SBUS 250 Final Study Guide
Stimulants
(caffeine, cocaine, Benzedrine, Ritalin, and Methedrine) are used to get hyped up before competition & to heighten one's arousal level
1st Wave of Black Athletes Activism
- 1900-1945 - international recognition - historical influences: nationalism, imperialism, WW - significant athletes: Joe Lewis, Jesse Owens - segregation & discrimination in the US - couldn't find jobs - media coverage: criticized athletes who lost their fame
2nd Wave of Black Athletes Activism
- 1945-1960s - access to American mainstream - historical influences: decolonization - significant athletes: Jackie Robinson - institutions became less segregated - media coverage: shut up & play
3rd Wave of Black Athletes Activism
- 1960s-1970s - part of Civil Rights Mov't - historical influences: CRM, Black power - significant athletes: Muhammad Ali, Bill Russell, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Tommie Smith, John Carlos - rebellion against institutionalized America - media coverage: don't protest this way
No Significant Wave of Black Athletes Activism
- 1980s-2010 - "post racial america" - historical influences: end of Cold War, Capitalism - significant athletes: Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley - making money $$ - media coverage: not critical
Olympic Games Marketing
- 1st National live TV broadcasting in Berlin 1936 - The Olympic Games are broadcasted to 220 countries & territories - TV rights are the highest source of revenue for the Olympic Mov't - Broadcasting right from N. America (esp. NBC) are the highest - Other sources of revenues: TOP program, OCOG domestic sponsorship, OCOG ticketing, OCOG licensing - While there are 193 official state in the UN, over 280 countries & nat'l Olympic Communities compete in the Olympic Games
In 2014, total sports coverage on local network affiliates and SportsCenter devoted...
- 2.3% to women basketball - 6% to women's other
4th Wave of Black Athletes Activism
- 2011-present - seeking for power & using power - historical influences: social media - significant athletes: Colin Kaepernick, LeBron James - athletes using their power & platform to raise social issues - media coverage: mixed, athletes using social media to send messages
Protest during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2020 - seeking structural change in governing bodies - historical influences: global pandemic, elections, deaths & shootings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Jacob Blake, BLM protests - significant athletes: Stephen Jackson, LeBron James, Naomi Osaka, WNBA players, Marcus Rushford - media coverage: mixed, athletes using social media & demanding action
In 2014, women's sports coverage on local network affiliates and SportsCenter devoted...
- 81.6% to basketball - 6.4% to tennis - 5.9% to golf - 3.4% to other - 2.7% volleyball
Historical Development of Sport
- Ancient Middle East (Assyria, Babylonia, Egypt, Ancient Israel) - Ancient Greece (Olympia 117BC-394AD) - Roman Empire (80BC-476AD) - Catholic Church - Middle Ages - Renaissance (1300-1700_ - Industrial revolution, modernization, urbanization, social reforms - England, Germany, France - United States - Western history tends to ignore other influences
On the Field Violence
- Brutal body contact: actions within the rules of sport that can cause injuries - Borderline violence: actions that violate the rules of the game but are accepted as part of the norm of the sport - Quasi-criminal violence: actions that violate formal rules of the games, the norms of the sport & at times the law - Criminal violence: actions that not only violate the rules of the game but are outside the law
Paralympic Games/Movement
- WWII - Ludwig Guttmann & the 1948 Stock Mandeville Games - Rome 1960 (900 athletes) - 1963-1984 took place in the Olympic years but not in the hosting city of the Olympics - 1976: 1st Winter Paralympic Games - since 1988, took place in the hosting city of Olympic Games - since 2000, every bidding city is bidding for the Olympic & the Paralympic Games
Sports Tech Framework
- activity & performance: measurable & equipment; performance tracking & coaching - fans & content: news, fans experience & social platforms, fantasy sports & betting - management & organization: organizations & venues; media & commercial partners
Societal Analysis
- analyzing data obtained through various methods already described - pro: applies social theories & morals to examine life from a social point of view - con: if only one social theory or model is used, it may ignore salient facts or skew analysis
Pierre de Coubertin
- born in 1863, son of a Barron - was a child when Prussia defeated France in the 1870 war - didn't fit w/the army, started studying law then political science - studied the war & came to a conclusion that soldiers in France lacked fitness
Sport & Terrorism
- casualties - media coverage - psychological impact - financial impact - reaction by communities
Content Research
- collecting info or pics from media & assigning themes - pros: can assess much data; can analyze societal priorities & biases - cons: uses inferences from others reporting rather than from self-reports
Off the Field Violence
- criminal behavior - assaults & sexual assaults by male athletes - violence among spectators - violence among media viewers - terrorism at sport events
Aggression is...
