science final review
What are the rotational periods and revolutions of Neptune?
(19.1 hours) 164.8 Earth years
Transit Photometry
-A Method for Finding Earths -This method detects distant planets by measuring the smallest dimming of a star as an orbiting planet passes between it and the Earth. The passage of a planet between a star and the Earth is called a "transit." If such a dimming is detected at regular intervals and lasts a fixed length of time, then it is very probable that a planet is orbiting the star and passing in front of it once every orbital period. The dimming of a star during transit directly reflects the size ratio between the star and the planet: A small planet transiting a large star will create only a slight dimming, while a large planet transiting a small star will have a more noticeable effect. The size of the host star can be known with considerable accuracy from its spectrum, and photometry therefore gives astronomers a good estimate of the orbiting planet's size, but not its mass. This makes photometry an excellent complement to the spectroscopic method, which provides an estimate of a planet's mass, but not its size. Using both methods, combining mass and size, scientists can calculate the planet's density, an important step towards assessing its composition.
jupiters Density compared to earth.
1.33 g/cm³ 5.51 g/cm³
2,108 exoplanets inside 1,350 planetary systems have been confirmed, as of 20 April 2016, 336 Extrasolar planets as of 29 January 2009, 0 extrasolar planets as of January 1989
2,108 exoplanets inside 1,350 planetary systems have been confirmed, as of 20 April 2016, 336 Extrasolar planets as of 29 January 2009, 0 extrasolar planets as of January 1989
The size of Saturn
36,184
how many moons does jupiter have , which moons are the Galileo moons?
4 moons europa IO ganymede castillo
The size of Jupiter,
43,441 mi
how many moons, what is unique about Titan's atmosphere? The moons of Saturn commonly have ice and many water ice.
62 moons only moon to have dense atmosphere
The composition of this atmospheric planet jupiter - %H, %He, %other
86.1 percent molecular hydrogen 13.9 helium other - small amount of methane, water vapor, ammonia
The radial velocity method advantages
Advantages- It's hard to argue with success. Radial velocity was the first successful method for the detection of exoplanets, and is responsible for identifying hundreds of faraway worlds. It is still the most effective method for detecting exoplanets from Earth.
what are the advantages of transit photometry
Advantages-Transit photometry is currently the most effective and sensitive method for detecting extrasolar planets, particularly from an onservatory in space. The Kepler mission, launched in March of 2009, uses photometry to search for extrasolar planets from space. The spacecraft's sensitivity is such that it has already detected thousands of planetary candidates, including several that are Earth-sized and orbiting in their star's habitable zone. No other method currently proposed can match either the volume of the search or its sensitivity. Transits can also provide scientists with a great deal of information about the planet that is not otherwise measurable. First and foremost the "dip" in a star's luminosity during transit is directly propotionate to the size of the planet. Since the star's size is known known with a high degree of accuracy, the planet's size can be deduced from the degree to which it dims during transit. When combined with radial velocity data, a transit can also provide a good estimate of the planet's mass. This is because a transiting planet is necessarily in an "edge-on" position to an observer on Earth. Under these conditions, the minimum mass normally provided by radial velocity measurements is, in fact, the planet's true mass. Taken together, the planet's size and mass provide scientists with a crucial clue as to its composition: the planet's density.
The rings of Saturn were discovered before or after the invention of the telescope?
After
disadvantages of Transit Photometry
Disadvantages- The main difficulty with this method is that in order for the photometric effect to be measured, a transit must occur. This means that the distant planet must pass directly between it's star and the Earth. Unfortunately, for most extrasolar planets this simply never happens. In order for a transit to occur the orbital plane must be almost exactly "edge-on" to the observer, and this is true only of a small minority of distant planets. The rest will never be detected with photometry. Another problem is that a planet's transit lasts only a tiny fraction of its total orbital period. A planet might take months or years to complete its orbit, but the transit would probably last only hours or days. As a result, even when astronomers observe a star with a transiting planet, they are extremely unlikely to observe a transit in progress. The problem is further compounded because in order to establish the presence of a planet, astronomers need to observe not one, but repeated transits occurring at regular intervals.
The radial velocity method disadvantages
Drawbacks- it cannot accurately determine the mass of a distant planet, but only provide an estimate of its minimum mass. This is a serious problem for planet-hunters, because mass is the leading criterion for distinguishing between planets and small stars. Some astronomers
Life as we know it needs
Energy: Sun, Raw materials: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and minerals like iron and sulfur. Volcanoes and A liquid: Water
One world where we might find life as we know it
Europa (a moon of Jupiter).
How are galileo moons diff they different from each other? Know the major geological characteristic differences of each.
IO - is an active moon europa -liquid water ganymede- createrd castillo createrd moon
Does Uranus and Neptune have metallic hydrogen in their interiors? If not, why?
Jupiter and Saturn have similar interiors, with layers extending outward of metallic hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen, and topped with a layer of visible clouds. Unlike Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have cores of rock and metal, but also water, methane and ammonia.
capacity of Jupiter's magnetosphere and how it is produced.
