Science 10 chapter 7

Cytoplasm

- a jelly-like substance, which organelles are suspended

prion

- a protein convert from it's normal to harmful particle -not considered a functional life -mad-cow disease

Lipids

- basic unit of fats and oils -cell membranes surrounding the organelles ar compose mainly of _________.

changes in DNA can cause

- disease by causing cells to function improperly -the body to make deformed red blood cell

DNA

- found in the nucleus of the cell. -constructed of thousands to millions of molecular subunits -carries all genetic information -coiled to form chromosomes

cell lines

- generation of cells that result from growth and division in each culture -provides cell for research

Rough ER

- has ribosome in the surface

objective lenses

- microscope may 2,3 of this, attached to the nosepiece (4x,10x,40x) -the shortest, the lowest -the longest, the higher

prokaryotes

- one-celled organisms lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles -the most abundant cell on earth -examples. bacteria and algae

stem cells

-"blank-slate" -cells that are divide to produce all other type of specialize cell -divide to become multitude of cell types in the body

Cellulose

-a fibrous material in cell wall

Endoplasmic Reticulum

-a network of folded membranes and tubes connected with the nucleus

Mitochondria

-a source of energy -site of cellular respiration -stored sugar is converted into usable energy -produce ATP

the cell theory

-all organisms is composed of one or more cell -the cell is the smallest functional unit of life - all cells are produced from other cells.

Matthias Jacob Schleiden

-all plants are composed of cells and the materials produced by cells -that each new cell developed from the nucleus

Human Genome Project (HGP)

-an international project to sequence all 30,00 to 40,000 human genes -sequence information can be used to diagnose and treat genetic disorders

Centrioles

-animals cell only -cylindrical structure located outside the nucleus -during cell division, help to move genetic material correctly into each new cell

the gram stain

-bacteria and cell must be stained to examine them the microscope -allows researcher to distinguish between different kinds of bacteria

Cancers

-caused by damage to genes, which created mutations -mutations cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumour -grow without any restrictions

eukaryotes

-cells with a more complex internal structure including a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles -ex. plant and animal cells

confocal laser scanning microscopes (CLSM)

-czech researchers invented -study specimens that are too thick -a laser beam directed at numerous planes -creating series of 2-d image or "'optical slices" then computer software "stitches" images to produce 3-d object

genes

-direct activities of our cells. -sections of long molecules called DNA

Protein Molecules

-embedded in the membrane act as tiny doors that let certain molecules cross the boundary -it can detect chemicals in the environment

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

-first person to observe SINGLE- CELLED ORGANISMS -called his sightings "ANIMALCULE" - build his microscopes (500x magnification)

stage

-flat area under objective -it has hole in it (aperture) -specimen/slide is place on the stage

Louis Pasteur

-french scientist -he hypothesized that "active principle" in the air was also an organisms -he designed "swan-neck flasks"

chlorophyll

-green pigment molecule -traps light for photosynthesis

Lysosomes

-help of digestive enzymes -inside of it , the ph is very low -protect the body by killing infectious micro-organisms

electron microscope

-illuminated with a beam of electrons -can magnify image up to 1.2 million times

compound microscope

-invented by Zacharias Janseen -use 2 or more lenses to make larger image -modern compound light microscope use several lenses one in eyepiece and one in objective

scanning tunneling microscope (STM)

-invented in mid 1900's -more magnifying power than electron microscope -produce image of molecules such as DNA -a fine metal probe emits electrons towards specimen's surface -information is interpreted by a computer producing 3-d image

cell culture

-isolated cells placed in petri dish or special flasks -this cell are supplied with nutrients for growth

course adjustment knob

-large round knob -used for focusing the specimen -may move the stage

Robert Hooke

-looked at cork with a compound light microscope (30x magnification) -he named the structures "CELL"

gene sequencing

-mapping the order of all gene's bases -scientists use automated gene sequencers to determine the order of bases in genes.