- directed towards another person - intentional - not an emotion - forceful attack on someone
Historical Research
- examining primary documents, interviewing primary resources & experts & analyzing historians' interpretations - pros: examines sport trends over time; can make comparisons w/society -cons: addresses only large societal trends
Special Olympics
- for athletes w/intellectual disability, cognitive delay, leaning disability or vocational problems - 185 countries, 1.7 million athletes - began w/1,000 athletes at the 1968 Chicago Games - goals: help participants improve fitness, develop skills & enhance confidence/one's self-image - the Special Olympics World Games are held every 4 years - during the 20th Century all the summer games were held in the US; now more b/t countries - Los Angeles 2015: 6,500 athletes, 3,000 volunteers, 25 sports - around 90,000 special olympic competitions annually - London 2012: over 4000 athletes, 104 countries, 2.7 million tickets sold - 22 sports in the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio
Development of the Modern Olympic Games
- he grew out of his revenge quest & focused on using sport as a tool for peace - he wanted to recreate values of an ancient Greek society - uses his connection to connect diff. sport athletics & unions - influenced by the regional games in Europe & his visits abroad - influenced by the Victorian social class diff. in England; sees sports as amateurish - June 23, 1894, in Paris, the newly formed IOC voted on the revival of the Olympic Games - Athens was chosen to host the 1st modern Olympic Games in 1896 - Demetrius Vikelas was elected as the 1st IOC president
Native American Athletes
- lacrosse was created my Native American Indians - Jim Thorpe (Potawatomi) was selected the best athlete of the first half of 20th century - 2006: NCAA issued a policy against the use of such images that portrayed Native Americans
Ethnography
- notes & conversations obtained by personal observations & immersion in an environment or group - pro: provides an insider view - con: can be costly & time intensive
Sport
- physical activity & skill - competition: outcome important & not predetermined - institutionalization - specialized facilities & equipment
Play
- physical activity of childhood - free activity to explore environment, express oneself & pretend - no firm rules or set location - outcome is unimportant - pleasure as the only objective
Work
- physical/mental effort needed to perform a task - often connected to earning a living - pro athletes work when they are paid to play a sport - high performance athletes may exp. sport as work even if they are not paid
Interviews
- questioning individuals or small (focus) groups - pros: can be in depth; can prompt unexpected answers - cons: can be time consuming, expensive & limited to small samples
Survey Research
- questionnaires - pros: quickly collects much data for trend analysis; random sampling permits generalization to larger population - cons: relies on self-reports; may not account for personal diff. & mislead if data aren't discreet enough
Closed League
- same teams compete every year - no mobility b/t teams - one main competition - competing teams & league formation change based on institutionalized league decision & financial preferences - mostly in US & Canada
Adult Organized Sports
- skills of the game - rules of the game - proper playing positions - obedience to adult directions, strategy & training methods
Game
- specialized form of play w/more structure - mental or physical form (inactive or active) - informal/formal rules - competition (optional) - outcome determined by luck, strategy or skill
Sports & Politics in the 21st Century
- sport diplomacy as part of public diplomacy - gov't targeting domestic & foreign markets - no mass boycotts - some political manifestations global & domestic terrorism
Self Categorization & Social Identity Theories
- states that people who view themselves as both individuals & as part of a group (group memberships) are important in the development of self-identity - states that individuals group themselves & others into various categories to make sense of the social world & their place within it (characteristics)
Open League
- teams are promoted & relegated every year - mobility b/t leagues - various different types of competition - teams rarely move b/t cities - league size & format changes based on institutionalized decisions
The End of the Games
