Section 2.2.1 - Identification, and Authentication

Name three reasons why an identity card alone might not make an ideal method of authentication?

1.) an identity card can be stolen. 2.) an identity card can be faked. 3.) an identity card information can change.

What are three forms of authentication? Choose three answers. A. Four-digit pin number B. Text of 6-digit number to phone C. Phone number D. Fingerprint E. Account number F. Username

A & B & D: Four-digit pin number, Text of 6-digit number to phone, and Fingerprint Correct: Texting six-digit number to a user's phone is used for authentication. Four-digit pin numbers are used for authentication. A fingerprint is "something you are" that is used for authentication.

Which two attributes are included in the concept of risk? Choose two answers. A. Threats B. Frequency C. Vulnerabilities D. Impacts

A & C: Threats and Vulnerabilities A threat is something that has the potential to cause harm. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses that can be used to cause harm.

Equal Error Rate (EER)

A balance between the two error types FAR & FRR. If we plot out both the FAR and FRR on a graph, the EER is the point where the two lines intersect. EER is sometimes used as a measure of the accuracy of biometric systems.

Which form of access control uses CAPTCHAs? A. Attribute-based access control (ABAC) B. Rule-based access control (RBAC) C. Media access control (MAC) D. Discretionary Access Control (DAC)

A. Attribute-based access control (ABAC) Attribute-based access control is based on the attributes of a particular person, resources, or environment.

Which type of attack category is an attack against confidentiality? A. Interception B. Modification C. Fabrication D. Interruption

A. Interception Interception attacks allow unauthorized users to access data, applications, or environments.

What is the difference between verification and authentication of an identity?

Authentication is the establishment that a claim to one's identity is true, while verification is just more support for who they are claiming to be.

Define authentication and its factors.

Authentication is the set of methods used to verify whether a claim of identity is true. Factors of Authentication are: Something you know, Something you are, Something you have, Somewhere you are, and Something you do.

A tornado destroyed a data center. Which side of the CIA triad is most affected? A. Authenticity B. Availability C. Utility D. Integrity

B. Availability Availability ensures authorized users have access to resources when needed.

You want to ensure that data is secure from prying eyes, so you implement encryption and logical access control measures. Which of the three CIA Triad principles are you implementing? A. Integrity B. Confidentiality C. Identity D. Availability

B. Confidentiality

A malicious actor has breached the firewall with a reverse shell. Which side of the CIA triad is most affected?

B. Confidentiality A reverse shell enables an attacker to gain remote access to and control of a machine by bypassing firewall safeguards.

Which concept refers to adding layers of security to our networks? A. Administrative control depth. B. Defense in depth. C. Physical control depth. D. Logical control depth.

B. Defense in depth Defense in depth is the coordinated use of multiple layers of security countermeasures to protect the integrity of the information assets.

A ____________ control sends alerts during or after an attack. A. Preventative B. Detective C. Corrective D. Recovery E. Deterrent

B. Detective

What are we referring to when we're talking about the prudent man rule? A. Legal Liability B. Due Care C. Due Diligence D. Gross Negligence E. Regulatory Compliance

B. Due Care

What is an example of identification? A. Text to cell phone B. Employee Number C. Update Access D. Fingerprint

B. Employee Number Identification is the process of ascribing a user identifier (ID) to a human being or to another computer or network component.

What is the name of the process where the client authenticates the server and the server authenticates the client? A. Token-based authentication B. Mutual authentication C. Two-factor authentication D. Multifactor authentication

B. Mutual authentication Mutual authentication is an authentication mechanism where both parties authenticate each other at the same time.

What is an objective for performing an audit? A. To ensure a company can respond effectively to a disaster. B. To ensure compliance and detect misuse. C. To ensure potential risks are identified and analyzed. D. To ensure proper access is granted to resources.

B. To ensure compliance and detect misuse. Audits are performed to ensure compliance with applicable laws, policies, and other administrative controls is being accomplished as well as detecting misuse.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a logical access control measure? A. Access Control List (ACL) B. Video Surveillance C. Windows Group Policies D. Account Policies

B. Video Surveillance

You're the network administrator for Alnet Corp. You come into work Tuesday morning to find that the network has slowed to a crawl and several users are complaining that their systems are running very slow. What type of malware are they most likely to be infected with? A. Virus B. Worm C. Trojan Horse D. Logic Bomb

B. Worm

Which attribute of the Parkerian hexad allows for proper attribution of the owner of a dataset? A. Possession B. Availability C. Authenticity D. Integrity

C. Authenticity Authenticity is the process of ensuring and confirming that the identity of the user is genuine and legitimate. Proving who you are.

What is the final step in allowing access to resources? A. Identification B. Authentication C. Authorization D. Accountability

C. Authorization Authorization is the final step in the process allowing access to resources.

What is an example of identification?

