Science Final 5-12
What are the properties of covalent compounds?
-Gas, liquid, or solid. -Low melting and boiling points. -Often not soluble in water. -Poor conductors of thermal and electric energy. -Dull appearance.
How do you make an electron dot diagram?
1. Identify the element's group number on the periodic table. 2. Identify the number of valence electrons- the ones digit of the group number. 3. Draw the electron dot diagram- place one dot at a time on each side of the symbol (top, bottom, right, left). Repeat until all dots are used. 4. Determine if the atom is chemically stable. 5. Determine how many bonds this atom can form- count the dots that are unpaired.
About how big is the Milky Way Galaxy?
100,000 light years
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO₂+6H₂0=C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ (Sorry I couldn't get the subscripts to work. View attached image)
You must know the percentages of gasses found in our atmosphere.
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, yada yada.
What is the pattern that metals in a metallic bond create?
???
What is a black dwarf? Where does it come from?
A black dwarf occurs when a white dwarf star no longer emits any sort of light.
What is a black hole? Where does it come from?
A black hole is an object whose mass is so great that light cannot escape. It occurs when gravity in a star is so great that the matter is crushed.
Covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
How do you read the symbols and numbers in a chemical formula?
A chemical formula uses elements' symbols and subscripts to describe the number of atoms in a compound. If am element's symbol does not have a subscript, the compound contains only one atom of that element. Two different formulas represent completely different substances.
What is a nebula?
A cloud of gas and dust
What is the difference between compounds and mixtures?
A compound is matter made of atoms of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Then mixtures are are two or more substances that are physically blended but not chemically bonded.
What is a constellation and where are they from?
A constellation is a group of stars that form patterns in the sky that look like people, animals, or objects. They are from Ancient Greece. Ptolemy created them.
What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
Bond
A force that holds atoms together in a compound.
What is a galaxy and where does the word come from?
A galaxy is a huge collection of stars. And the word comes from the Greek word galactos meaning milk
What is the difference between a Homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures?
A homogenous mixture is a mixture in which two or more substances are evenly mixed on an atomic level but not bonded together. Whereas a heterogenous mixture is a mixture in which substances are not evenly mixed.
What is a main-sequence star?
A main sequence star is one that continues to change hydrogen into helium.
What is a metallic bond?
A metallic bond is a bond formed when many metal atoms share their pooled valence electrons.
Electron dot diagram
A model that represents valence electrons in an atom as dots around the element's chemical symbol.
What is a food chains?
A model that shows how energy flows in an ecosystem through feeding relationship.
What is a food web?
A model that shows how food chains in a community are interconnected.
What is an Energy Pyramid? and how to explain what is occurring in each.
A model that shows the amount of energy available in each step of a food chain.
Polar molecules
A molecule that has a partial positive end and a partial negative end because of unequal sharing of electrons.
Nonpolar molecules
A molecule that shares valence electrons equally.
What is a neutral atom?
A neutral atom is one that has the same number of protons and electrons.
What is a neutron star? Where does it come from?
A nuetron star is a star where all spaces between atoms are eliminated making it extremely dense. It occurs during a supernova because of the violent collapsing.
How does a plant respond to stimuli?
A plant can respond to stimuli very gradually, or quickly.
What is a Photoperiodism?
A plant's response to the number of darkness in its environment.
Chemical reaction
A process in which atoms of one or more substances rearrange to form one or more new substances.
Tropism
A response in plant growth toward or away from a stimulus.
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated solution?
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute while at a given temperature and pressure while an unsaturated solution can still have more solute.
What is cellular respiration?
A series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP.
What is another name for a homogenous mixture?
A solution.
What is a spectroscope and how does it work?
A spectroscope spreads light into different wavelengths. And it uses these to study a star's composition, temperature, and energy.
How and why will a star become a Red Giant?
A star becomes a red giant when it is low on hydrogen and it begins to cool and expand.
What is a star composed of and why does it shine?
A star is composed of many gases including hydrogen and helium and it shines because of the nuclear fusion in its core.
What is the difference between a substance and a mixture?
A substance is matter that is always made up of the same combination of atoms. While mixtures are two or more substances that are physically blended but not chemically bonded together.
Compound
A substance made up of two or more different elements.
What is a supernova? Where does it come from?
