section 2 exam

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.

The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What is the just-world hypothesis?

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Dolores has moved to a big city for the first time in her life. She is excited by the opportunity to explore the city but is also anxious about what she read recently about street crime in one of the city's neighborhoods. In reality, she is more at risk of harm from reckless drivers. What heuristic is she applying is this situation?

availability heuristic

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

What is the uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behaviors and attitudes do not match?

cognitive dissonance

According to Jung, the ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconscious

Luis is 10 years old. He is becoming quite good at arguing with his parents over such topics as what his bedtime should be and whether he has eaten enough of his dinner to have dessert. He loves toys and projects that involve hands-on learning, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts. According to Piaget, Luis is in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

conformity

According to Rogers, ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________.

consummate

In Freud's view, it is the job of the ego, or self, to ____.

coordinate the needs of the id with the demands of reality

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.

discrimination

Jory, a six-year-old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

Jason is looking down at the tiny vent holes on his laptop computer, and notices how dusty they have become. When blowing on the holes does not clear the dust from them, he takes a paper clip and unbends it. He then uses the straight ends to clear the dust from each of the vent holes. Although this takes a bit of time, he is pleased with the overall result. Jason's ability to look at the paper clip and see something other than holding papers together illustrates that he has overcome _____.

functional fixedness

During what time period does the human brain show rapid growth in gray matter?

in the latter months of pregnancy and for the first 18 months of life

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.

instrumental aggression

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Jared, a high school student, is a sensitive person. His first reaction to many things is anxiety, such as the loud noise of a truck backfiring, an unfamiliar dog running toward him, or a teacher unexpectedly calling on him in class. From a biological perspective he would be described as having a high level of reactivity. Toward which end of the continuum of these Big Five traits would he likely fall?

introversion and neuroticism

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

moro reflex

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?

negative punishment.

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.

negative reinforcement

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior?

object permanence

Which of the following is likely to provide the most powerful method for managing behavior?

positive reinforcement

The Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test are two prominent examples of __________ tests.

projective

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

The major theme of physical and cognitive development in midlife is ____.

stability

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Parenting styles can be divided into four categories, which vary along ____ (Baumrind, 1975; Maccoby & Martin, 1983).

two dimensions: parental support and behavioral regulation

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Under which situation is diffusion of responsibility least likely to occur?

when the potential helper is the only one present who can help

Which of the following behavioral changes best illustrates the process of learning?

Claire, age 8, practices treading water so that she will be allowed to swim in her grandmother's swimming pool

Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four, has physical abnormalities, including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has ____.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience?

German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.