D. Cuba E. Australia

D The Platt Amendment concerned Cuba. In 1903, the Roosevelt administration strong-armed Cuba into accepting the agreement underlying the platt Amendment, which essentially committed Cuba to American semi-control. Under Platt's stipulations, Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation without U.S approval; furthermore, Cuba granted the U.S the right to intervene in its affairs if Cuban domestic order dissolved. The result was a number of invasions and occupation by the Marines. For ten of the years between 1906 and 1922, the American military occupied Cuba, arousing anti-American sentiments on the island.

The Populists wanted the government to increase the amount of money in circulation because they believed that doing so would result in A. a recession, which would allow banks to increase the number of mortgage foreclosures B. a drop in the wholesale price index, which would spur international trade C. price stagnation, which would encourage foreign investment in American manufacturing D. inflation, which would make it easier for farmers to repay their loans E. universal employment for adults

D The Populist party sought a "loose" Money policy in an effort to spark inflation. The party primarily represented farmers, who were experiencing hard economic times. Their biggest problem was that many owed large amounts of money in mortgage payments for their farms. However, produce prices were failing due to overproduction, making it difficult for the farmers to make ends meet. The farmers hoped to persuade the government to mint more money. If more money were put into circulation in the economy, they reasoned, inflation would results. Inflation would increase the price of farm goods and, therefore, make their debts easier to pay off. Because silver was cheap and plentiful, the Populists called for a liberal policy toward the minting of silver coins. That is how the Populists came to be assocated with the "silver issue"

Which of the following best describes the general impact of the War of 1812 on the United States' economy? A. The war permanently altered America's trade alliances, allowing France to supplant England as the country's chief trading partner. B. The disappearance of the English market for tobacco caused an economic collapse that affected the entire South. C. The war quarantined the United States from European technological advances, stalling America's industrial revolution for almost a decade D. by isolating the United States from Europe, the war had the advantageous effect of promoting economic independence. E. War expensed bankrupted the First National Bank, halting the construction of the national railroad and putting thousands out of work

D The War of 1812 had one clear, indisputably positive result: It spurred American manufacturing. Cut off from trade with Europe from the time of the 1807 embargo until the end of the war, the states became more self-sufficient by necessity. New England became America's manufacturing center during the war, and after the war the U.S was less dependent on imports than it had been previously. Several incorrect answers can be eliminated based on the era covered by the question. The American Industrial Revolution (C) did not begin until the late 19th century. Similarly, construction of a nation railroad (E) occurred at a much later date.

Which of the follwoing best describes the time period when the Whig party started to decline in numbers and influence? A. The 1790s B. the 1820s C. the 1830s D. the 1850s E. the 1890s

D The Whig party started to decline in the 1850s after the slavery debates. Northern and Southern Whig part members split over the issue of abolition and the party never recovered after the civil war

The Articles of Confederation were flawed in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A. They did not create a powerful chief executive office of the government B. They did not empower the government to levy taxes C. They did not grand the national government the right to regulate commerce D. They made the admission of new states to the union impossible E. They required the unanimous consent of the states for most national legislation

D Under the Articles of Confederation, it was possible for the nation to add new states. The procedure for doing so was laid out in the Northwest Ordinance, passed by the government under the Articles of Confederation

Although Texas petitioned for admission to the Union in 1836, the United States did not was to annex the territory until 1845. Of the following issues, which two were most responsible for the delay? I. Concern for the rights of Native Americans in the region II. Slavery III. Widespread popular antagonism toward expansion of anytime IV. Fear of provoking war with Mexico A. I and III B. I and IV C. II and III D. II and IV E. III and IV

D When Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821, the new country included Texas and much of the southwest, including California. The Mexican government established liberal land policies to entice settlers, and tens of thousands of Americans (many of them cattle ranchers) flooded the region. IN return for land, the settlers were supposed to become Mexican citizens. They never did; instead they ignored Mexican law, including-and especially-the one prohibiting slavery. When Mexico attempted to regain control of the area, the settlers rebelled and declared independence from Mexico. It was during this period that the famous battle at the Alamo was fought (1836). For a while Texas was an independent country, called the Republic of Texas. The region applied for statehood, but the existence of slavery in the area guaranteed a congressional battle over Texas's statehood. Wariness of the inevitable war with Mexico that statehood would provoke further slowed the move toward statehood. Accordingly, Texas did not become a state until 1845. As expected, war with Mexico soon followed