A supernova occurs when iron forms in a star's core and the star collapses and releases so much energy that it explodes.
What is a telescope and what does it show us?
A telescope is a device used to collect visible light because it collects more than people can, magnifying the object. It shows us what light is coming from the star.
What is a white dwarf? Where does it come from?
A white dwarf occurs when a red giant's outer layers fall away, revealing a small, dimly lit white star.
How many kilometers are in a light-year?
About 10 trillion kilometers
How many kilometers are in an AU?
About 150 million kilometers
What is the difference between absolute and apparent magnitude and when is each used?
Absolute magnitude is the actual brightness of an object. Apparent magnitude is how bright something looks from Earth. Absolute magnitude is used when finding the luminosity of an object.
What do acids and bases affect?
Acids and bases can damage eyes and skin, and are found in some detergents, food, and soil.
What are acids made of?
Acids are made of Hydronium ions, or H3O+.
Where are some common bases found?
Ammonia is used as a cleaning product, sodium hydroxide is found in lye, sodium bicarbonate is baking soda, and calcium hydroxide is found in whitewash.
What is the difference between an acid and a base?
An acid is a substance that produces a hydronium ion when dissolved in water, while a base produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Acids produce a sour taste while bases produce a bitter one. Acids can produce hydrogen gas after a reaction to metal. Bases are slippery when wet. Acids found in milk as well as your stomach, and more acidic soil is good for most vegetable crops and some fruit. Bases are found in cleaners, can alleviate heartburn, and more basic soil is good for planting flowers.
Stable elements
An atom is chemically stable if all dots on the electron dot diagram are paired.
Unstable elements
An atom that is reactive and has unpaired dots in its electron dot diagram.
Why is the compound formed from a covalent bond stable?
An atom with less than eight valence electrons becomes stable by forming chemical bonds until it has eight valence electrons. The atoms then both have eight valence electrons.
What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is all the living and nonliving things in a given area.
What is a noble gas?
An element in Group 18 that has eight valence electrons, with the exception of helium. They are all chemical stable and do not easily react or form bonds with other atoms.
What is the pH scale?
An inverse measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution. As the concentration of hydronium ions increases, pH decreases.
How do ions create an ionic bond?
An ionic bond occurs when positively and negatively charged ions attract one another in an ionic compound.
Valence electrons
An outermost electron of an atom that participates in chemical bonding.
Stimuli
Any changes in an organism's environment that cause a response.
Matter
Anything that has mass, and takes up space.
How does the oxygen cycle interact with the other cycles
As the matter cycles through an ecosystem, both the carbon and the oxygen take different forms and play a role in the other element's cycle.
What are the two methods that we use to measure space called? In what cases do we use these measurements?
Astronomical units (AU) and light years. An AU is used to study distances in the solar system. A light year is used to study distances outside the solar system.
Why do atoms bond with each other?
Atoms bond with each other because they want to become stable and attain 8 valence electrons.
How do elements become more stable?
Atoms bond with others to try to attain eight valence electrons in their outermost cell.
What happens to atoms that gain or lose valence electrons?
Atoms that gain or lose valence electrons become charged ions.
Magnetism
Attractive force for some metals, especially iron.
Steps of the nitrogen cycle
Bacteria in soil converts nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas, which is released into the air. Lightning changes nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to nitrogen compounds, the nitrogen compounds fall to the ground when it rains. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria on plant roots convert unusable nitrogen in soil to usable nitrogen compounds.n plants take in and use nitrogen compounds from the soil. Animals eat plants. Decaying organic matter and animal waste return nitrogen compounds to the soil.
What are bases made of?
Bases are made of Hydroxide ions, or OH-
What factors affect ecosystems?
Biotic and abiotic factors affect an ecosystem.
What occurs when energy changes in a chemical reaction?
Breaking a chemical bond absorbs energy from the surroundings, while forming a bond releases energy back into the surroundings
How is the solubility of a substance determined?
By how much of a solute it can contain at a given temperature and pressure.
Do any of the short term features of the sun affect Earth?
CMEs can cause radio blackouts and malfunctions in orbiting satellites. The charged Particles in the atmosphere interact with solar wind causing the aurora borealis and australis
How does carbon move in the carbon cycle?
Carbon can enter the environment when organisms die and decompose. Carbon is found in fossil fuels. Carbon is found in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Carbon is involved in photosynthesis. Carbon is conserved.
