Saunders NCLEX Postpartum Questions

A postpartum client is attempting to breast-feed for the first time. The nurse notes that the client has inverted nipples. What nursing action should the nurse take to assist the client in breast-feeding the newborn infant? 1. Massage the breasts, applying gentle pressure on the areolas with the thumb and forefinger. 2. Have the mother grasp her areola between the thumb and forefinger and tug firmly to get the nipple to protrude. 3. Encourage taking a cool shower, allowing the water to run over the breasts, because this will encourage the nipples to protrude. 4. Provide breast shells and assist the mother with using a breast pump before each feeding to make the nipples easier for the newborn infant to grasp.

4 Wearing breast shells and using a breast pump before each feeding will make it easier for the newborn infant to grasp the nipple. Massaging the breast is an appropriate instruction for the mother with engorgement but will not help with resolving inverted nipples. True inverted nipples will retract if the areola is pressed between the thumb and forefinger. Having the client take a cool shower will only make the mother cold, and it has no effect on inverted nipples.

The nurse is caring for four 1-day postpartum clients. Which client would require further nursing action? 1. The client with mild afterpains 2. The client with a pulse rate of 60 beats/minute 3. The client with colostrum discharge from both breasts 4. The client with lochia that is red and has a foul-smelling odor

4 Lochia, the discharge present after birth, is red for the first 1 to 3 days and gradually decreases in amount. Normal lochia has a fleshy odor or an odor similar to menstrual flow. Foul-smelling or purulent lochia usually indicates infection, and these findings are not normal. The other options are normal findings for a 1-day postpartum client.

A nurse provides a list of discharge instructions to a client who has delivered a healthy newborn by cesarean delivery. Which statement by the client indicates the need for further teaching? 1. "I can begin abdominal exercises immediately." 2. "I need to notify the health care provider if I develop a fever." 3. "I can't lift anything heavier than my newborn for at least 2 weeks." 4. "I need to turn on my side and push up with my arms to get out of bed."

1 Abdominal exercises should not start immediately following abdominal surgery until 3 to 4 weeks postoperatively to allow for healing of the incision. The other options are appropriate instructions for the client following a cesarean delivery.

The nurse is planning care for a postpartum client who had a vaginal delivery 2 hours ago. The client had a midline episiotomy and has several hemorrhoids. What is the priority nursing consideration for this client? 1. Client pain level 2. Inadequate urinary output 3. Client perception of body changes 4. Potential for imbalanced body fluid volume

1 The priority nursing consideration for a client who delivered 2 hours ago and who has a midline episiotomy and hemorrhoids is client pain level. Most clients have some degree of discomfort during the immediate postpartum period. There are no data in the question that indicate inadequate urinary output, the presence of client perception of body changes, and potential for imbalanced body fluid volume.

A stillborn baby was delivered in the birthing suite a few hours ago. After the delivery, the family remained together, holding and touching the baby. Which statement by the nurse would further assist the family in their initial period of grief? 1. "What can I do for you?" 2. "Now you have an angel in heaven." 3. "Don't worry, there is nothing you could have done to prevent this from happening." 4. "We will see to it that you have an early discharge so that you don't have to be reminded of this experience."

1 When a loss or death occurs, the nurse should ensure that parents have been honestly told about the situation by their health care provider or others on the health care team. It is important for the nurse to be with the parents at this time and to use therapeutic communication techniques. The nurse must also consider cultural and religious practices and beliefs. The correct option provides a supportive, giving, and caring response. Options 2, 3, and 4 are blocks to communication and devalue the parents' feelings.

The nurse is assessing a client in the postpartum period and suspects the presence of uterine atony. Which is the initial nursing action? 1. Massage the uterus until firm. 2. Take the client's blood pressure. 3. Contact the health care provider (HCP). 4. Assess the amount of drainage on the peripad.

1 When uterine atony occurs, the initial nursing action would be to massage the uterus until it is firm. If this does not assist in controlling blood loss, then the nurse would contact the HCP. Additionally, once bleeding is under control, the nurse would monitor the vital signs and estimate the amount of blood loss.

The postpartum client asks the nurse about the occurrence of afterpains. The nurse informs the client that afterpains will be especially noticeable during which activity? 1. Ambulating 2. Breast-feeding 3. Taking sitz baths 4. Arriving home and activities are increased

2 Afterpains are a normal occurrence and result from contractions of the uterus as it reduces in size during involution. Afterpains may be especially noticeable during breast-feeding because oxytocin is released in response to the infant's sucking. The other options are incorrect.

The postpartum nurse is caring for a woman who just delivered a healthy newborn. The nurse should be most concerned with the presence of subinvolution if which occurs? 1. The presence of afterpains 2. Retained placental fragments from delivery 3. An oral temperature of 99.0° F following delivery 4. Increased estrogen and progesterone levels as noted on laboratory analysis

2 Retained placental fragments and infection are the primary causes of subinvolution. When either of these processes is present, the uterus will have difficulty contracting. An oral temperature of 99.0° F after delivery and the presence of afterpains are expected findings following delivery. Option 4 is not a cause of subinvolution and is unrelated to the subject of the question.

The nurse is caring for a client in the postpartum period immediately after delivery. The nurse performs an assessment on the client and prepares to assess uterine involution by taking which action? 1. Monitoring the vital signs 2. Palpating the uterine fundus 3. Auscultating the bowel sounds 4. Assessing the amount of drainage on the peripad

2 To assess uterine involution, the nurse would palpate the fundal height. Fundal height is measured in fingerbreadths or centimeters in relation to the umbilicus, and this measurement is used to assess the rate of uterine involution. Vital signs and the amount of drainage on the peripad do not indicate uterine involution. Bowel sounds, although they may be diminished in the postpartum period, are not helpful in assessing uterine involution.

On the second postpartum day, a woman complains of burning on urination, urgency, and frequency of urination. A urinalysis is done, and the results indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection. The nurse instructs the new mother regarding measures to take for treatment of the infection. Which statement, if made by the mother, would indicate a need for further instructions? 1. "I need to urinate frequently throughout the day." 2. "The prescribed medication must be taken until it is finished." 3. "My fluid intake should be increased to at least 3000 mL daily." 4. "Foods and fluids that will increase urine alkalinity should be consumed."

4 Foods and fluids that acidify, not alkalinize the urine should be encouraged. The woman should be encouraged to urinate frequently throughout the day, instructed to take the medication for the entire time it is prescribed, and encouraged to drink at least 3000 mL of fluid each day to flush the infection from the bladder.

The nurse is monitoring a postpartum client who received epidural anesthesia for delivery for the presence of a vulvar hematoma. Which assessment finding would best indicate the presence of a hematoma? 1. Changes in vital signs 2. Signs of heavy bruising 3. Complaints of intense pain 4. Complaints of a tearing sensation

1 Because the client has had epidural anesthesia and is anesthetized, she cannot feel pain, pressure, or a tearing sensation. Changes in vital signs indicate hypovolemia in an anesthetized postpartum client with vulvar hematoma. Option 2 (heavy bruising) may be seen, but vital sign changes indicate hematoma caused by blood coll

The nurse is monitoring a client in the immediate postpartum period for signs of hemorrhage. Which sign, if noted, would be an early sign of excessive blood loss? 1. A temperature of 100.4° F 2. An increase in the pulse rate from 88 to 102 beats/minute 3. A blood pressure change from 130/88 to 124/80 mm Hg 4. An increase in the respiratory rate from 18 to 22 breaths/minute

2 During the fourth stage of labor, the maternal blood pressure, pulse, and respiration should be checked every 15 minutes during the first hour. An increasing pulse is an early sign of excessive blood loss because the heart pumps faster to compensate for reduced blood volume. A slight increase in temperature is normal. The blood pressure decreases as the blood volume diminishes, but a decreased blood pressure would not be the earliest sign of hemorrhage. The respiratory rate is slightly increased from normal.

The rubella vaccine has been prescribed for a new mother. Which statement should the postpartum nurse make when providing information about the vaccine to the client? 1. "You should avoid sexual intercourse for 2 weeks after administration of the vaccine." 2. "You should not become pregnant for 2 to 3 months after administration of the vaccine." 3. "You should avoid heat and extreme temperature changes for 1 week after administration of the vaccine." 4. "You must sign an informed consent because anaphylactic reactions can occur with the administration of this vaccine."