C. Email Address Identification is claiming an identity with a unique identifier, such as an email address.

Which of the following is NOT an example of something you know when discussing authentication? A. Password B. PIN C. Keystroke D. SmartCard

C. Keystroke

Which example demonstrates access control? A. Turning the key in the ignition of a car. B. Changing a bank account password. C. Locking and unlocking the doors of your house. D. Selecting a pin for a new account.

C. Locking and unlocking the doors of your house. Locking and unlocking doors is an example of access control.

Which combination of factors demonstrates multi-factor authentication? A. Fingerprint and voice print B. Password and Pin C. Password and fingerprint D. Voice print and weight

C. Password and fingerprint These two items include "something you know" and "something you are."

Which of the following is NOT a best practices general password rule discussed in this section of the course? A. Passwords should be at a minimum 8 characters in length. B. Passwords should not be written down. C. Passwords should be shared in case you lose your account. D. Passwords should be regularly changed.

C. Passwords should be shared in case you lose your account.

____________ attacks redirect users from legitimate websites to fraudulent fake websites. A. Tailgating B. Reply C. Pharming D. XSS

C. Pharming

____________ create modified, self-encrypting versions of themselves to avoid virus definition detection. A. Boot Sector Viruses B. Macro Viruses C. Polymorphic Viruses D. Program Viruses E. Script Viruses

C. Polymorphic Viruses

Which phase of the incident response (IR) process includes putting the system back better than the original state? A. Post-incident activity. B. Containment. C. Recovery. D. Detection and Analysis

C. Recovery The goal of the recovery phase is to recover to a better state than prior to the incident. This may include activities such as restoring devices or data from backups, rebuilding systems, reloading applications, and mitigating the attack vectors that were used.

What element of the Parkerian Hexad is concerned with usefulness? A. Integrity B. Confidentiality C. Utility D. Availability

C. Utility Utility refers to how useful the data is.

Which type of system is considered absolutely secure? A. A system that is new. B. A system that has been recently patched. C. A system that has been in production for many years. D. A system that is shut off and disconnected from all networks.

D. A system that is shut off and disconnected from all networks. The only absolutely secure system does not allow any access.

What part of the AAA concepts is best defined as the following: Verifies a user's identification via the process of logging into a system? A. Accounting B. Authorization C. Accessible D. Authentication

D. Authentication

Which concept of the CIA Triad is associated with reliability?

D. Integrity Integrity ensures data has not been tampered with and is correct, authentic, and reliable.

A user changes a number in a dataset with a typo. Which side of the CIA triad is most affected?

D. Integrity Integrity ensures data has not been tampered with and is correct, authentic, and reliable. In this scenario, data has been tampered with and is no longer correct and reliable.

This type of malware will execute in response to a specific event, such as when a specific date is reached. A. Virus B. Worm C. Trojan Horse D. Logic Bomb

D. Logic Bomb

A ____________ is a physical access control measure that is designed to prevent tailgating or piggybacking. A. Building Alarm B. Video Camera C. Security Guard D. Mantrap

D. Mantrap

Which factors demonstrate multi-factor authentication? A. Vein patterns and iris scan B. Username and email address C. Childhood pet and Mother's maiden name D. Mother's maiden name and voice print

D. Mother's maiden name and voice print Multifactor authentication is an authentication method that uses two or more independent ways to identify a user.

What is an example of authentication? A. Username B. Write access C. Email Address D. Mothers maiden name

D. Mothers maiden name Mother's maiden name is an authentication factor of "something you know."

__________ is used to prevent an entity from denying an action took place. A. Confidentiality B. Defense in Depth C. Implicit Deny D. Non-Repudiation

D. Non-Repudiation

What is an example of authentication? A. Username B. First Car C. Read Only D. Pin

D. Pin Authentication refers to the verification of a process or user. A pin can be used to verify a user or process after successful identification.

A ____________ is anything that can exploit a vulnerability, intentionally or accidentally, and obtain, damage, or destroy an asset. A. Residual Risk B. Impact C. Asset D. Threat

D. Threat

What is an example of identification?

D. Username A username is used for identification by uniquely identifying a person or subject.

Circumvention

Describes the ease with which a system can be tricked by a falsified biometric identifier

Identify password security best practices.

Don't write your password down and post it under your keyboard or on your monitor. Use strong passwords such as a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters. Use unique passwords for multiple accounts avoid using the same password for multiple accounts. Store passwords securely using a password manager.

____________ modify core system files, are designed to gain root access, and can be invisible to the operating system so they can persist without detection. A. Adware B. Backdoors C. Buffer Overflows D. Logic Bombs E. Rootkits F. Trojan Horses

E. Rootkits

____________ are cyber attacks against software flaws that are unknown and have no patch or fix. A. Buffer Overflows B. Logic Bombs C. Ransomware D. Viruses E. Worms F. Zero Day Attacks

F. Zero Day Attacks

Compare identification, identity verification, and authentication.

Identification makes a claim about what someone or something is, Identity verification is the process of confirming that an individual is who they claim to be. Authentication establishes whether this claim is true.

Define identification, including "who we claim to be."