Greenhouse effect
Carbon dioxide and other gases absorb thermal energy from the Sun and keep Earth warm.
Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration occurs in plants and animals and photosynthesis occurs only in plants. Photosynthesis requires light energy. Both process require carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen. The formulas are the opposite of one another. Both require the same amount of atoms. The byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen.
What are signs that a chemical change took place?
Change in color, a change in odor, formation of a precipitate, formation of bubbles, warming or cooling, release of light.
What are signs that are indicative a chemical change?
Change in color, formation of gas, formation of a precipitate, odor change, temperature change.
What kind of changes occur in a chemical change?
Changes in properties and energy occurs.
What are the differences between chemical and physical changes?
Chemical changes are not reversible in most cases, and most physical changes are reversible.
How does photosynthesis work?
Chloroplasts capture the energy from light. The energy is transferred. The water molecules are split and oxygen is released into the atmosphere.
Where are some common acids found?
Citric acid is found in citrus fruits, lactic acid is found in milk, hydrochloric acid is found in stomach acid, and acetic acid is found in vinegar.
Groups
Columns on the periodic table.
What kind of compound does a ionic bond make?
Compounds are usually solid and brittle.
What is the difference between consumers and producers?
Consumers cannot make their own energy, they must get it form an outside source. Producers do make their own energy.
What are some examples of signs of chemical change?
Copper, rotting food, vinegar and baking soda, fire, fireflies.
What is dark energy?
Dark energy is somewhat of a mystery. It could be the force pushing apart the galaxies.
Why is deforestation a problem?
Deforestation is a problem because burning wood releases carbon, which can be harmful for the environment. In addition, trees produce a percentage of the world's oxygen, making it important to preserve forest.
When will a star become a larger red giant or a red supergiant?
Depending on the mass of a star, it will become a larger red giant or a red supergiant if it has a very large mass.
What are the 4 ways a compound can be modeled?
Dot diagram Structural formula Ball and stick model Space-filling model
When might these models be used?
Dot diagram: shows atoms and valence electrons Structural formula: shows atoms and lines. Lines represent one shared pair of electrons Ball and stick model: balls represent atoms and sticks represent bonds. Used to show bond angles Space-filling model: spheres represent atoms. Used to show three dimensional arrangement of atoms.
How do you find the volume of a substance?
Either use a formula, or use the water displacement method.
How do the periods and groups relate to the reactivity of the elements on the periodic table?
Elements in each group have similar chemical properties and react with other elements in similar ways. As you move down the periods, reactivity increases. As you move from right to left, reactivity increases.
Why does energy change in a chemical reaction?
Energy changes because chemical bonds are broken and formed (?)
How is the energy cycle different from matter cycles?
Energy flows through an ecosystem, while matter cycles
What happens to energy as you go through chains and pyramids?
Energy lessons as you go through chains and pyramids.
What are the chemical stimuli mentioned in the book?
Ethylene, Auxins, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins.
How can you tell how many valence electrons an atom has just by looking at the periodic table?
For groups 1, 2, and 13-18, the number of valence electrons in an atom equals the ones digit of the group number, with the exception of helium, which has two.
What is the effect of temperature on a solution and the rate it dissolves?
For the most part, as temperature increases so does its rate of dissolving in solid/liquid solutions. The rate of dissolving is decreased when the solution is a gas in a liquid.
Describe the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
From weakest to strongest the waves are; radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-Ray, and gamma ray.
What are the various types of consumers? (Give examples)
Herbivores- pandas, zebras Carnivores- tigers, sharks Omnivores- people, brown bears Detritivores- vultures, jackals Detritivores/decomposers- mushrooms, earthworms
What is an example of a Homogenous and heterogeneous mixture?
Homogeneous Example: Air. Heterogeneous Example: granite, blood, and trail mix.
Carbon cycle
How carbon moves as it cycles through the ecosystem.
Nitrogen Cycle
How nitrogen moves through the environment.
Oxygen Cycle
How oxygen moves through the environment. i.e. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
What are some common acids?
Hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid.
How does the number of valence electrons determine the reactivity?
If an atom has eight valence electrons, it is chemically stable so it won't try to bond with other atoms to try to attain eight valve electrons.