2 Rubella vaccine is a live attenuated virus that provides immunity for approximately 15 years. Because rubella is a live vaccine, it will act as a virus and is potentially harmful to the organogenesis phase of fetal development. Informed consent for rubella and varicella vaccination in the postpartum period includes information about possible side effects and the risk of teratogenic effects. The client should be informed about the potential effects of this vaccine and the need to avoid becoming pregnant for 2 to 3 months (or as indicated by the health care provider) after administration of the vaccine. Abstinence from sexual intercourse is unnecessary. Heat or extreme changes in temperature have no effect on the person who has been vaccinated. The vaccine is not known to cause anaphylactic reactions.

The nurse is monitoring the amount of lochia drainage in a client who is 2 hours postpartum and notes that the client has saturated a perineal pad in 1 hour. How should the nurse document this finding? 1. Scant 2. Light 3. Heavy 4. Excessive

3 Lochia is the discharge from the uterus in the postpartum period; it consists of blood from the vessels of the placental site and debris from the decidua. The following can be used as a guide to determine the amount of flow: scant = less than 2.5 cm (<1 inch) on menstrual pad in 1 hour; light = less than 10 cm (<4 inches) on menstrual pad in 1 hour; moderate = less than 15 cm (<6 inches) on menstrual pad in 1 hour; heavy = saturated menstrual pad in 1 hour; and excessive = menstrual pad saturated in 15 minutes.

The nurse has provided instructions for a postpartum client at risk for thrombosis regarding measures to prevent its occurrence. Which statement, if made by the client, indicates a need for further education? 1. "I should apply my antiembolism stockings after breakfast." 2. "I should avoid prolonged standing or sitting in one position." 3. "I should perform regularly scheduled exercise such as walking." 4. "I should avoid using pillows under my knees to prevent pressure in the back of my knee area."

1 The nurse should instruct the client to apply antiembolism stockings before the client rises in the morning to prevent the venous congestion that will begin as soon as the mother gets up. Circulation can be improved with a regular schedule of activity, preferably walking, and the mother should be instructed to avoid prolonged standing or sitting in one position and avoid placing pillows under the knees because of the risk venous stasis in the lower extremities. The mother also should be encouraged to maintain a fluid intake of at least 2500 mL/day to prevent dehydration and consequent sluggish circulation.

A postpartum client is diagnosed with cystitis. The nurse should plan for which priority nursing action in the care of the client? 1. Providing sitz baths 2. Encouraging fluid intake 3. Placing ice on the perineum 4. Monitoring hemoglobin and hematocrit levels

2 Cystitis is an infection of the bladder. The client should consume 3000 mL of fluids per day if not contraindicated. Sitz baths and ice would be appropriate interventions for perineal discomfort. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels would be monitored with hemorrhage.

The nursing student is assigned to care for a client in the postpartum unit. The coassigned nurse asks the student to identify the most objective method to assess the amount of lochial flow in the client. Which statement, if made by the student, indicates an understanding of this method? 1. "I can estimate the amount of blood loss by gauging the amount of staining on a perineal pad." 2. "I should ask the client to keep a record and document every time the perineal pad is changed." 3. "I should weigh the perineal pad before and after use and note the amount of time between each pad change." 4. "I can look at the perineal pad and gauge the amount of staining and relate it to the amount of time between pad changes."

3 To gather accurate data for comparison, the perineal pads must be weighed both before and after use. Once these weights are gathered, the amount of lochia flow can be accurately determined. Noting the time frame between pad changes and the number of pads used also is an important factor. Gauging the amount of staining does not provide accurate data. Asking the client to obtain the information also may not provide accurate data.

The nurse has provided discharge instructions to a client who delivered a healthy newborn by cesarean delivery. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "I will begin abdominal exercises immediately." 2. "I will notify the health care provider if I develop a fever." 3. "I will turn on my side and push up with my arms to get out of bed." 4. "I will lift nothing heavier than my newborn baby for at least 2 weeks."

1 A cesarean delivery requires an incision made through the abdominal wall and into the uterus. Abdominal exercises should not start immediately after abdominal surgery; the client should wait at least 3 to 4 weeks postoperatively to allow for healing of the incision. Options 2, 3, and 4 are appropriate instructions for the client after a cesarean delivery.

The postpartum nurse is providing instructions to a client after delivery of a healthy newborn. Which time frame should the nurse relay to the client regarding the return of bowel function? 1. 3 days postpartum 2. 7 days postpartum 3. On the day of delivery 4. Within 2 weeks postpartum

1 After birth, the nurse should auscultate the client's abdomen in all four quadrants to determine the return of bowel sounds. Normal bowel elimination usually returns 2 to 3 days postpartum. Surgery, anesthesia, and the use of opioids and pain control agents also contribute to the longer period of altered bowel functions. Options 2, 3, and 4 are incorrect.

The nurse is providing instructions to a pregnant client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection regarding care to the newborn after delivery. The client asks the nurse about the feeding options that are available. Which response should the nurse make to the client? 1. "You will need to bottle-feed your newborn." 2. "You will need to feed your newborn by nasogastric tube feeding." 3. "You will be able to breast-feed for 6 months and then will need to switch to bottle-feeding." 4. "You will be able to breast-feed for 9 months and then will need to switch to bottle-feeding."

1 Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can occur during the antepartum period, during labor and birth, or in the postpartum period if the mother is breast-feeding. Clients who have HIV are advised not to breast-feed. There is no physiological reason why the newborn needs to be fed by nasogastric tube.

The nurse who is employed in a prenatal clinic is performing prenatal assessments on clients who are in their first trimester of pregnancy. The nurse is concerned with identifying clients who may be at risk for the development of postpartum complications. Which client would be at the lowest risk for development of postpartum thromboembolic disorders? 1. A 39-year-old woman who reports that she smokes 2. A 26-year-old woman with a family history of thrombophlebitis 3. A 37-year-old woman in her fourth pregnancy who is overweight 4. A 22-year-old woman with a first pregnancy who states that oral contraceptives taken in the past have caused thrombophlebitis

2 Certain factors create a risk for the development of thromboembolic disorders. These include smoking, varicose veins, obesity, a history of thrombophlebitis, women older than 35 years or who have had more than three pregnancies, and women who have had a cesarean birth. From the options presented, a 26-year-old woman with a family history of thrombophlebitis is least likely to develop thromboembolic disorders in the postpartum period

A nurse is monitoring a new mother in the fourth stage of labor for signs of hemorrhage. Which indicates an early sign of excessive blood loss? 1. A temperature of 100.4º F 2. An increased pulse rate of 88 to 102 beats/min 3. A blood pressure change from 130/88 to 124/80 mm Hg 4. An increase in the respiratory rate from 18 to 22 breaths/min

2 During the fourth stage of labor, the maternal blood pressure, pulse, and respiration should be checked every 15 minutes during the first hour. A rising pulse is an early sign of excessive blood loss, because the heart pumps faster to compensate for reduced blood volume. The blood pressure will fall as the blood volume diminishes, but a decreased blood pressure would not be the earliest sign of hemorrhage.

After a precipitous delivery, the nurse notes that the new mother is passive and only touches her newborn infant briefly with her fingertips. What should the nurse do to help the woman process the delivery? 1. Encourage the mother to breast-feed soon after birth. 2. Support the mother in her reaction to the newborn infant. 3. Tell the mother that it is important to hold the newborn infant. 4. Document a complete account of the mother's reaction on the birth record.

2 Precipitous labor is labor that lasts 3 hours or less. Women who have experienced precipitous labor often describe feelings of disbelief that their labor progressed so rapidly. To assist the client to process what has happened, the best option is to support the client in her reaction to the newborn infant. Options 1, 3, and 4 do not acknowledge the client's feelings.

The postpartum unit nurse is performing an assessment on a client who is at risk for thrombophlebitis. Which nursing action is indicated in assessing for thrombophlebitis? 1. Palpate for pedal pulses. 2. Ask the client about pain in the calf area. 3. Assess for the presence of vaginal hematoma. 4. Ask the client to ambulate and assess for the presence of pain.

2 Thrombophlebitis is a potential complication in the postpartum period. The client with thrombophlebitis may experience pain in the calf. The remaining options would not determine the presence of thrombophlebitis. Palpating pulses assesses circulation. The presence of a hematoma does not indicate thrombophlebitis. The nurse should not ask the client to ambulate if thrombophlebitis is suspected.