A provision of the Quota act of 1924 lead to A. an increase in the export of American goods B. a decrease in voter registration C. the creation of affirmative action programs D. a refusal to admit immigrants from Japan E. an increase in tariffs placed on European imports

D The Quota Act of '24 restricted all immigration, setting new limits of European immigration and totally prohibitng immigration from Asia, including Japan (D). In the 20's US=isolationists, consrevatives, and antiimmigrats. U.S involvment in WWI had caused severe military losses and stirred nationlistic desires to reamin isoalted from the torubles of the rest of the world. Other choices don't pertain to question

The primary purpose of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 was to A. provide the U.S Army with enough funding to win the Vietnam War B. allow the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus during times of war C. empower military leaders to overrule presidential orders D. pardon all Americans who had refused military service during the Vietnam War E. make it more difficult for the president to unilaterally commit American troops overseas

E Before the U.S can go to war, the Constitution requires a declaration of war approved by Congress. Congress made no such declaration concerning the Korean and Vietnam wars, however; officially, the U.S was not at war in either situation. In reality, of course, the nation was at war; the executive branch had merely executed an end-run around the necessary declaration of war by declaring both conflicts "police actions". The unpopularity of the Vietnam War led Congress to pass the War Powers Resolution, which requires the president to seek periodic approval from Congress for any substantial troop commitment. President Nixon vetoed the bill, claiming it limits the president's Constitutional power as commander-in-chief. Congress overrode the veto, and the law still stands.

In his book The Souls of Black Folks, W.E.B DuBois challenged Booker T. Washington's views concerning the advancement of African Americans in American society. The difference between the two mens positions can be best summed up as the difference between A. despair and optimism B. violence and pacifism C. religiosity and atheism D. democratic and totalitarian ideals E. confrontation and accommodation

E Booker T. Washington was a Southern African American educator in the late 1800s. Among his many achievements is the founding of Tuskegee Institute, a vocational institution for African Americans. Washington believed that economic success would provide African Americans their quickest route to equality in American society, and Tuskegee was created with that goal in mind. A Southerner who had lived through the slavery era, he harbored no illusions that the South would soon grant African Americans equal social and legal status. Because Washington did not demand an immediate end to legal discrimination, he has sometimes been portrayed as a acommondationist. He is often compared with W.E.B DuBois. DuBois, a Northern of the generation following Washington's took a more aggressive, confrontational approach, demanding immediate equality under the law fro African Americans. He was the founder of the NAACP

The "Lowell system" was established for the primary purpose of A. clearly defining and distinguishing the the roles of the local, state, and national governments B. promoting abolitionism in the Southern states C. calculating the net worth of the United States' gross national product D. rehabilitating nonviolent criminals E. enticing rural New England women to work in textile mills

E During the era if the War if 1812, the textile industry in New England grew rapidly, resulting in a labor shortage. As a result, textile manufacturers had to "sweeten the pot" to entice laborers (almost all ow whom were women from nearby farms) to their factories. The most famous worker-enticement program was called the Lowell system (also called the Waltham system), so named after the Massachusetts town in which many mills were located. The Lowell system guaranteed employees housing a in a respectable, chaperoned boarding house, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events, organize by the mill. The system was widely copied throughout New England. It lasted until the great waves of Irish immigration in the 1840s and '50s made factory labor plentiful, at which points mills stopped offering such benefits to employees.