- the Catholic Church abolished the Games in 394AD & the gladiator fight at the Colosseum at the 5th Century - Middle Ages: some knight competitions around Europe & local festivals - 18th-19th Century: the industrial revolution, urbanization, more spare time, muscular christianity, YMCA
Sport & Religion
- the games as celebration for the gods - Temple of Zeus & Temple of Hera - angry statue of Zeus holding a lighting bolt at the entrance of the stadium to scare Zanes (cheaters) - statue of Apollo - Nika: goddess of victory => influenced NIKE
The Impacts of COVID-19 & 2020
- the pandemic: halted the world of sports - the social protests: BLM mov't - the 2020 presidential elections - protest from athletes
Muscular Christianity
- was spread & developed through the YMCA - mostly linked to sports in the US during the 19th century - sees physical fitness as a way to glorify god
Title IX Compliance Test
1. Proportionality test 2. History-of-progress test 3. Accommodation-of-interest test
When was the first Olympic Games?
1896 Athens, Greece
When was the first Paralympics?
1960 Rome
When was the first Special Olympic Games?
1968 Chicago Games
When and where did Black September did it's attack?
1972 Munich Olympic Games
When did the US boycott the Olympic Games?
1980 Moscow Games
When did the USSR boycott the Olympic Games?
1984 Los Angeles Games
eSports is expected to be a medal event in the...
2022 Asian Games
Girls sports in HS participation
249,105 in 1971 (before Title IX) to 3,172,637 in 2009
Female participation in college sports
30,000 in 1977 to more than 180,000 in 2010
Division II
312 members; offers very few full scholarships
Division I
347 members; offers full scholarships
Division III
451 members; offers no scholarships for athletics
Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)
63 scholarships for football players
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)
85 scholarships for football players
Almost all major Division I sports events were postponed after...
9/11
3 Most Common Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa: people who starve themselves in order to achieve what they perceive as an ideal body weight; no matter how thin they are, they may still regard themselves as fat Bulimia Nervosa: involves binge eating followed by purging Compulsive Exercise: overexercising
When was the Boston Marathon incident?
April 15, 2013
Many __________ athletes come to the US already highly educated & established in the middle or upper class.
Asian-American
Who was the founder of the Paralympic Games?
Dr. Ludwig Guttmann
Which country used a government-led systematic doping system to improve athlete's performance and risked athletes safety in the 1970s
East Germany
Who was the founder of the Special Olympic?
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
All NCAA Division I suspended their season at the same time.
False
During WWII, the US President demanded the MLB to stop playing.
False
Only non-democratic countries have been using national sports events to promote national pride
False
The ancient Olympic Truce was respected in modernity, as no act of war, terror or violence against athletes occurred during Olympic Games held in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries
False
Most NCAA schools with big football programs are part of the...
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)
When did the incident in Atlanta happen?
July 27, 1966 Summer Olympic Games
Hispanic or Latino athletes are over-represented in...
Major League Baseball (MLB)
Larry Nassar sexually abused athletes while treating athletes as part of which of the following organizations?
Michigan State University, USA Gymnastics & the US Olympic Committee
Who was the founder of the Olympics?
Pierre de Coubertin
Sport Marketing Process
Planning: - mission & vision - internal & external analysis - SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) Implementation: - segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP) - the marketing mix (the 4 Ps: product, price, place, promotion) Evaluation: - systematic tracking, evaluation & modifications
Kolhberg's Six Stages of Moral Development
Pre-conventional (Ages 0-9) 1. Punishment & obedience 2. Pleasure or pain Conventional (Ages 9-20) 3. Good boy/girl 4. Law & order Post-conventional (Ages 20+) 5. Social contract 6. Principled conscience
Who was first to file an official complaint to the police against Larry Nassar?