The nurse is developing a plan of care for a postpartum client who was diagnosed with superficial venous thrombosis. The nurse anticipates that which intervention will be prescribed? 1. Administration of anticoagulants 2. Elevation of the affected extremity 3. Ambulation eight to ten times daily 4. Application of ice packs to the affected area

2 Thrombosis that is limited to the superficial veins of the saphenous system is treated with analgesics, rest, and elastic support stockings. Elevation of the affected lower extremity to improve venous return also may be recommended. Warm packs may be prescribed to be applied to the affected area to promote healing. There is usually no need for anticoagulants or anti-inflammatory agents unless the condition persists. Bed rest or limited activity may be prescribed depending on health care provider preference.

The discharge nurse is discussing mastitis with a postpartum client. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "If I develop a hot, reddened, triangle-shaped area on my breast, I should contact my health care provider." 2. "Antibiotics, rest, warm compresses, and adequate fluid intake are all important for the treatment of mastitis." 3. "If I develop a fever, chills, or body aches at any time after discharge, I should stop breast-feeding immediately." 4. "I may develop mastitis if I wear underwire bras, experience excessive fatigue, or suddenly decrease the number of feedings."

3 The mother should not discontinue breast-feeding even if mastitis occurs. Mastitis, a breast infection, is best characterized by a sudden onset of flulike symptoms, localized breast pain and tenderness, and a hot, reddened area on the breast that often resembles the shape of a pie wedge. Treatment usually includes antibiotics, but the mother should be instructed to feed the baby or pump frequently to adequately empty the affected breast.

A new mother received epidural anesthesia during labor and had a forceps delivery after pushing for 2 hours. At 6 hours postpartum her systolic blood pressure has dropped 20 points, her diastolic blood pressure has dropped 10 points, and her pulse is 120 beats/min. The client is anxious and restless. On further assessment, a vulvar hematoma is verified. After notifying the health care provider, what is the nurse's next action? 1. Reassure the client. 2. Monitor fundal height. 3. Apply perineal pressure. 4. Prepare the client for surgery.

4 A hematoma is a localized collection of blood into the tissues of the reproductive sac after delivery. A vulvar hematoma is the most common type . The use of an epidural, prolonged second-stage labor, and forceps delivery are predisposing factors for hematoma formation, and a collection of up to 500 mL of blood can occur in the vaginal area. Although the other options may be implemented, the immediate action is to prepare the client for surgery to stop the bleeding.

After surgical evacuation and repair of a paravaginal hematoma, a client is discharged 3 days postpartum. The nurse determines that the client needs further discharge instructions when the client makes which statement? 1. "I will probably need my mother to help me with housekeeping." 2. "Because I am so sore, I will nurse the baby while lying on my side." 3. "My husband and I will not have intercourse until the stitches are healed." 4. "The only medications I will take are prenatal vitamins and stool softeners."

4 A hematoma is a localized collection of blood into the tissues of the reproductive sac after delivery. A vulvar hematoma is the most common type. The postoperative client will need an antibiotic because she is at increased risk for infection as a result of the break in skin integrity and collection of blood at the hematoma site. Stating that she will need only prenatal vitamins and stool softeners indicates that she requires further teaching. All other options indicate that the mother understands the home care measures after surgical evacuation and repair of a paravaginal hematoma.

The nurse caring for a client with a diagnosis of subinvolution should understand that which is a primary cause of this diagnosis? 1. Afterpains 2. Increased estrogen levels 3. Increased progesterone levels 4. Retained placental fragments from delivery

4 Retained placental fragments and infections are the primary causes of subinvolution. When either of these processes is present, the uterus has difficulty contracting. The presence of afterpains is an expected finding following delivery. Options 2 and 3 are not causes of subinvolution.

The nurse in the postpartum unit is observing the mother-infant bonding process in a client. Which observation, if made by the nurse, indicates the potential for a maladaptive interaction? 1. The mother is observed talking to the newborn. 2. The mother performs cord care for the newborn. 3. The mother verbalizes discomfort with the new role of motherhood. 4. The mother requests that the nurse feed the newborn because she is feeling fatigued.

4 The nurse should be alert to maladaptive interaction in the maternal-infant bonding processes. If the nurse notes that the mother is avoiding interaction with the newborn or is avoiding caring for the newborn, the nurse should suspect the potential for a maladaptive interaction. Talking to the newborn or willingness to perform cord care does not indicate a maladaptive response. Expressing discomfort with the new role of motherhood is a normal, expected process, and it is important for the mother to verbalize concerns.

When planning care for a postpartum client that plans to breast-feed her infant, which important piece of information should the nurse include in the teaching plan to prevent the development of mastitis? 1. Offer only one breast at each feeding. 2. Massage distended areas as the infant nurses. 3. Cleanse nipples with a mild antibacterial soap before and after infant feedings. 4. Express and discard milk from the affected breast at the first signs of mastitis.

2 Massaging the distended areas as the infant nurses will encourage complete emptying of the breast and prevent milk stasis. Each breast should be offered at each feeding to prevent milk stasis and ensure adequate milk supply. Soap should not be used on the nipples because of the risk of drying or cracking. If early signs of mastitis occur, the client usually will be instructed to nurse the infant more frequently, because infant sucking is thought to empty the breast more completely.

The nurse is developing a plan of care for a postpartum client with a small vulvar hematoma. The nurse should include which specific action during the first 12 hours after delivery? 1. Assess vital signs every 4 hours. 2. Measure fundal height every 4 hours. 3. Prepare an ice pack for application to the area. 4. Inform the health care provider of assessment findings.

3 A hematoma is a localized collection of blood into the tissues of the reproductive sac after delivery. Vulvar hematoma is the most common. Application of ice reduces swelling caused by hematoma formation in the vulvar area. Options 1, 2, and 4 are not interventions that are specific to the plan of care for a client with a small vulvar hematoma.

On assessment of a client who is 30 minutes into the fourth stage of labor, the nurse finds the client's perineal pad saturated in blood and blood soaked into the bed linen under the client's buttocks. Which is the nurse's initial action? 1. Call the health care provider. 2. Assess the client's vital signs. 3. Gently message the uterine fundus. 4. Administer a 300-mL bolus of a 20 units/L oxytocin (Pitocin) solution.

3 The most frequent cause of excessive bleeding after childbirth is uterine atony. A major intervention to restore adequate tone is stimulation of the uterine muscle via gently massaging the uterine fundus. Options 1, 2, and 4 may be necessary but they are not initial actions. The initial action is to alleviate the problem. Additionally a health care provider's prescription is needed to administer a medication.

A client in a postpartum unit complains of sudden sharp chest pain and dyspnea. The nurse notes that the client is tachycardic and the respiratory rate is elevated. The nurse suspects a pulmonary embolism. Which should be the initial nursing action? 1. Initiate an intravenous line. 2. Assess the client's blood pressure. 3. Prepare to administer morphine sulfate. 4. Administer oxygen, 8 to 10 L/minute, by face mask.

4 If pulmonary embolism is suspected, oxygen should be administered, 8 to 10 L/minute, by face mask. Oxygen is used to decrease hypoxia. The client also is kept on bed rest with the head of the bed slightly elevated to reduce dyspnea. Morphine sulfate may be prescribed for the client, but this would not be the initial nursing action. An intravenous line also will be required, and vital signs need to be monitored, but these actions would follow the administration of oxygen.

The nurse is monitoring a postpartum client in the fourth stage of labor. Which finding, if noted by the nurse, would indicate a complication related to a laceration of the birth canal? 1. Presence of dark red lochia 2. Palpation of the uterus as a firm contracted ball 3. The saturation of more than one peripad per hour 4. Palpation of the fundus at the level of the umbilicus

3 Saturation of more than one peripad per hour is considered excessive even in the early postpartum period. In the first 24 hours after birth, the uterus will feel like a firmly contracted ball, roughly the size of a large grapefruit. One easily can locate the uterus at the level of the umbilicus. Lochia should be dark red and moderate in amount.

A postpartum client with deep vein thrombosis is being treated with anticoagulant therapy. The nurse understands that the client's response to treatment will be evaluated by regularly assessing the client for which symptoms? 1. Dysuria, ecchymosis, and vertigo 2. Epistaxis, hematuria, and dysuria 3. Hematuria, ecchymosis, and vertigo 4. Hematuria, ecchymosis, and epistaxis

4 The treatment for deep vein thrombosis is anticoagulant therapy. The nurse assesses for bleeding, which is an adverse effect of anticoagulants. This includes hematuria, ecchymosis, and epistaxis. Dysuria and vertigo are not associated specifically with bleeding.