Double covalent bond
In a double covalent bond, two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. An example of a double covalent bond is a carbon dioxide atom.
Describe the lifecycle of a star.
In a nebula, the densest parts collapse and form protostars which continue to pull in surrounding gases until their cores are hot enough to begin nuclear fusion forming a star. When they cool, they can become red Giants or supergiants. If the star has enough mass it will go supernova and if not it becomes a white dwarf. Supernovas can form nebulas, black holes, or nuetron stars.
How could you distinguish a chemical and physical change?
In a physical change, the chemical properties still stay the same. In a chemical change, both the chemical and physical properties change.
Single covalent bond
In a single covalent bond, one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. An example of a single covalent bond is two hydrogen atoms.
Triple covalent bond
In a triple covalent bond, three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. An example of a triple covalent bond is two nitrogen bonds.
How would you use physical properties to identify a substance?
In order to properly identify a substance using physical properties, you have to use the properties that are size-independent. That is to say, you can't use mass, or volume, because mass and volume are not distinguishing factors. Instead, try using density, or the melting and boiling point of the substance.
How are metallic bonds different from ionic bonds?
Ionic bonds have an attraction towards their negative and positively charged ions while metallic bonds combine their valence electron.
What is the composition of all of the above red Giants?
Iron, silicone, oxygen, neon, carbon, helium, and hydrogen
How does the Law of conservation of mass apply to matter moving in an ecosystem?
It applies because in the different cycles none of the main components of the cycles (nitrogen, water, etc) is either created or destroyed.
How does the Law of conservation of mass apply to matter moving in an ecosystem?
It applies because the total mass of the matter is the same before and after a change.
Why are ionic compounds not molecules?
It cannot be a molecule because a molecule is held together by covalent bonding. Ionic compounds are just atoms that are attracted to one another.
What does a chemical formula tell us about compounds?
It gives the types of atoms, but it doesn't give the shape or appearance of the compound.
What is a catalyst? (Give examples too)
It lowers activation energy and increases reaction rates. An enzyme does the same in living things.
Where does cellular respiration occur in a cell?
It occurs in the cytoplasm.
Who discovered it?
It was discovered by Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist.
What type of energy changes a gas to a solid?
Less energy.
How does the nitrogen cycle interact with the water cycle?
Lightning can change nitrogen in the air into nitrogen compounds, which falls to the ground when it rains.
What are some examples of Photoperiodism's?
Long-day; Carnation. Short-day: poinsettia. Neutral-day: rose.
What is luminosity to an astronomer?
Luminosity is the absolute magnitude of the object to an astronomer. It is based on size and temperature.
What is the Law of conservation of mass?
Mass is not destroyed or created so the total mass before a chemical reaction is the same after a chemical reaction.
What is dark matter?
Matter that emits no light at any wavelength.
Compound
Matter that is made up of two or more different kinds of atoms joined together by chemical bonds.
What are the different properties of covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.
Metallic compounds are usually solids, have high melting and boiling point, do not dissolve in water, good conductors, shiny, malleable, and ductile Covalent compounds are solids, liquids, and gases, have low boiling and melting points, poor conductors, and dull. While ionic bonds are solid crystals, high boiling and melting points, dissolves in water, and solids are poor conductors.
What kind of compound does a metallic bond make?
Metals
How can a mixture be separated?
Mixtures can be seperated using physical methods.
How are compounds different from molecules?
Molecules differ from compounds in that they (the atoms that make up the molecule) travel together as a unit. Compounds are just elements that have been bonded together, but they do not travel as a unit.
What and where do each of the steps of Photosynthesis occur?
Most photosynthesis occurs in the to types of mesophyll cells inside a leaf. These cells contain chloroplasts, the place where photosynthesis occurs. Spongy mesophyll cells have open spaces between them gases for photosynthesis flow through those spaces. Then the choloplasts contain chlorophyll which traps and stores light energy and transfers it to other molecules, during photosynthesis water molecules are split and release oxygen into the atmosphere. In chloroplasts, carbon dioxide from is converted into sugars using stored energy carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen and forms sugar molecules. (Where the palisade mesophyll cells are packed together, this arrangement exposes the most cells to light) I'll try to shorten this...eventually. **Plants capture the energy in light in the chloroplast, there are plant pigment is the chloroplast that absorb and reflect light, his light energy is used during photosynthesis. (chlorophyll is a common pigment and neccessary in photosynthesis). In the chloroplast carbon dioxide from the air is converted into sugars.
