Scientific Revolution

Newton's work was the culmination of the scientific revolution because

it resolved the outstanding problems in both physics and astronomy

All of the following were considered imperfect elements of the medieval world EXCEPT

blood

What was the old Aristotelian conception of the universe?

A round Earth is at the center, surrounded by the spheres of water, air, and fire. Beyond this small nucleus, the moon, the sun, and the five planets were embedded in their own rotating crystal spheres, with the stars sharing the space of one enormous sphere. Beyond, the Heavens were composed of unchanging ether.

Which 2 Greek philosophers were credited w/ contributions to the medieval view of the universe?

Aristotle, ptolemy

Explain the common misunderstanding people had about the universe in the Middle Age

As people began to have scientific theories there were many irrational ones. There was magic in medicine and at the beginning of the Christian era, people had to believe God gave them science and magic and everything in between which distorted the very idea of science. Christians, Jews, and Muslims were very uneasy about the idea of the Universe. They created theories about where purgatory was and where paradise was.

Which philosopher promoted the empirical view of the scientific method?

Bacon

Which astronomer believed that all planets except for the earth traveled around the sun?

Brahe

Who was the first astronomer to establish the concept of heliocentrism?

Copernicus

Which philosopher promoted the view of dualism (mind and matter) in the scientific method?

Descartes

Which astronomer was put on trial by the Church for his beliefs about the universe?

Galileo

Galileo was both a scientist and a devoutly religious man. How do both of those beliefs shape his point of view about this issue?

Galileo understood that he should not question the Church but he believed God gave us knowledge and God would want us to use that knowledge (for science).

Explain why the Catholic church might condemn Galileo for his scientific practices and beliefs.

Galileo's discoveries contradicted the church's scriptures. He believed the heliocentric theory which states that the sun is in the center and the Earth and other planets orbited it.

What were the four imperfect elements of the medieval world?

The "light" elements (air and fire) naturally moved upwards, while the "heavy" elements (water and Earth) moved downward.

According to Galileo, what is the proper relationship between scripture and science?

The Bible shows the way to go to heaven and science shows the ways the heavens go.

Identify and summarize in your own words three causes of the Scientific Revolution

The Renaissance era helped scientific progress because many ancient works were found and recovered and translated into European languages. Arabic scholars were borrowed to help draw out European culture developments. Artwork from the Renaissance with realism and mathematics used in paintings helped encourage scholars to describe the natural world.

According to the cartoon, how does Galileo's observation of the moon differ from Aristotle's "perfect" moon?

The moon in the cartoon was not smooth and perfect like Aristotle's moon but has holes and bumps.

What's an example of a superstition in the middle ages?

A black cat crossing your path meant you had bad luck

How was this conception changed by Medieval theologians such as Thomas Aquinas?

A motionless Earth was fixed at the center of the Universe and was encompassed by ten separate concentric spheres that revolved around it. The first 8 spheres were embedded, in turn, the moon, the sun, the five known planets, and the fixed stars followed by two spheres added in the middle ages. Beyond the 10th sphere was Heaven, with the throne of God and the souls of the saved. Angels kept the spheres moving in perfect circles.

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question

What is the geocentric theory?

Earth is the center of the Universe

The medieval view of the universe was commonly known as

Geocentrism

How does Galileo use religious beliefs to support the work of science?

He explains how God is shown in science and believed God gave us knowledge and would want us to use that knowledge.

How did Newton explain the role of God in the universe?

He imagined God as a clockmaker who created an orderly universe and left it

Why did Nicolaus Copernicus wait until late in his life to publish his theory of a heliocentric universe?

He risked torture and punishment by Church officials

How did Copernicus challenge medieval thought about the universe?

He said that Earth was not the center of the Universe but another planet orbiting the sun.

Why would Copernicus' theories be considered controversial during the 16th century?

It threatened the Catholic church. The Pope believed he would be wrong and one person can't threaten the Church but more people began to follow Copernicus.