A nurse is caring for a client who has just delivered a newborn following a pregnancy with a placenta previa. When reviewing the plan of care, the nurse should prepare to monitor the client for which risk that is associated with placenta previa? 1. Infection 2. Hemorrhage 3. Chronic hypertension 4. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

2 Because the placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment, which does not contain the same intertwining musculature as the fundus of the uterus, this site is more prone to bleeding. The other options are not risks that are specifically related to placenta previa.

A client arrives at the postpartum unit after delivery of her infant. On performing an assessment, the nurse notes that the client is shaking uncontrollably. Which nursing action would be appropriate? 1. Massage the fundus. 2. Contact the health care provider. 3. Cover the client with a warm blanket. 4. Place the client in Trendelenburg's position.

3 In the postpartum period, a woman may experience a shaking, uncontrollable chill immediately after birth. The exact cause of this fairly common event is not known; however, it is thought to be associated with a nervous system reaction such as a vasovagal response. If the chill is not associated with an elevated temperature, it is of no clinical significance. The appropriate nursing action would be to provide a warm blanket to the client and a warm drink if this is not contraindicated.

The nurse is assessing a client in the fourth stage of labor and notes that the fundus is firm, but that bleeding is excessive. Which should be the initial nursing action? 1. Record the findings. 2. Massage the fundus. 3. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 4. Place the client in Trendelenburg's position.

3 If bleeding is excessive, the cause may be laceration of the cervix or birth canal. Massaging the fundus if it is firm would not assist in controlling the bleeding. Trendelenburg's position should be avoided because it may interfere with cardiac and respiratory function. Although the nurse would record the findings, the initial nursing action would be to notify the HCP.

A client with known cardiac disease has been admitted to the postpartum care unit after an uneventful delivery. The unit nurse instructs the client to use the call button for assistance whenever she needs to get out of bed or wishes to care for her infant. Which postpartum complication is the nurse most concerned about for this client? 1. Postpartum infection 2. Maternal attachment 3. Maternal overexertion 4. Postpartum newborn-mother bonding

3 The immediate postpartum period is associated with increased risks for the cardiac client. Hormonal changes and fluid shifts from extravascular tissues to the circulatory system cause additional stress on cardiac functioning. Although options 1, 2, and 4 are appropriate nursing concerns during the postpartum period, the primary concern for the cardiac client is to maintain a safe environment because of the potential for cardiac compromise.

The postpartum nurse is assessing a client who delivered a healthy infant by cesarean section for signs and symptoms of superficial venous thrombosis. Which sign would the nurse note if superficial venous thrombosis were present? 1. Paleness of the calf area 2. Coolness of the calf area 3. Enlarged, hardened veins 4. Palpable dorsalis pedis pulses

3 Thrombosis of superficial veins usually is accompanied by signs and symptoms of inflammation, including swelling, redness, tenderness, and warmth of the involved extremity. It also may be possible to palpate the enlarged, hard vein. Clients sometimes experience pain when they walk. Palpable dorsalis pedis pulses is a normal finding.

On the second postpartum day, a client complains of burning on urination, urgency, and frequency of urination. A urinalysis indicates the presence of a urinary tract infection. The nurse instructs the client regarding measures to take for the treatment of the infection. Which client statement indicates to the nurse the need for further instruction? 1. "I need to urinate frequently throughout the day." 2. "The prescribed medication must be taken until it is finished." 3. "My fluid intake should be increased to at least 3000 mL daily." 4. "Foods and fluids that will increase urine alkalinity should be consumed."

4 A client with a urinary tract infection must be encouraged to take the medication for the entire time it is prescribed. The client should also be instructed to drink at least 3000 mL of fluid each day to flush the infection from the bladder and to urinate frequently throughout the day. Foods and fluids that acidify the urine need to be encouraged.

The postpartum unit nurse has provided information regarding performing a sitz bath to a new mother after a vaginal delivery. The client demonstrates understanding of the purpose of the sitz bath by stating that the sitz bath will promote which action? 1. Numb the tissue. 2. Stimulate a bowel movement. 3. Reduce the edema and swelling. 4. Assist in healing and provide comfort.

4 Warm, moist heat is used after the first 24 hours after tissue trauma from a vaginal birth to provide comfort and promote healing and reduce the incidence of infection. This warm, moist heat is provided via a sitz bath. Ice is used in the first 24 hours to reduce edema and numb the tissue. Promoting a bowel movement is best achieved by ambulation.

The nurse is preparing a list of self-care instructions for a postpartum client who was diagnosed with mastitis. Which instructions should be included on the list? Select all that apply. 1. Wear a supportive bra. 2. Rest during the acute phase. 3. Maintain a fluid intake of at least 3000 mL. 4. Continue to breast-feed if the breasts are not too sore. 5. Take the prescribed antibiotics until the soreness subsides. 6. Avoid decompression of the breasts by breast-feeding or breast pump.

1, 2, 3, 4 Mastitis is an infection of the lactating breast. Client instructions include resting during the acute phase, maintaining a fluid intake of at least 3000 mL/day (if not contraindicated), and taking analgesics to relieve discomfort. Antibiotics may be prescribed and are taken until the complete prescribed course is finished. They are not stopped when the soreness subsides. Additional supportive measures include the use of moist heat or ice packs and wearing a supportive bra. Continued decompression of the breast by breast-feeding or breast pump is important to empty the breast and prevent the formation of an abscess.

A nurse is preparing to assess the uterine fundus of a client in the immediate postpartum period. After locating the fundus, the nurse notes that the uterus feels soft and boggy. Which nursing intervention would be most appropriate? 1. Elevate the client's legs. 2. Massage the fundus until it is firm. 3. Ask the client to turn on her left side. 4. Push on the uterus to assist in expressing clots.

2 If the uterus is not contracted firmly, the initial intervention is to massage the fundus until it is firm and to express clots that may have accumulated in the uterus. Pushing on an uncontracted uterus can invert the uterus and cause massive hemorrhage. Elevating the client's legs and positioning the client on the side would not assist in managing uterine atony.

A client who is a gravida III, para III had a cesarean section 1 day ago. She is being treated prophylactically for endometritis. She is complaining of abdominal cramping at a level of 6 on pain level scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 being the greatest amount of pain) and fears having her first bowel movement. These medications are prescribed and due now. Based on priority, in which order should the nurse administer the medications? Arrange the medications in the order that they should be administered. All options must be used. Drag the text in the left column to the correct order in the right column. Prenatal vitamin 1 tablet orally daily 1 Docusate sodium (Colace) 100 mg orally 2 Ketorolac (Toradol) 30 mg by intravenous push over 3 minutes 3 Ampicillin sodium (Ampicillin) 1 g intravenous (IV) piggyback over 60 minutes

3, 4, 2, 1 The client is complaining of abdominal cramping, which is the priority and should be treated first; an IV route (ketorolac) is used because it will alleviate the pain rapidly. The risk of infection is greater than the need for a stool softener or a multivitamin; therefore, the IV antibiotic is administered next. The client who has not had her first bowel movement and is afraid to do so is the next priority; therefore, the docusate sodium would be administered next. The multivitamin requires daily administration and works over time to assist in replenishing the nutrients lost during blood loss associated with the surgery; this would be administered last.

The nurse is teaching a new mother how to care for her newborn. The nurse notes that the client is very fearful and reluctant to handle the newborn and notes that this is the client's first child. Which nursing intervention is least appropriate in assisting the promotion of mother-infant interaction and bonding? 1. Accepting the client's feelings 2. Acknowledging the client's apprehension 3. Assisting the client with giving the baths to allow her to become more at ease 4. Leaving the infant with the client so that she will be required to provide the care

4 A client with no experience of handling infants may be fearful and reluctant to handle her newborn or to take on physical care on her own. Leaving the infant with the mother so that she will be required to provide the care will produce additional apprehension. Acceptance of her feelings and acknowledgment of the apprehension can help an unsure mother begin to participate in caring for her newborn. Assistance will help the client become more at ease.