Nuclear Pores

-materials leave the nucleus through___________

Ribosomes

-messenger molecule attached to it -site for protein synthesis -build proteins -translate information on the messenger molecules into proteins -found attached to Rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

-modify by enzymes and made fully functional -sorts and repackages the molecules into vesicle -it produced lysosomes

Smooth ER

-no ribosome -synthesizes lipids and packages large molecules in vesicle

Virus

-non-cellular structure made up of stretch of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat. -in order to reproduce, a virus must infect a cell and use this host cell's organelles -can also infect plant and bacteria

cell functions

-obtain food and energy -convert energy -construct and maintain the molecules making up the cell structure -carry out chemical reactions -eliminate waste -reproducing

arm

-part of the microscope -you carry the microscope with

Cell Wall

-plan cell and fungi ,some bacteria -rigid and supportive giving cell their shape -it is composed of a fibrous material

Chloroplast

-plants only -organelles of photosynthesis -inner membrane contain chlorophyll "green pigment molecule"

Vacuoles

-provide storage place for food,water and minerals -plant cell use this to regulate the amount of water in the cells -some contain waste

Nucleolus

-ribosomes are produce in it

resolving nosepiece

-rotating turret -that houses the objective lens

Vesicle

-small membranes sacs -store or transport material in or out of the cell

fine adjustment knob

-small round knob -fine tunes the focus and increase the detail of the specimen

lamp or mirror

-source of light -found near the base of the microscope

Theodor Schwann

-studied animal tissue -that there were nuclei there were cell -that all organisms contain cell - he stated the first principle of cell theory -" there is one universal principle of development for the elementary parts of organisms, however different and this principle is the formation of the cells"

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

-sweeps a beam of electrons over an object to create 3-d image -only the surface of an object can be observed

Rudolf Virchow

-that bone cells could develop from cartilage cells -observations of dividing cells from multi-cellular organisms -"where a cell exists, there must have been a pre-existing cell" -first scientist to LINKED ILNESSES TO MALUNCTIONING CELL

mature specialized cell

-that can produce their own kind

Cell membrane / plasma membrane

-the cell front line of communication -gas simply diffuse across the membrane -boundary around the cells separates the cell interior from the environment -holds in fluids, chemicals and structures that the cell need to survive -keeps the cell's content from leaking out -prevent unwanted materials from getting inside the cell -and it's forming small membrane sac called VESICLE

eyepiece or ocular lens

-the lens on the top that you look through to see the specimen. -usually contain 10x or 15x power lens

Nucleus

-the manager that directs all the activities -within it are the cell's gene

abiogenesis

-theory of spontaneous -living things come from non-living things ex. frog appear in the mud and mice develop in a pile of wheat

Schleiden and Schwann

-thought that cells formed in crystallization of non-living materials -by budding materials from the surfaces of other cells

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

-type of electron microscope -built in Germany -works like a slide projector -beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to produce 2-D image -can view internal structures -specimens are thinly sliced

simple microscope

-uses only one lens -similar to magnifying glass -a type of light micrsocope

Redi controlled experiment

2 different jars with meat inside the 1st one is open as control, the 2nd one is close, while maggots developed in the open jar, none appeared in the covered jar

cytosine adenine guanine thymine

4 kinds of bases -the order of bases is different in every gene

Aristotle

a greek philosopher whose theory of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation he didn't conduct any experiment to test his idea

resolution

ability to distinguish between 2 points that are very close together

-ability to develop into other cell types -to develop treatments and cures for variety of disease -hope to grow tissue or organs for transplant

advantages of stem cells

active principle/vital force

air created micro-organisms

aperture

allows the light through the specimen

living origin

biogenesis mean

resolving power

capacity of an instrument to resolve two points which are close together

stage clips

clips that hold the slide/specimen in place

diaphragm

controls the amount of light going through the aperture

magnification

how much larger an image than the real object

electron micrograph

image taken by electron microscope

light microscope

microscope that use light to view object

Nuclear Membrane

nuclear envelope

total magnification

ocular lens x objective lens =

number of times distance is greater

power of objective lens (higher) / power of objective lens (lower) =

cell

smallest functional unit of life all living things are composed of _______

organelles

specific functions are carried out by specific internal cells parts

Pasteur prediction

that air entering the neck of the flasks would contain micro-organisms, but they would settle by the gravity in the neck and never reach the broth

As magnification increases

the ares in the field of view decreases

base

the bottom support of the microscope

the boundary between the living and non-living

the cell theory explains

Francesco Redi

the first person to use controlled scientific experiments to test his theory of spontaneous generation.

micrograph

the image created by microscope

control

the open jar in redi's experimet

biogenesis

theory that living organisms could arise only from the other living organisms