In 1791, why did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison oppose Alexander Hamilton's proposal for high protective tariffs as a means of generating revenue for the federal governmnet? A. They did not think that himlton's plan would survive a presidental veto B. they wanted to delay the plan until such time as the US had a more stable national currency C. they planned a simliar proposal of their own and didn't approve of Hamilton's rates of taxation D. they were concerned that Hamilton's plan would undermime the authority of the federal government E. they worried that such a move would render industries overly reliant upon federal aid

E Hamilton propsed a series of protectionist tarriffs in 1791 with the intention of generating funds for the federal government, which he hoped would have the indirect effect of builidng up American industry. Jefferson and Madison opposed this plan because they feared that such protectionist measures would ultimately be deterimental to American industry and create too much relaicne upon the federal government

Which of the following shaped U.S government policy in South America in the 19th and 20th century I. The Monroe Doctrine II. The Roosevelt Corollary III. The Good Neighbor Policy A. I only B. II only C. I and II only D. II and III only E. I, II, and III

E In the beginning of the 19th century and continuing in to the 20th century, the U.S often moonitered South American countires for potentially harmful alliances or political situations. Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine (I) in 1823, which defined this geographic region as a sphere of influence, and Roosevlt reaffirmed and expanded the Monroe Doctrine with hsi Roosevelt Corollary (II). The Good Neighbor Policy (III) adopted by FDR advocated recognition of each country's independence and a reduction of U.S military intervention in Latin America. I, II, and III are all correct

In 1932 Herbert Hoover order the army against protesters who camped in the streets of Washington D.C throughout the summer. Those protesters were A. farmers demanding that the government buy their surplus crops B. former civilian government employees who had been laid off in wake of the Depression C. Communist agitators calling for a constitutional convention D. African Americans demonstrating against civil rights abuses in the South E. World War I veterans demanding early payment of their benefits

E In what may have been his greatest mistake of his presidency, Hoover ordered federal troops to drive protesting war veterans from Washington D.C. At the time, Congress was considering early payment of benefits to World War I veterans, the payments were intended to lessen the impact of the Depression on at least one segment of the population. One thousand impoverished veterans and their families, calling themselves the Bonus army, came to Washington in May to lobby for the bill. By mid-Jun e their numbers had grown to 15,000/ When the bill was narrowly defeated, many refused to leave. They squatted in empty government offices or built shanties, and they stayed through the summer. In July, hoover order the army to expel them, which the army did, with great force. Employing the cavalry and attacking with tear gas, army forces drove the veterans from D.C and then burned their makeshift homes. 100 people died in the attack, including two babies who suffocated from exposure to tear gas. It's not the type of thing an astute politician does during an election year to say the least; Franklin Roosevelt was later heard to quip that he won the 1932 election the day Hoover ordered the attack. An interesting side note: The troops that evicted the Bonus army was led by none other than Douglas MacArthur.

Andrew Jackson opposed supporters of the doctrine of nullification for all of the following reasons EXECPT: A. H believed they had misinterpreted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, on which their doctrine was based B. Jackson feared that nullification, if accepted, would threaten the stability of the Union C. Nullification supporters believed the states would unilaterally interpret the Constitution; Jackson disagreed D. the nullification movement was led by Jackson's political enemy, John C. Calhoun E. Jackson believed that the federal government, not state governments, should exert the most influence over the lives of the citizens

E Jackson, like the supporters of nullification, supported states' rights and believed that the federal government should excerise only those powers necessary to maintain national security. Nullification was a central issues of the Jackson presidency. The doctrine of nullification, first expressed by Jefferson and Madison in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, holds that the individual states have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and to disobey those laws if they find the unconstitutional. The Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of Abominations), although passed during the Adams administration, did no develop into national crisis until 1830, when some states started to consider nullifying the tariff. Jackson was a strong supporter of states' rights, but also thought nullification endangered the Union and was thus too extreme. The 1830 nullification movement failed, but it laid the groundwork for opposition to the Tariff of 1832, which South Carolina nullified. Jackson threatened to call in troops to enforce the tariff, but in the meantime worked behind the scenes to reach a compromise that would diffuse tensions. Although the crisis subsided with the compromise, no resolution was reached over the question of nullification, and it would continue to be an issue until the Civil War.