A client has just had surgery to deliver a nonviable fetus resulting from abruptio placentae. As a result of the abruptio placentae, the client develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and is told about the complication. The client begins to cry and screams, "God, just let me die now!" Which client problem should be the priority for the client at this time? 1. Lack of power about the situation 2. Grieving because of the loss of the baby 3. Lack of knowledge regarding what occurred 4. Concern about the loss of the baby and personal health

4 The client expresses that there is no way out of the situation except for death; therefore the client exhibits concern about the loss of the baby and personal health. The data given do not support lack of power. Grieving is a possible client problem at a later time; however, at this time, the concern over the loss should take priority. Lack of knowledge is a possible problem later, but not enough data support it at this point, and it is not the priority.

The postpartum nurse is taking the vital signs of a client who delivered a healthy newborn 4 hours ago. The nurse notes that the client's temperature is 100.2° F. What is the priority nursing action? 1. Document the findings. 2. Retake the temperature in 15 minutes. 3. Notify the health care provider (HCP). 4. Increase hydration by encouraging oral fluids.

4 The client's temperature should be taken every 4 hours while she is awake. Temperatures up to 100.4° F (38° C) in the first 24 hours after birth often are related to the dehydrating effects of labor. The appropriate action is to increase hydration by encouraging oral fluids, which should bring the temperature to a normal reading. Although the nurse also would document the findings, the appropriate action would be to increase hydration. Taking the temperature in another 15 minutes is an unnecessary action. Contacting the HCP is not necessary.

The home care nurse visits a client who has delivered a healthy newborn infant via vaginal delivery. An episiotomy was performed, and the woman has developed a wound infection at the episiotomy site. The nurse provides instructions to the client regarding care related to the infection. Which statement, if made by the mother, indicates a need for further instructions? 1. "I need to take the antibiotics as prescribed." 2. "I need to take warm sitz baths to promote healing." 3. "I need to apply warm compresses to provide comfort." 4. "I need to isolate the infant for 48 hours after beginning the antibiotics."

4 The infant is not isolated routinely from the mother with a wound infection, but the mother must be taught good hand washing techniques and how to protect the infant from contact with contaminated articles. If the mother has a wound infection, broad-spectrum antibiotics will be prescribed for the mother, and she should be instructed to take the antibiotics as prescribed. Analgesics are often necessary, and warm compresses or sitz baths may be used to provide comfort in the area.

Which instructions should a nurse provide to a client following delivery regarding care of the episiotomy site to prevent infection? Select all that apply. 1. Report a foul-smelling discharge. 2. Take a warm sitz baths three times a day. 3. Change the perineum pads three times a day. 4. Use warm water to rinse the perineum after elimination. 5. Wipe the perineum from front to back after voiding and defecation.

1, 2, 4, 5 Warm sitz baths and cleansing with warm water are helpful for relieving pain, and these measures will promote cleanliness in the perineal area to prevent infection. The client should also be instructed to wipe the perineum from front to back after voiding and defecation to decrease the risk for contamination with microorganisms from the anus to the vagina. Warm water should be used to rinse the perineum after elimination. The client also should be instructed that the perineal pad should be changed after each elimination and may be changed in between.

A nurse visits a client at home who delivered a healthy newborn 2 days ago. The client is complaining of breast discomfort. The nurse notes that the client is experiencing breast engorgement. Which instructions should the nurse provide to the client regarding relief of the engorgement? Select all that apply. 1. Wear a supportive bra between feedings. 2. Avoid breast-feeding during the time of breast engorgement. 3. Feed the infant at least every 2 hours for 15 to 20 minutes on each side. 4. Apply moist heat to both breasts for about 20 minutes before a feeding. 5. Massage the breasts gently during a feeding, from the outer areas to the nipples.

1, 3, 4, 5 During breast engorgement, the client should be advised to feed the infant frequently, at least every 2 hours, for 15 to 20 minutes on each side. The infant will have an easier time latching on if the client softens her breast and expresses her milk before a feeding. Instruct the client to apply moist heat to both breasts for about 20 minutes before a feeding. This can be done in the shower or with warm wet towels. During a feeding, it is helpful to massage the breast gently from the outer area to the nipple. This helps stimulate the let-down and flow of milk. The client should also be instructed to wear a supportive bra between feedings.

The nurse is preparing to perform a fundal assessment on a postpartum client. The nurse understands that which is the initial nursing action when performing this assessment? 1. Ask the client to turn on her side. 2. Ask the client to urinate and empty her bladder. 3. Massage the fundus gently before determining the level of the fundus. 4. Ask the client to lie flat on her back, with her knees and legs flat and straight.

2 Before fundal assessment is started, the nurse should ask the mother to empty her bladder so that an accurate assessment can be done. The nurse can then assess the bladder for complete emptying and accurately assess uterine involution. When performing fundal assessment, the woman is asked to lie flat on her back, with the knees flexed. Massaging the fundus is not appropriate unless the fundus is boggy or soft, and then it should be massaged gently until firm.

The postpartum unit nurse is developing a plan of care for a first-time mother and identifies the need for measures that will promote parent-infant bonding. Which measure should the nurse include in the plan? 1. Use a low-pitched voice to speak to the infant. 2. Encourage the mother to hold the infant when the infant cries. 3. Encourage the parents to allow the infant to sleep in the parental bed. 4. Encourage the mother to allow the nursing staff to care for the infant during her hospital stay until she is discharged.

2 Holding the infant close and allowing the infant to feel the warmth will initiate a positive experience for the mother and will console the infant. The use of a high-pitched voice and participating in infant care are additional methods of promoting parental-infant attachment. Infants should not be allowed to sleep in the parental bed. The parents require time alone as a couple. Additionally, the danger of suffocation of the infant exists if the infant is allowed to sleep between parents.

A nurse is providing instructions to a client who has been diagnosed with mastitis. Which statement made by the client indicates a need for further teaching? 1. "I need to wear a supportive bra to relieve the discomfort." 2. "I need to stop breast-feeding until this condition resolves." 3. "I can use analgesics to assist in alleviating some of the discomfort." 4. "I need to take antibiotics, and I should begin to feel better in 24 to 48 hours."

2 In most cases, the client can continue to breast-feed with both breasts. If the affected breast is too sore, the client can pump the breast gently. Regular emptying of the breast is important to prevent abscess formation. Antibiotic therapy assists in resolving the mastitis within 24 to 48 hours. Additional supportive measures include ice packs, breast supports, and analgesics.

The nurse in the postpartum unit is caring for a client who has just delivered a newborn infant following a pregnancy with a placenta previa. The nurse reviews the plan of care and prepares to monitor the client for which risk associated with placenta previa? 1. Infection 2. Hemorrhage 3. Chronic hypertension 4. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

2 In placenta previa, the placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment. The lower uterine segment does not contain the same intertwining musculature as the fundus of the uterus, and this site is more prone to bleeding. Options 1, 3, and 4 are not risks that are related specifically to placenta previa.

The nurse is providing nutritional counseling to a new mother who is breast-feeding her newborn. The nurse should instruct the client that her calorie needs should increase by approximately how many calories a day? 1. 100 2. 300 3. 500 4. 1000

3 If the client is breast-feeding, her calorie needs increase by approximately 500 cal/day. The client should also be instructed regarding the need for increased fluids and the need for prenatal vitamins and iron supplements.

A postpartum woman with mastitis in the right breast complains that the breast is too sore for her to breast-feed her infant. The nurse should tell the client to implement which measure? 1. Pump both breasts and discard the milk. 2. Bottle-feed the infant on a temporary basis. 3. Breast-feed from the left breast and gently pump the right breast. 4. Stop breast-feeding from both breasts until this condition resolves.

3 In most cases, the mother can continue to breast-feed with both breasts. If the affected breast is too sore, the mother can pump the breast gently. Regular emptying of the breast is important to prevent abscess formation. If an abscess forms and ruptures into the ducts of the breast, breast-feeding will need to be discontinued and a pump should be used to empty the breast (but the milk should be discarded). Options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

A nurse is checking lochia discharge in a woman in the immediate postpartum period. The nurse notes that the lochia is bright red and contains some small clots. Based on this data, the nurse should make which interpretation? 1. The client is hemorrhaging. 2. The client needs to increase oral fluids. 3. The client is experiencing normal lochia discharge. 4. The client's health care provider needs to be notified of the finding.

3 Lochia, the uterine discharge present after birth, initially is bright red and may contain small clots. During the first 2 hours after birth, the amount of uterine discharge should be approximately that of a heavy menstrual period. After that time, the lochial flow should steadily decrease, and the color of the discharge should change to a pinkish red or reddish brown. Because this is a normal, expected occurrence, options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect.