Why would Galileo have made this statement?

In the video it was said he had arthritis, he was also likely coerced into saying he would never question the Church again. He may have not wanted to die and believed science was not worth dying for.

Identify and discuss two beliefs and practices "far beyond the realm of science" that helped contribute to scientific breakthroughs.

Interest in Astronomy was inspired by the belief that the changing relationships between planets and stars influenced events on Earth. If people didn't pay attention to the stars and how and where they move and how when they were in a certain place, something happened then there wouldn't have been a spark in science and astronomy. Some astronomers were also astrologers. They made horoscopes for their patrons and astrology eventually became part of the curriculum in medical schools. Practicing magic and alchemy also was a part of the scientific revolution. It was hard for observers to distinguish the conjuring tricks magicians performed from experiments and instruments that scientists performed.

Referring to the documents, discuss four reasons that scientific study in Europe was limited during the Middle Ages.

It was the age of Faith, people did not believe any scientific speculations. Men would be persecuted for their scientific ideas, but this was very rare as there weren't many people that had these ideas. No one had the time for scientific experiments and no one wanted to do them because they didn't want to question the church. Men were also lacking in scientific incentive, they had no reason to do it.

Which astronomer established the concept of planets travelling in elliptical orbits?

Kepler

What are 3 causes of the scientific revolution?

Medieval universities established new courses in math, astronomy, and physics, Renaissance scholars rediscovered ancient mathematics, Navigational problems created the need for new instruments, Scientific methodology was developed

Which of the following would NOT be considered a cause of the Scientific Revolution?

New thinking associated with the Enlightenment

What was the medieval view of the world?

Primarily religious, their beliefs were tied to what ancient greeks said, Politics based on the divine right of kings, Society governed by Church views and traditions, Superstition played a major role in life, Scientific views were controlled by Church

Prior to the Scientific Revolution, all of the following about medieval views of scientific thought were true EXCEPT

Scientists were encouraged to question traditional beliefs about universe

Which of the following would NOT be considered a positive consequence of Scientific Revolution

Strengthening the role of the church in scientific affairs

What is the heliocentric theory?

Sun is the center of the universe

Science was referred to as natural philosophy in the first universities .Who were the leading experts on natural philosophy in the early 16th century?

The ancient Greeks

What role did Saint Augustine play in understanding any discrepancies between the Bible and scientific knowledge?

The bible speaks in a language that we can understand. He laid down the rules for science and Christianity. The Church would accommodate sciences findings as long as they did not threaten it's authority.

Explain how the Catholic church was biased in their beliefs towards the work of Galileo and other scientists.

The church believed if anything doesn't work/match up with the bible then it's not true.

What contribution did the Greek scholar Ptolemy add to Aristotle's conception of the universe?

The planets moved in small circles, called epicycles, each of which moved in turn along a larger circle of deferent.

Why did many ancient Greek astronomers believe in a geocentric explanation of the universe?

Their observations led to the conclusion that the sun revolved around them.

Why did the Catholic Church support the creation of the first universities in Europe?

They believed God had given humans the power of reason and assumed science would confirm their faith.

According to this cartoon, what is the Catholic church's view of Galileo's observations of the moon and the laws of motion that supported Copernicus' heliocentric model?

They don't agree or like Galileo's observations of the moon.

Why were Aristotle's ideas accepted for two thousand years?

They offered an understandable common-sense explanation for what the eye actually saw. It fit neatly with the Christian doctrines. It helped reinforce religious thought.

Why would the Catholic church have supported Aristotle's claim?

They wanted to believe that the moon was pure and perfect, Aristotle's beliefs didn't contradict the bible.

Which medieval theologian placed heaven beyond the tenth sphere at the edge of the universe?

Thomas Aquinas

What contribution did Ptolemy add to Aristotle's conception of the universe?

adding epicycles to the movement of celestial bodies