What is the generally accepted view of our universe?
Most scientists agree that our universe is 13-14 billion years old and that it goes on forever
What is meant by neutralizing acids and bases?
Neutralization occurs when acids and bases react to each other.
How does nitrogen flow in the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen cycles from Earth to its atmosphere and back again.
Where does nitrogen fixation happen?
Nitrogen fixation happens when a certain bacteria in soil and water changes nitrogen in the atmosphere into usable nitrogen compounds.
Why are noble gases stable?
Noble gases are stable because their outer shells are already filled so they don't need to bond with other elements to fill them.
Is a chemical change reversible?
Not usually.
What are some examples of nonpolar molecules?
Oil, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
What is meant by the polarity of water?
One side is slightly more positive while the other side is slightly more negative.
What is the probable history of our solar system?
Our star has probably already gone supernova because we have elements on Earth that are only created with the amount of force a supernova would provide.
What type of star will our star become?
Our star will first become a red giant and later turn into a white dwarf.
What is percentage by volume?
Percent by volume is a way of finding the concentration of a solution. You do this by dividing the volume of solute by the total volume of the solution and multiply the quotient by 100.
Where do planetary nebulae and supernova remnants come from and how does it relate to stars recycling materials?
Planetary nebulae form from the gases that a white dwarf casts off. Supernova remnants are gas and dust pushed together by the shock wave from a supernova. In these nebulas new stars can form.
Environmental stimuli
Plants respond to a number of different environmental stimuli. These include light, touch, and gravity.
What is the effect of pressure on a solution and the rate it dissolves?
Pressure doesn't have any affect on the rate of dissolving in solid/liquid solutions as pressure increases so does the rate of dissolving in liquid/gas solutions.
What are the two methods producers use to capture energy?
Producers use either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, depending on whether or not they recieve sunlight.
How do you identify the products and the reactants in a chemical reaction?
Prosucts are on the right, reactants are on the left.
What do scientists use the different wavelengths to measure?
Radio waves study cold and dark regions of space, infrared waves can be used to study star-forming regions, ultraviolet waves are used to study young stars, x-Rays and gamma rays can be used to study high energy gas jets.
How do you read a chemical equation?
Reactants are on the left, products are on the right. The plus sign separates two or more reactants. The arrow is read "produces,"or "yields."
What is an endothermic reaction?
Reaction that absorbs thermal energy
What is an Exothermic reaction?
Reaction that releases thermal energy
Describe the visible light spectrum.
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Periods
Rows on the periodic table.
How do scientists model energy in ecosystems?
Scientist model energy in ecosystems with food chains, food webs and energy pyramids. Remember energy flows.
Why do scientists use constellations?
Scientists now use constellations to divide the sky into 88 different regions. This helps them communicate their findings with other scientists so that they can understand the location.
What are the different types of Photoperiodism's?
Short-day plants; require 12 or more hours of darkness to flower, long-day plants; require less than 10-12 hours of darkness to flower, day-neutral plants; the flowering of the plant isn't affected by the number of hours of darkness.
What are some common bases?
Sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium bucarbonate, and calcium hydroxide.
Give the properties of an ionic compound.
Solid crystals High melting and boiling points Dissolves in water Solids are poor conductors of thermal energy and electricity Ionic compounds in water solutions conduct electricity
What are the difference between solids, liquids, and gases?
Solids keep their shape at all times. Solids keep their volume at all times. Grouped closely together. Strong forces of attraction between all of the particles. Particles vibrate in all directions. Liquids change shape. Liquids keep their volume. Particles are close together. Weaker forces of attraction between all of the particles. Free to move past others. Gases change shape. Gases change in volume. Particles are very far apart. Very weak forces of attraction between all of the particles. Particles move freely.
Solubility
Solubility is the ability of one material to dissolve in another.
Parts of a solution
Solute & Solvent
What are diluted solutions?
Something that is less concentrated. Ex. If there are two soups and one is more salty and one is less salty the soup that is less salty is the dilute.
What are the three types of galaxies?
Spiral, elliptical, irregular
How are stars grouped?
Stars are grouped into clusters that can be open or globular.
What is the only way to tell that a chemical reaction has occurred?