When performing a postpartum assessment on a client, a nurse notes the presence of clots in the lochia. The nurse examines the clots and notes that they are larger than 1 cm. Which nursing action is most appropriate? 1. Document the findings. 2. Reassess the client in 2 hours. 3. Notify the health care provider. 4. Encourage increased oral intake of fluids.

3 Normally, a few small clots may be noted in the lochia in the first 1 to 2 days after birth from pooling of blood in the vagina. Clots larger than 1 cm are considered abnormal. The cause of these clots, such as uterine atony or retained placental fragments, needs to be determined and treated to prevent further blood loss. Although the findings would be documented, the appropriate action is to notify the HCP. Reassessing the client in 2 hours would delay necessary treatment. Increasing oral intake of fluids would not be a helpful action in this situation.

The nurse is assessing a client who is 6 hours postpartum after delivering a full-term healthy newborn. The client complains to the nurse of feelings of faintness and dizziness. Which nursing action would be most appropriate? 1. Raise the head of the client's bed. 2. Obtain hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. 3. Instruct the client to request help when getting out of bed. 4. Inform the nursery room nurse to avoid bringing the newborn to the client until the mother's symptoms have subsided.

3 Orthostatic hypotension may be evident during the first 8 hours after birth. Feelings of faintness or dizziness are signs that caution the nurse to focus interventions on the client's safety. The nurse should advise the client to get help the first few times she gets out of bed. Option 1 is not a helpful action in this situation and would not relieve the symptoms. Option 2 requires a health care provider's prescription. Option 4 is unnecessary.

A postpartum unit nurse is preparing to care for a client who has just delivered a healthy newborn. In the immediate postpartum period what is the recommended frequency for the nurse to assess the client's vital signs? 1. Every hour for the first 2 hours and then every 4 hours 2. Every 30 minutes during the first hour and then every hour for the next 2 hours 3. Every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes and then every hour for the next 4 hours 4. Every 15 minutes during the first hour and then every 30 minutes for the next 2 hours

4 During the immediate postpartum period, the nurse takes vital signs every 15 minutes in the first hour after birth, every 30 minutes for the next 2 hours, and every hour for the next 2 to 6 hours. The nurse monitors vital signs thereafter every 4 hours for 24 hours and every 8 to 12 hours for the remainder of the hospital stay.

A nurse has just received an intershift report. After reviewing the client assignment and the appropriate medical records, the nurse determines that which client is most at risk for developing postdelivery endometritis? 1. A primigravida with a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery 2. A gravida II who delivered vaginally following an 18-hour labor 3. A client experiencing an elective cesarean delivery at 38 weeks' gestation 4. An adolescent experiencing an emergency cesarean delivery for fetal distress

4 Endometritis is an acute infection of the uterine mucous lining immediately after delivery and is still a leading cause of mortality for childbearing women in the United States. Cesarean delivery is the primary risk factor for uterine infection, especially after emergency procedures. Other risk factors include prolonged rupture of membranes, multiple vaginal examinations, and an excessive length of labor. The other options do not describe the client most at risk to develop endometritis following delivery.

The nurse evaluates the ability of a hepatitis B-positive mother to provide safe bottle-feeding to her newborn during postpartum hospitalization. Which maternal action best exemplifies the mother's knowledge of potential disease transmission to the newborn? 1. The mother requests that the window be closed before feeding. 2. The mother holds the newborn properly during feeding and burping. 3. The mother tests the temperature of the formula before initiating feeding. 4. The mother washes and dries her hands before and after self-care of the perineum and asks for a pair of gloves before feeding.

4 Hepatitis B virus is highly contagious and is transmitted by direct contact with blood and body fluids of infected persons. The rationale for identifying childbearing clients with this disease is to provide adequate protection of the fetus and the newborn, to minimize transmission to other individuals, and to reduce maternal complications. The correct option provides the best evaluation of maternal understanding of disease transmission. Option 1 will not affect disease transmission. Options 2 and 3 are appropriate feeding techniques for bottle-feeding, but do not minimize disease transmission for hepatitis B.

Which nursing intervention would be most appropriate for a postpartum client with a diagnosis of endometritis to facilitate participation in newborn care? 1. Limit fluid intake. 2. Maintain the client in a supine position. 3. Ask family members to care for the newborn. 4. Encourage the client to take pain medication as prescribed.

4 Nursing responsibilities for the care of the client with endometritis include maintaining adequate hydration (3000 to 4000 mL/day), bed rest in Fowler's position to facilitate drainage and lessen congestion, providing appropriate analgesia to lessen the pain, and administering antibiotics as prescribed. If the client's pain is relieved, she will be more likely to participate in newborn care. Asking family members to care for the newborn will not facilitate client participation in newborn care.

The nurse in a maternity unit is providing emotional support to a client and her husband who are preparing to be discharged from the hospital after the birth of a dead fetus. Which statement made by the client indicates a component of the normal grieving process? 1. "We want to attend a support group." 2. "We never want to try to have a baby again." 3. "We are going to try to adopt a child immediately." 4. "We are okay, and we are going to try to have another baby immediately."

1 A support group can help the parents work through their pain by nonjudgmental sharing of feelings. The correct option identifies a statement that would indicate positive, normal grieving. Although the other options may indicate reactions of the client and significant other, they are not specifically a part of the normal grieving process.

A woman infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has given birth to a normal-appearing infant, and the nurse provides instructions about newborn infant care. Which statement by the mother indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "I'm going to breast-feed my baby starting right away." 2. "I need to wash my hands before and after bathroom use." 3. "My baby needs to be on antiviral medications for the next 6 weeks." 4. "I am going to contact some support groups listed in my take-home material to help me with everything I'll have to deal with when I get home."

1 Perinatal transmission of HIV to the fetus or neonate of an HIV-positive woman can occur during the antenatal, intrapartal, or postpartum period. HIV transmission can occur during breast-feeding; therefore HIV-positive clients should be encouraged to bottle-feed their neonates. Frequent hand washing is encouraged. Support groups and community agencies can be identified to assist the parents with the newborn's home care, the impact of the diagnosis of HIV infection, and available financial resources. It is recommended that newborn infants of HIV-positive clients receive antiviral medications for the first 6 weeks of life.

The nurse is monitoring a postpartum client who is at risk of developing postpartum endometritis. Which finding, if noted during the first 24 hours after delivery, would support a diagnosis of postpartum endometritis? 1. Abdominal tenderness and chills 2. Increased perspiration and appetite 3. Maternal oral temperature of 100.2° F 4. Uterus two fingerbreadths below midline and firm

1 Signs and symptoms in the postpartum period heralding endometritis include delayed uterine involution, foul-smelling lochia, tachycardia, abdominal tenderness, and temperature elevations up to 104° F. This intrauterine infection may lead to further maternal complications, such as infections of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and blood (sepsis). Options 2, 3, and 4 represent normal maternal physiological responses in the immediate postpartum period.

The nurse is teaching a postpartum client about breast-feeding. Which instruction should the nurse include? 1. The diet should include additional fluids. 2. Prenatal vitamins should be discontinued. 3. Soap should be used to cleanse the breasts. 4. Birth control measures are unnecessary while breast-feeding.

1 The diet for a breast-feeding client should include additional fluids. Prenatal vitamins should be taken as prescribed, and soap should not be used on the breasts because it tends to remove natural oils, which increases the chance of cracked nipples. Breast-feeding is not a method of contraceptio

The nurse is providing postpartum instructions to a client who will be breast-feeding her newborn. The nurse determines that the client has understood the instructions if she makes which statements? Select all that apply. 1. "I should wear a bra that provides support." 2. "Drinking alcohol can affect my milk supply." 3. "The use of caffeine can decrease my milk supply." 4. "I will start my estrogen birth control pills again as soon as I get home." 5. "I know if my breasts get engorged I will limit my breast-feeding and supplement the baby." 6. "I plan on having bottled water available in the refrigerator so I can get additional fluids easily."

1, 2, 3, 6 The postpartum client should wear a bra that is well-fitted and supportive. Breasts may leak between feedings or during coitus, and the client is taught to place a breast pad in the bra. Breast-feeding clients should increase their daily fluid intake; having bottled water available indicates that the postpartum client understands the importance of increasing fluids. If engorgement occurs, the client should not limit breast-feeding, but should breast-feed frequently. Oral contraceptives containing estrogen are not recommended for breast-feeding mothers. Common causes of decreased milk supply include formula use; inadequate rest or diet; smoking by the mother or others in the home; and use of caffeine, alcohol, or other medications.