Jupiter's internal magnetic field is generated by electrical currents in the planet's outer core, which is composed of liquid metallic hydrogen. Volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io eject large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas into space, forming a large torus around the planet.
does Jupiter and saturn emit more or less radiation into space then tan it receives from the sun .
Like Jupiter, Saturn emits more radiation into space than it receives from the sun.
what gives Neptune its blue color?
Neptune's atmosphere is made up predominately of hydrogen and helium, with some methane. The methane is part of what gives Neptune its brilliant blue tint, as it absorbs red light and reflects bluer colors.
whats the most windy planet
Neptune's wind speeds exceed 2000 km/h. Making this gas giant the most windy in the solar system
What type of cores do Uranus and Neptune have ?
Relatively high densities of Uranus and Neptune indicate large rocky cores.
What are the rotational periods and revolutions of Uranus
Rotation period : 17h 14m Revolution period :Uranus orbits the Sun once every 84 years.
does Saturn have a strong magnetic field ?
Saturn has a strong magnetic field. Its conducting interior and core's rapid rotation.
is saturns interior similar to jupiters ?
Saturn's interior is theoretically like Jupiter's, but with a thinner layer of metallic hydrogen and larger inner core.
What is the Roche limit? Are Saturn's moons inside or outside this limit?
The Roche limit is the minimum distance to which a large satellite can approach its primary body without being torn apart by tidal forces. If satellite and primary are of similar composition, the theoretical limit is about 2 1/2 times the radius of the larger body. inside
Uranus has a 98 degree tilt on its axis. What may have caused this?
Uranus is a real oddball in our solar system. Its spin axis is tilted by a whopping 98 degrees, meaning it essentially spins on its side. No other planet has anywhere near such a tilt.
what is the coldest planet in the solar system ? What is the average temperature ?
Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system, averaging -357F and has no excess heat emission. Neptune still has excess heat emissions left over from formation and chemistry in its atmosphere allowing the heat to escape at a slower rate than Uranus.
What gives Uranus its aqua blue color, ?
Uranus' atmosphere is made up of hydrogen, helium, and methane. The temperature in the upper atmosphere is very cold. The cold methane gas is what gives Uranus its blue-green color.
Which NASA mission has given us the most images and data on Uranus and Neptune? Any missions since?
Voyager 2 flew past Uranus in 1986, giving us our first close view of the planet. It is still functioning today as it flies in deep space, more than 10 billion miles from Earth. Voyager 2 and its companion spacecraft, Voyager 1, are returning data on how the influence of our sun wanes as they get further from it, and on the characteristics of space between the stars.
Does Uranus and Neptune have rings? If so, why are they difficult to see?
Yes, Uranus has 9 brighter rings as well as several fainter rings Yes, Neptune has several faint rings around it. There are three main rings which are very thin and dark.
The radial velocity method
also known as Doppler spectroscopy, is the most effective method for locating extrasolar planets with existing technology. Though other approaches hold great promise for the future, the vast majority of Exoplanets discovered so far were detected by this method.
Why is Europa a good candidate for life? Why would Enceladus or Triton be good candidates for life?
because there is water ,sunlight
Is the composition of Uranus and Neptune mostly gases or solids? What is the % chemical composition of each?
gases Uranus :air around Uranus. Ices made up of water, ammonia, and possibly methane also exist in the atmosphere. Atmospheric composition by volume: Molecular hydrogen: Neptune :These gases include Hydrogen (80%), Helium (19%), and Methane (1.5%).
The composition of the core. How does the density of Saturn compare to Jupiter? To Earth?
hot solid core of iron and rocky material
The composition of this atmospheric planet - %H, %He, %other
hydrogen helium
Jupiter rotational period and revolution.
rotational period : 10 hrs revolution period:11.86 years
Saturn's rotational period and revolution.
rotational period :10 hrs 42 mins revolution :29.7 yrs
Density of saturn compared to Jupiter and Earth.
s:687 kg/m³ J:1.33 g/cm³ E:5.51 g/cm³
jupiters composition of the core. How does hydrogen become metallic hydrogen?
the hot liquid (hydrogen) is comprised so much that it undergoes another transition this time to a metallic state with similar to liquid metal
Astrobiology
the science that studies the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the Universe
Jupiter and its 4 Galilean moons act like a solar system as their density decreases with distance.
true
How does Uranus and Neptune compare in size to Jupiter and Saturn? How about each other?
uranus :15,759 mi neptune :15,299 mi jupiter:43,441 mi saturn :36,184 mi
Does Uranus and Neptune have strong magnetic fields? How do they compare to Earth?
uranus's magnetic field is tilted 60 degrees from the axil rotation. It was once thought to be a result of Uranus having a 98 degree tilt on its axis which caused a great disruption in the alignment of the magnetic field tilt. Voyager 2 revealed that Neptune's magnetic field was tilted 46 degrees off from its axil tilt. Uranus and Neptune have unique interiors to produce their magnetic fields.
does Neptune moon have a retrograde orbit ?
yes Neptune's moon Triton has a retrograde orbit (clockwise) unlike the other large moons in our solar system. Triton has a nitrogen atmosphere, nitrogen frost on the surface and liquid nitrogen geysers as seen from Voyager 2.