Study the chemical properties of the substances before and after the change.
What is an inhibitor?
Substance that slows or stops a chemical reaction.
What happens to the properties of substances in a mixture?
Substances keep their properties.
Chemical stimuli/Plant hormones
Substances that act as chemical messengers within plants.
What are some examples of polar molecules?
Sugar and water.
What are the common short term features of the sun?
Sunspots, prominences, flares, CMEs, and solar wind.
What influences the rate of reaction?
Surface area, temperature, pressure, concentration
What is the Big Bang Theory?
The Big Bang theory is the idea that our universe expanded from a single point billions of years ago and has been expanding every since.
What is the Doppler shift and how does it relate to the Big Bamg Theory?
The Doppler shift is a shift to a different wavelength. When a wavelength is stretched out it changes to the red end of the spectrum. When the wave is compressed it switches to the blue end. A red shift would indicate the galaxies are moving away from us proving the Big Bang theory.
What is the Milky Way galaxy and how is it related to our solar system?
The Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral galaxy that happens to be the one our solar system lies in.
Conductivity
The ability of matter to conduct, or carry along, electricity or heat.
Chemical property
The ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more new substances.
What are the nonliving parts of an environment? Give examples.
The abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an environment. Water, sunlight, soil.
What is the concentration (of a solution)?
The amount of a particular solute in a given amount of solution.
What actually happens in a chemical reaction?
The atoms in the substance rearrange to form new substances. Bonds break and form.
What are biotic and abiotic factors?
The biotic factors are all the living things in an area. The abiotic factors are all the nonliving things in an area.
How do you determine the charge of an atom?
The charge of an atom can be determined by how many electrons the atom has and what the atomic number of the atom is.
How is cellular respiration related to photosynthesis?
The chemical formula for cellular respiration is the exact opposite of the chemica, formula for photosynthesis.
What is a protostar?
The densest, collapsed parts of a nebula
How does the law of conservation of energy apply to ecosystems?
The energy isn't destroyed when one animal eats another, the energy is transferred. Some of the energy is used by the organism.
Why is the greenhouse effect important?
The greenhouse effect is important because it mediates temperatures and keeps them from being too hot or too cold.
Phototropism
The growth of a plant toward or away from light. Plants have a light-sensing chemical that helps it detect light. Leaves and stems tend to grow in the direction of light, this response maximizes the amount of light the plant's leaves receive. Roots generally grow away feel, light. This usually means that the roots grow down into the soil and help anchor the plant.
How is activation energy related to reaction rates?
The higher the activation energy, the more energy is needed to start the reaction
What is the law of conservation of energy?
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
Where does the light from a star appear to come from and where does it actually come from?
The light from a star comes from its core but it appears to come from photosphere.
What do the space measurements tell us about other stars?
The light we see coming from other stars looks the way it did when it left the star, not as it looks now.
What is the solubility of a substance?
The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?
The parts of a mixture can oftentimes be separated by physical properties. However, compounds are bonded together, and cannot be separated by physical means.
What are the three atmospheric layers of a star and what happens in each?
The photosphere is the apparent surface of a star. The chromosphere is the Orange-red layer above the photosphere. The corona is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere.
Where does the pH scale get its name from?
The power of Hydrogen.
What is the process that makes a star shine and what elements are involved?
The process of nuclear fusion is when the nuclei of several atoms come together to form a larger nucleus. Hydrogen fuses together to become helium. The energy released from this causes he star to shine.
Nitrogen fixation
The process that changes at,ispheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that are usable by living things.
What will happen to all of these red Giants when they "die"?
The red Giants will become nuetron stars, black holes, or white dwarfs. They can also form nebulae.
Gravitropism
The response of a plant to gravity. Stems grow away from gravity, while roots grow toward gravity.
Reactant
The starting substances in a chemical reaction.
Example of solvent
The substance that is found in greater amounts (water, soda, etc.)
Product
The substances produced by the chemical reaction.
What are the three interior layers of a star and what happens in each?
The three interior layers of a star are the core, the radiative zone and the convection zone. The core is where nuclear fusion occurs. The radiative zone is a shell of cooler hydrogen around the core. The convection zone is where hot gases move towards the surface and cooler gases move towards the core.
Law of conservation of mass
The total mass before a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass after the chemical reaction.