A nurse is assessing the fundus in a postpartum woman and notes that the uterus is soft and spongy and is not firmly contracted. The nurse should prepare to implement which interventions? Select all that apply. 1. Massaging the uterus 2. Pushing gently on the uterus 3. Assisting the woman to urinate 4. Rechecking the uterus in 1 hour 5. Checking for a distended bladder 6. Calling the delivery room to schedule an abdominal hysterectomy

1, 3, 5 If the uterus is soft and spongy and is not firmly contracted, the initial nursing action is to massage the fundus gently until it is firm; this will express clots that may have accumulated in the uterus. If the uterus does not remain contracted as a result of massage, the problem may be a distended bladder, which lifts and displaces the uterus and prevents effective contraction of the uterine muscles. The nurse would then check for a distended bladder and assist the woman to urinate. Pushing on an uncontracted uterus could invert the uterus, potentially causing massive hemorrhage and rapid shock. Waiting for 1 hour without intervention could result in bleeding. The health care provider will need to be notified if uterine massage is not helpful. Pharmacological measures may be necessary to maintain firm contraction of the uterus. An abdominal hysterectomy may need to be performed for massive hemorrhage that is uncontrollable. The question presents no data indicating that hemorrhage is a problem. Additionally, the nurse would not schedule an operative procedure.

The nurse is providing instructions to a client who has been diagnosed with mastitis. Which statement, if made by the client, indicates a need for further instructions? 1. "I need to wear a supportive bra to relieve the discomfort." 2. "I need to stop breast-feeding until this condition resolves." 3. "I can use analgesics to assist in alleviating some of the discomfort." 4. "I need to take antibiotics, and I should begin to feel better in 24 to 48 hours."

2 Mastitis is an infection of the lactating breasts and occurs most often during the second and third weeks after birth, although it may develop at any time during breast-feeding. In most cases, the mother can continue to breast-feed with both breasts. If the affected breast is too sore, the mother can pump the breast gently. Regular emptying of the breast is important to prevent abscess formation. Antibiotic therapy assists in resolving the mastitis within 24 to 48 hours. Additional supportive measures include ice packs, breast supports, and analgesics.

A new mother is seen in a health care clinic 2 weeks after giving birth to a healthy newborn infant. The mother is complaining that she feels as though she has the flu and complains of fatigue and aching muscles. On further assessment the nurse notes a localized area of redness on the left breast, and the mother is diagnosed with mastitis. The mother asks the nurse about the condition. The nurse should make which response? 1. "Mastitis usually involves both breasts." 2. "Mastitis can occur at any time during breast-feeding." 3. "Mastitis usually is caused by wearing a supportive bra." 4. "Mastitis is most common for women who have breast-fed in the past."

2 Mastitis is an infection of the lactating breasts and occurs most often during the second and third weeks after birth, although it may develop at any time during breast-feeding. Mastitis is more common in mothers nursing for the first time and usually affects one breast. A supportive bra will not cause mastitis; however, constriction of the breasts from a bra that is too tight may interfere with the emptying of all the ducts and may lead to infection.

A pregnant woman who is infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) delivers a newborn infant, and the nurse provides instructions to help the mother regarding care of the infant. Which statement by the client would indicate the need for further instructions? 1. "I will be sure to wash my hands before and after bathroom use." 2. "I need to breast-feed, especially for the first 6 weeks postpartum." 3. "Support groups are available to assist me with understanding my diagnosis of HIV." 4. "My newborn infant should be on antiviral medications for the first 6 weeks after delivery."

2 Perinatal transmission of HIV to the fetus or neonate of an HIV-positive woman can occur during the antenatal, intrapartal, or postpartum period. HIV transmission can occur during breast-feeding. Therefore HIV-positive clients should be encouraged to bottle-feed their neonates. Frequent handwashing is encouraged. Support groups and community agencies can be identified to assist clients with home care of the newborn infant, the impact of the diagnosis of HIV infection, and finding available financial resources. It is recommended that newborn infants of HIV-positive clients receive antiviral medications for their first 6 weeks of life.

A rubella titer result of a 1-day postpartum client is less than 1:8, and a rubella virus vaccine is prescribed to be administered before discharge. The nurse provides which information to the client about the vaccine? Select all that apply. 1. Breast-feeding needs to be stopped for 3 months. 2. Pregnancy needs to be avoided for 1 to 3 months. 3. The vaccine is administered by the subcutaneous route. 4. Exposure to immunosuppressed individuals needs to be avoided. 5. A hypersensitivity reaction can occur if the client has an allergy to eggs. 6. The area of the injection needs to be covered with a sterile gauze for 1 week.

2, 3, 4, 5 Rubella vaccine is administered to women who have not had rubella or women who are not serologically immune. The vaccine may be administered in the immediate postpartum period to prevent the possibility of contracting rubella in future pregnancies. The live attenuated rubella virus is not communicable in breast milk; breast-feeding does not need to be stopped. The client is counseled not to become pregnant for 1 to 3 months after immunization as specified by the health care provider because of a possible risk to a fetus from the live virus vaccine; the client must be using effective birth control at the time of the immunization. The client should avoid contact with immunosuppressed individuals because of their low immunity toward live viruses and because the virus is shed in the urine and other body fluids. The vaccine is administered by the subcutaneous route. A hypersensitivity reaction can occur if the client has an allergy to eggs because the vaccine is made from duck eggs. There is no useful or necessary reason for covering the area of the injection with a sterile gauze.

After receiving report at the beginning of the 0700 shift, the nurse must decide in what order the clients should be assessed. How would the nurse plan assessments? Arrange the clients in the order that they should be assessed. All options must be used. Drag the text in the left column to the correct order in the right column. An 8-hour post-vaginal delivery gravida 2, para 2 client who is scheduled for a bilateral tubal ligation at 1200 today and has a continuous peripheral intravenous (IV) solution of 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (D5LR) with 20 milliunits of oxytocin (Pitocin) infusing at 125 mL/hr. 1 A 12-hour post-cesarean section delivery of a gravida 3, para 3, who reports a return of feeling in her lower extremities as well as a sensation of wetness underneath her buttocks. 2 A 48-hour post-cesarean section delivery of a gravida 1, para 1, who reports not yet having a bowel movement since delivery and requests a stool softener. 3 A 24-hour post-vaginal delivery of a gravida 4, para 4, who is complaining of abdominal cramping after nursing her baby and requesting ibuprofen (Motrin).

2, 4, 1, 3 The 12-hour post-cesarean section delivery client should be assessed first because she is reporting a sensation of wetness; this could be excessive bleeding. The 24-hour post-vaginal delivery client is complaining of pain, which can be treated easily with oral medications; therefore this client should be assessed next. The 8-hour post-vaginal delivery client who is scheduled for a bilateral tubal ligation has an IV infusing of oxytocin, which will facilitate uterine involution, thereby promoting uterine contractions and minimal bleeding. A baseline assessment must be conducted preoperatively for a bilateral tubal ligation; however, the scheduled operative time is 5 hours away. The client who had cesarean section delivery 48 hours ago is assessed last as she is the farthest out from delivery, and the effectiveness of a stool softener will be achieved over time with continued administration.

A nurse is monitoring the client for signs of postpartum depression. Which would indicate the need for further assessment related to this form of depression? 1. The client is caring for the infant in a loving manner. 2. The client demonstrates an interest in the surroundings. 3. The client constantly complains of tiredness and fatigue. 4. The client looks forward to visits from the father of the newborn.

3 Postpartum depression is not the normal depression that many new mothers experience from time to time. The client experiencing depression shows less interest in her surroundings and a loss of her usual emotional response toward the family. The client also is unable to show pleasure or love and may have intense feelings of unworthiness, guilt, and shame. The client often expresses a sense of loss of self. Generalized fatigue, complaints of ill health and difficulty in concentrating also are present. The client would have little interest in food and experience sleep disturbances.

The nurse is assessing a client for signs of postpartum depression. Which observation, if noted in the new mother, would indicate the need for further assessment related to this form of depression? 1. The mother is caring for the infant in a loving manner. 2. The mother demonstrates an interest in the surroundings. 3. The mother constantly complains of tiredness and fatigue. 4. The mother looks forward to visits from the father of the newborn.