Identification makes a claim about what someone or something is, and Authentication establishes whether this claim is true. It includes verifying "who we claim to be" which means confirming the identity that a person asserts or claims to have. This can involve presenting credentials such as an ID card, username, or password to prove identity. Example: a username is an identity claim and the password authenticates that user and allows access.

Define identity verification.

Identity verification is the process of confirming that an individual is who they claim to be. It involves verifying the identity information provided by an individual against a trusted source, such as a driver's license, social security card, birth certificate, or other similar form of identification. Identity verification is the half step between Identity and Authentication.

Align the four types of attacks (i.e., interception, interruption, modification, and fabrication) to the legs of the CIA triad.

Interception: This attack aligns with the confidentiality aspect of the CIA triad. It involves unauthorized access to information, compromising its confidentiality. Interruption: This attack aligns with the availability aspect of the CIA triad. It disrupts access to or use of resources, impacting their availability. Modification: This attack aligns with the integrity aspect of the CIA triad. It involves unauthorized alteration of data, compromising its integrity. Fabrication: This attack can also align with the integrity aspect of the CIA triad. It involves the unauthorized creation or insertion of data, compromising its integrity.

Acceptability

Is a measure of how acceptable the particular characteristic is to the users of the system.

Uniqueness

Is a measure of how unique a particular characteristic is among individuals.

Performance

Is a set of metrics that judge how well a given system functions.

If you're developing a multifactor authentication system for an environment where you might find larger-than-average numbers of disabled or injured users, such as a hospital, which authentication factors might you want to use or avoid? Why?

May want to avoid fingerprints and do retina scans. It might be inconvenient if they are wearing gloves and cannot reach the authentication device.

False Rejection Rate (FRR)

Measures how often we reject a legitimate user and is sometimes called a false negative.

False Acceptance Rate (FAR)

Measures how often you accept a user who should be rejected and is sometimes called a False positive.

Identify the factors involved in a multifactor authentication technique.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) typically involves using two or more of the following factors to verify a user's identity: Something you know: Such as a password, PIN, or answers to security questions. Something you have: Such as a smart card, security token, or mobile device. Something you are: Such as a biometric trait like a fingerprint, iris scan, or facial recognition. Somewhere you are: Referring to the location where the authentication attempt is being made, often used in context-based authentication. Something you do: Referring to behavioral factors, such as typing patterns or mouse movements, to verify identity.

What do you call the process in which the client authenticates to the server and the server authenticates to the client?

Mutual authentication

If you're using an eight-character password that contains only lowercase characters, would increasing the length to ten characters represent any significant increase in strength? Why or why not?

Not really because you're not adding any complexity. Adding numbers, symbols and uppercase/lowercase characters makes the password much stronger and more complex.

Dongles

Often called the simplest hardware tokens look identical to universal serial bus (USB) and contain a certificate or unique identifier.

What biometric factor describes how well a characteristic resists change over time?

Permanence

A key would be described as which type of authentication factor?

Something you have

Factors of Authentication are:

Something you know: such as passwords or PIN. Something you are: Such as a biometric trait like a fingerprint or iris scan. Something you have: Such as a smart card or mobile phone. Somewhere you are: Referring to the location where the authentication attempt is being made, often used in context-based authentication. Something you do: handwriting/typing/walking

Compare authentication types.

Something you know: Password-based authentication. Something you are: Biometric authentication Something you have: Token-based authentication Multi-factor authentication (MFA): Two or more factors (password, biometric scan, mobile device etc.) Where you are: Location-based authentication Mutual authentication: known as two-way authentication, is a security process in which both parties in a communication or transaction authenticate each other's identities. Typically involves multiple factors on both sides. The event prevents man in the middle attacks. Example: Both the PC and Server authenticate each other before data is sent in either direction. The man in the middle attack is where the attacker inserts themselves into the traffic flow.

What factors might you use when implementing a multifactor authentication scheme for users who are logging onto workstations that are in a secure environment and are used by more than one person?

Something you know: Password & Badge ID# or Password & Badge Scanner.

Universality

Stipulates that we should be able to find our chosen biometric characteristic in the majority of people we expect to enroll in the system.

Permanence

Tests show how well a particular characteristic resists change over time and with advancing age

How do you measure the rate at which you fail to authenticate legitimate users in a biometric system?

This is measured through two metrics the False Rejection Rate (FRR) and False Acceptance Rate (FAR). Ideally, we want the two to equal each other.

Biometric factors are defined by seven characteristics:

Universality, Uniqueness, Permanence, Collectability, Performance, Acceptability, and Circumvention

If you're using an identity card as the basis for your authentication scheme, what steps might you add to the process to allow you to move to multifactor authentication?

Use two more different factors are something you know (password), Something you are (Iris scan), Something you have (swipe card), Something you do (gait (walking) recognition), And the place you are (at a specific terminal).

What is an example of identification?

Username Correct:A username is used for identification by uniquely identifying a person or subject.

Collectability

measures how easy it is to acquire a characteristic with which we can later authenticate a user