How does the periodic table show energy levels?
The total number of electrons in a neutral atom is the same as the atomic number. In groups 1, 2, 13-18, the number of valence electrons in an atom equals the ones digit of the group number. Helium is the only exception.
You must know the parts of the Water cycle and why it is different from the other cycles we talked about.
The water cycle involves evaporation (transpiration too), condensation, and precipitation. It involves several different states of matter.
How do materials move through plants?
The xylem and the phloem transport materials around the plant.
How do you read the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram?
The y-axis shows increasing luminosity and the x-axis shows decreasing temperature.
What type of energy changes a liquid to a gas?
Thermal energy; kinetic energy.
What type of energy changes a solid to a liquid?
Thermal energy; more kinetic energy.
What are the properties of metallic bonds?
They are usually solid at room temperature, high melting and boiling point, do not dissolve in water, good conductors of thermal energy and electricity, shiny, malleable, and ductile.
How do humans use their knowledge of Plant responses to change plants?
They use their knowledge to make plants more productive. For example if you use gibberellins on plants they will grow bigger.
How do you find the mass of a substance?
Use a triple-beam balance.
What materials are moved through plants?
Water and liquid sugars are moved to all parts of the plants. He gases plants need are taken in through the leaves.
What effect does water have on polar molecules?
Water can easily dissolve polar molecule because the opposite ends of each attract.
What effect does water have on ionic compounds?
Water for the most part dissolves solid ionic compounds because they are made up of positive and negative ions.
How do we classify stars and what is the chart called?
We classify stars by their spectra using the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram.
Example of solute
What is being dissolved (sugar, rubbing alcohol, salt, etc.)
What is the product of acids and bases coming together?
When acids and bases react with each other, a salt is formed.
What happens when electrons are shared, given, or taken?
When electrons are gained or lost, the atom becomes an ion. If an electron is lost, the atom becomes a positive ion. If an electron is gained, the atom becomes a negative ion.
Why does a covalent compound form a molecule when an ionic compound doesn't?
When nonmetal ions bond to metal ions in an ionic compound, there are no molecules, just a large collection of oppositely charged ions, all of the bonds attract each other and are held together by ionic bonds. Covalent compounds actually bond together and actually share electrons.
What happens when valence electrons are shared, given, or taken?
When valence electrons are shared, given, or taken, a chemical bond is formed. This is how an atom becomes more chemically stable.
What can you see with the naked eye and why can you only see that?
When you look up into the night sky you can see stars and comets because they are very bright. All of the stars are very far away so the only reason you can see them is because of how bright they are.
Energy levels
Where electrons are located in an atom. The further the level, the weaker the attraction to the nucleus is.
State of matter
Whether something is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
How do abiotic factors affect the environment?
Without water animals was suffer and die. Without our atmosphere we wouldn't be able to survive on earth. Then without sunlight nothing would be able to grow or survive. Biotic factors depend on abiotic factors.
Chemical change
a change in matter in which the substances that make up the matter change into other substances with different chemical and physical properties.
Physical change
a change in the size, shape, form, or state of matter that does not change the matter's identity.
Solid
a state of matter with a definite shape and volume.
Liquid
a state of matter with a definite volume, but not a definite shape.
Gas
a state of matter without a definite shape or a definite volume.
Rust
a substance that forms when iron reacts with water and oxygen.
What is an ion?
an atom that is no longer electrically neutral because it has lost or gained valence electrons
Volume
depends on the amount or size of the sample of matter. The amount of space an object takes up.
What is a chemical formula?
group of chemical symbols and numbers that represent the elements and the number of atoms of each element that make up a compound.
Plasma
made of positive and negative particles.
What are some common ways pH is measured?
pH testing strips, pH Indicators, and pH Meters.
States of matter
solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
Flammability
the ability of a type of matter to burn easily.
Mass
the amount of matter in an object.
Weight
the gravitational pull on the mass of an object.
Density
the mass per unit volume of a substance.
Thigmotropism
the response of a plant to touch. Some plants have special structures that respond to touch, and these structures are called tendrils. A tendril wrapping around an object is an example of positive thigmotropism. Roots display negative thigmotropism. They grow away from objects in soil, enabling them to follow the easiest path through the soil.
Boiling point
the temperature at which a liquid boils, or changes to gas.
Melting point
the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.