3 Postpartum depression is not the normal depression that many new mothers experience from time to time. The woman experiencing depression shows less interest in her surroundings and a loss of her usual emotional response toward the family. The woman is also unable to show pleasure or love and may have intense feelings of unworthiness, guilt, and shame. The woman often expresses a sense of loss of self. Generalized fatigue, complaints of ill health, and difficulty in concentrating are also present. The mother would have little interest in food and would experience sleep disturbances.

A postpartum care unit nurse is reviewing the records of 4 new mothers admitted to the unit. The nurse determines that which mother would be least likely at risk for developing a puerperal infection? 1. A mother who had ten vaginal exams during labor 2. A mother with a history of previous puerperal infections 3. A mother who gave birth vaginally to a 3200 gram infant 4. A mother who experienced prolonged rupture of the membranes

3 Risk factors associated for puerperal infection include a history of previous puerperal infections, cesarean births, trauma, prolonged rupture of the membranes, prolonged labor, multiple vaginal exams, and retained placental fragments.

The rubella vaccine is prescribed to be administered to a client 2 days after delivery of her child. The nurse preparing to administer the vaccine develops a list of the potential risks associated with this vaccine. The nurse reviews the list with the client and cautions the client to avoid which situation? 1. Sunlight for 3 days 2. Scratching the injection site 3. Pregnancy for 2 to 3 months after the vaccination 4. Sexual intercourse for 2 to 3 months after the vaccination

3 Rubella vaccine is a live attenuated virus that evokes an antibody response, which provides immunity for 15 years. Because rubella is a live vaccine, it will act as the virus and is potentially teratogenic in the organogenesis phase of fetal development. The client needs to be informed about the potential effects of this vaccine and the need to avoid becoming pregnant for 2 to 3 months after receiving the vaccine. Sunlight has no effect on the client who is vaccinated. The vaccine may cause local or systemic reactions, but all of these are mild and short-lived. Abstinence from sexual intercourse is not necessary unless another form of effective contraception is not being used.

The nurse is developing a plan of care for a client recovering from a cesarean delivery. Which action should the nurse encourage the client to do to prevent thrombophlebitis? 1. Elevate her legs. 2. Remain on bed rest. 3. Ambulate frequently. 4. Apply warm, moist packs to the legs.

3 Stasis is believed to be a predisposing factor in the development of thrombophlebitis. Because cesarean delivery is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis, new mothers should ambulate early and frequently to promote circulation and prevent stasis. The other options may be interventions for the client diagnosed with thrombophlebitis. Additionally, bed rest promotes stasis.

The nurse is assigned to care for a client who has chosen to formula-feed her infant. The nurse should plan to provide which instruction to the client? 1. Apply a heating pad to breasts for comfort. 2. Wear a breast shield to correct nipple inversion. 3. Wear a supportive brassiere continuously for 72 hours. 4. Use the manual breast pump provided to express milk.

3 Wearing a supportive brassiere continuously for 72 hours postpartum will minimize breast engorgement. Any stimulation of the breasts (expression of milk, infant sucking) or increase in circulation (heating pad) will increase milk production or cause the blood vessels and lymphatics to engorge. Correction of nipple inversion will not be necessary if the mother chooses not to breast-feed her infant.

The nurse is providing instructions about measures to prevent postpartum mastitis to a client who is breast-feeding her newborn. Which client statement would indicate a need for further instruction? 1. "I should breast-feed every 2 to 3 hours." 2. "I should change the breast pads frequently." 3. "I should wash my hands well before breast-feeding." 4. "I should wash my nipples daily with soap and water."

4 Mastitis is inflammation of the breast as a result of infection. It generally is caused by an organism that enters through an injured area of the nipples, such as a crack or blister. Measures to prevent the development of mastitis include changing nursing pads when they are wet and avoiding continuous pressure on the breasts. Soap is drying and could lead to cracking of the nipples, and the client should be instructed to avoid using soap on the nipples. The mother is taught about the importance of hand-washing and that she should breast-feed every 2 to 3 hours.

The nursing instructor is reviewing the plan of care with a student regarding care of a postpartum client. The instructor asks the nursing student about the taking-in phase according to Rubin's phases of regeneration and the client behaviors that are most likely to occur during this phase. Which response made by the student indicates an understanding of this phase? 1. "The client would be independent." 2. "The client initiates activities on her own." 3. "The client participates in mothering tasks." 4. "The client is self-focused and talks to others about labor."

4 Rubin has identified three phases of regeneration during the postpartum period. The taking-in phase occurs in the first 3 days postpartum, and the taking-hold phase occurs between days 3 to 10. During the taking-in phase, the new mother is attempting to integrate her labor and birth experience. She tends to need sleep and feels fatigued, talks about labor, and is self-focused and dependent. In the taking-hold phase, the client is more active, independent, initiates activities, and partakes in mothering tasks. In the letting-go phase, the mother may grieve over the separation of the baby from part of her body.

The postpartum unit nurse has provided discharge instructions to a client planning to breast-feed her normal, healthy infant. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of the instructions? 1. "If I experience any sweating during the night, I should call the health care provider." 2. "If I have uterine cramping while breast-feeding, I should contact the health care provider." 3. "If I'm still having bloody vaginal drainage in a week, I should contact the health care provider." 4. "If I notice any pain, redness, or swelling in my breasts, I should contact the health care provider."

4 Signs of infection include pain, redness, heat, and swelling of a localized area of the breast. If these symptoms occur, the client needs to contact the HCP. Options 1, 2, and 3 are normal changes that occur in the postpartum period.

The nurse performs an assessment on a client who is 4 hours postpartum. The nurse notes that the client has cool, clammy skin and is restless and excessively thirsty. What immediate action should the nurse take? 1. Provide oral fluids and begin fundal massage. 2. Begin hourly pad counts and reassure the client. 3. Elevate the head of the bed and assess vital signs. 4. Assess for hypovolemia and notify the health care provider (HCP).

4 Symptoms of hypovolemia include cool, clammy, pale skin, sensations of anxiety or impending doom, restlessness, and thirst. When these symptoms are present, the nurse should further assess for hypovolemia and notify the HCP. Providing oral fluids and beginning fundal massage and beginning hourly pad counts and reassuring the client will delay necessary treatment. Also, the question gives no indication of the cause of the hypovolemia or that the client is hemorrhaging and that fundal massage is needed. The head of the bed is not elevated in a hypovolemic condition.

The nurse is preparing to care for four assigned clients. Which client is at highest risk for hemorrhage? 1. A primiparous client who delivered 4 hours ago 2. A multiparous client who delivered 6 hours ago 3. A primiparous client who delivered 6 hours ago and had epidural anesthesia 4. A multiparous client who delivered a large baby after oxytocin (Pitocin) induction

4 The causes of postpartum hemorrhage include uterine atony; laceration of the vagina; hematoma development in the cervix, perineum, or labia; and retained placental fragments. Predisposing factors for hemorrhage include a previous history of postpartum hemorrhage, placenta previa, abruptio placentae, overdistention of the uterus from polyhydramnios, multiple gestation, a large neonate, infection, multiparity, dystocia or labor that is prolonged, operative delivery such as a cesarean or forceps delivery, and intrauterine manipulation. The multiparous client who delivered a large fetus after oxytocin induction has more risk factors associated with postpartum hemorrhage than the other clients. In addition, there are no specific data in the client descriptions in options 1, 2, and 3 that present the risk for hemorrhage.

The home care nurse's assignment is to visit a new mother at home 24 to 48 hours after discharge. What should the nurse expect to note in a healthy mother who is breast-feeding her newborn infant? 1. The mother has cracked nipples and feeds the infant with a supplemental bottle. 2. The mother complains of breast engorgement, and the infant demonstrates difficulty in latching onto the breast. 3. The mother is breast-feeding the infant with the infant's head turned toward her breast and the body flat in her arms; the mother has sore nipples, and the infant has a suck blister. 4. The mother is breast-feeding with the infant in a tummy-to-tummy position without signs of cracked nipples; the baby demonstrates bursts of sucking, followed by a pause and swallow.

4 The infant should be positioned completely facing the mother with head, neck, and spine aligned. Poor positioning increases the number of attempts for latching on. The infant's head turned toward the breast and the body flat in the mother's arms is incorrect because it demonstrates improper positioning. Breast engorgement, sore nipples, and cracked nipples are all complications that are the result of improper positioning.