All of the following are American cultural achievements of the 1930's or '40's EXCEPT: A. John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath B. Aaron Copland and Martha Graham's Appalachian Spring C. Irving Berlin's "God Bless America" D. Thorton Wilder's Our Town E. Sid Caesar's "Your Show of Shows"

E Much of the art and literature of the 30s and 40s examined, and often celebrated, core American values. The basic goodness of the common man, coupled with realistic description of a life's hardships and triumphs were popular themes. A B C and D especially Steinbeck and Wilder fits into the themes of this era. Your Show of Shows was a popular 50s tv show so E sticks out because it doesn't belong

Throughout the nineteenth century, United States senators were chosen by A. popular election B. the House of Representatives C. the president D. their state governors E. their state legislatures

E Senators were not chosen by popular election (the current method) until 1913. Under the provisions of the original Constitution, senators, were chosen by the legislatures of their home states. The framers of the constitution did not want to vest all political power in the general electorate, hence, only House members were chosen by direct election, (the president, remember, was chose by electors in the electoral college). The Seventeenth Amendment changed the system by which senators are chosen.

Which of the following factors contributed LEAST to the demise of the Federalist Party? A. Throughout the early 19th century, party leadership shifted from moderates to extremists B. The loss of the presidency in 1800 disrupted the unity of the party C. the resolutions of the Hartford convention caused those outside the party to view the Federalists as traitors D. the party's power base was New England, a region that grew less powerful politically as more states were added to the Union. E. Dissension over the Kansas-Nebraska Act split the party along regional lines

E The Federalist Party dissolved after the War of 1812. Each of the incorrect answers refers to something that occurred during the early 1800s, the era of the Federalist' demise. The Kansas-Nebraska (E) was passed in 1854 long after the Federalists has disappeared from the political landscape

Which of the following does NOT correctly pair a Native American Tribe and region in which that tribe lived during the 17th century? A. Powhatan, Chesapeake B. Doegs, Western Virginia C. Pequots, Connecticut Valley D. Pokanokets, Cape Cod E. Sioux, Florida

E The Sioux occupied a large portion of the Midwest and the West

Colonies were established in the New World for the purpose of gaining each of the following EXCEPT: A. religious freedom B. commercial interests C. better trade routes D. military advantage E. manufacuring sites

E Think yes or no. If yes eliminate. A, B ad C =common reasons for creating colonies. E is normally associated with the 19th century

Which of the following American military engagements was NOT preceded by a formal declaration of war by congress? A. the War of 1812 B. the Spanish-American war C. WWI D. WWII E. the Korean War

E WWII was the last American war preceded by a formal declaration of war by Congress. Technically, the Korean war was "police action"

"[The wealthy man is required]...to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer...in the manner which...is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community-[he is]the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren...doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves." The ideas above are most characteristic of A. transcendentalism B. socialism C. the doctrine of nullification D. Black separatism E. the Gospel of Wealth

E Wealthy industrialists of the late 1800s opposed government assistance to the needy, government support of the arts, and other such government activities that we today take for granted. These men argued that they were perfectly capable of providing these services to society, proclaiming a "Gospel of Wealth" that in fact required them to do so. According to this secular gospel, the concentration of wealth among a few powerful men was the natural and most efficient result of capitalism. Further, this great wealth brought with it a responsibility to give back to society. The chief proponent of the Gospel of Wealth was Andrew Carnegie, a steel tycoon who funded many public works in NYC, Pittsburgh, and elsewhere. Transcendentalism (A) was a mid-18th century philopshy championed by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Herman Melville, among others; socialism (B) is the belief that the state should own and control major industries; and black separatism (D) is the belief held by some African Americans that their society would be best served by removing itself from white society.

All of the following were arguments that women used when seeking suffrage EXCEPT: A. The right to vote was essential to a women's quest for equality with men B. Women had earned the right to vote by taking on stereotypically male roles during WWI C. Women would help humanize politics D. Laws were passed that concerned women's rights without the consent of women voters E. Scientific research proved that women were intellectually capable of understanding politics

E Women argued that their contirubtions ot the economy during WWI, their ability to humanize politics, and the fact that laws were passed that concerned them without their consent, and the need for suffrage in the purusit of equality all merited their right to vote. Woen did no cite scientific studies that proved they were intellectually capable of understanding politics