Rachel Denhollander, a former amateur gymnast from Kentucky & a lawyer
Coaching and parents over-emphasizing the importance of the game's outcome, over-training at a young age, and stress and anxiety can lead to children to drop out of sports because of burnout.
True
In 1964 & 1968, South Africa was banned from the Olympics due to its practice of apartheid.
True
Some Muslim female athletes wear a hijab while competing for religious and modesty purposes
True
The Americans with Disabilities Act is a law signed by President George H. Bush in the early 1900s and addresses discrimination against people with disabilities
True
The games in Olympia were banned by the Roman emperor Theodosius because pagan worship contradicts Christianity
True
Does social class & socio-economic status have an impact on sport participation & choices of sports?
Yes
Social Class
a defined category of people who share a similar position in society based on their socio-economic level
The SportsTech Matrix consists of
a user angle & a tech angle
All forms of violence in sports are...
against the rules & is illegal
Who must comply with Title IX?
any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance
Qualitative
collects info through interviews or observation of individuals, groups, societal characteristics & trends
Quantifiable
collects or studies data that can be counted and analyzed statistically
Hegemonic Theory
compare genders in the context of sport
Athlete Organized Sport
developed naturally through the children
Figurational Theory
emphasizes people's connections and interdependence; examines historical changes of networks of people over time
Disposition-based Theories
explains why we like what we like
Fantasy sports falls under the category of...
fans & content
Conflict Theory
focuses on forces that produce instability, disruption, and disorganization (i.e. economic power imbalances)
Interactionist Theory
focuses on social interactions and relationships (bottom-up approach)
Uses & Gratifications
focuses on the media user (individuals who use media actively to achieve their own goals)
Cultivation
focuses on tv's influence on the construction of our beliefs about reality; the longitudinal effects of tv
Steroids
increase an athlete's muscle size, speed & power; also enhances masculinity, aggressiveness, sense of well-being & sexual prowess)
Between 1989 and 2014 the percentage of network news coverage of women's sports has consistently been...
less than 10%
Prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs
promote healing from sickness or injury or mask pain
Underconformity
refers to behavior that doesn't conform the generally accepted rules of sport (breaking rules-team, school, competition)
Framing
refers to the active process involving the selection of certain aspects of an issue by the media & its effects on undermining of a message by media consumption (i.e. black athletes feeling that historically they have been portrayed by the media as physically talented)
Race
refers to the attributes that are passed along genetically from generation to generation
Ethnicity
refers to the cultural heritage of a group of people
Overconformity
similar to underconformity but isn't carried to the extreme that constitutes deviant behavior (drastically altering food intake by gain/lose wright, using supplements to improve strength or bulk up muscles)
Feminist Theory
society is patriarchal and ignores or undervalues female virtues
"Sport as an Opiate of the Masses" refers to...
sport as a tool of keeping people from worrying about things that matter to their lives
Functionalist Theory
sport reinforces society's value system
Critical Theory
studies the power or authority that a group wields over others
The 1st major American league that suspended its season because of COVID19 was...
the NBA
The governing body that is responsible for the detection and prevention of doping in sports is...
the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
According to Cooky, Messner, and Musto (2015)...
the highest coverage percentage of women's sports was Network News 1999
Agenda Setting
the media have power in their ability to define & shape the discussion of public events; the media do not tell people what to think, they tell people what to think about
What is true about men's sports in the D1 FBS colleges in the NCAA?
the only college sports that generate net profits are college football and men's basketball
The electronic media form that was most common in the 1930s was...
the radio
Dr. Ludwig Guttman
treated injured war veterans through athletic competitions which started the Paralympic Mov't
Do some sports require a certain amount of violence?
yes