Section 3

88 million people live on less than $1.00 a day. These people are said to be living in _____________. A. Absolute poverty B. Subjective poverty C. Marginal poverty D. Relative poverty

A. Absolute poverty

1967's Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of A. Amalgamation B. Assimilation C. Stereotyping D. Racism

A. Amalgamation

When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate group. This exploitation of the subordinate group has created social problems, such as high rates of poverty among single mothers. Which sociological perspective best fit Jeff's views? A. Conflict Theory B. Cyberfeminism C. Symbolic Interactionism D. Structural Functionalism

A. Conflict Theory

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was created by: A. Core nation countries B. Third world countries C. Asian and American countries D. Middle-income countries

A. Core nation countries

Areas that once had vast economic growth and large amounts of industry, but are now suffering from the effects of outsourcing are going through a period of: A. Deindustrialization B. Post-industrialization C. Industrialization transition D. Industrialization

A. Deindustrialization

Cedric's uncle believes that racism and discrimination have made a positive impact on society - but only in the lives of those who are members of the dominant group. Which sociological perspective is Cedric's uncle coming from? A. Functionalism B. Feminism C. Conflict theory D. Symbolic interactionism

A. Functionalism

When Wendy's sorority sisters discover that Wendy is a lesbian, they hold a secret meeting to decide if Wendy should still be allowed to pledge. A handful of the sisters vote "no." This is an example of: A. Homophobia B. Bisexuality C. Doing gender D. Social imperialism

A. Homophobia

Women's employment outside the agricultural sector remains under 20 percent in: A. Northern Africa B. Western Asia C. Southern America D. Northern Asia

A. Northern Africa

Maria babysits as a form of income while she is in college. Because the amounts she gets per job are not huge, Maria never bothers to report her earnings to the IRS. Maria is a part of the A. Underground economy B. Under-reported economy C. Under-earning economy D. Under-paid economy

A. Underground economy

Peggy accepts a job offer as an advertising copywriter. Her boss immediately assigns her campaigns for products such as makeup and cleaning products. Peggy asks for different clients, but her boss tells her she should stick to what she and "her kind" know best. Peggy is experiencing: A. Homophobia B. Masochism C. Sexism D. Sexual orientation

C. Sexism

Cate is the daughter of a Senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n)___________ marriage. A. Unconventional B. Endogamus C. Traditional D. Exogamous

D. Exogamous

What is particularly unique about the United States middle class? A. The people who are middle class often have little to no education. B. The upper class are as likely to become members of the lower class as members of the lower class are likely to become members of the upper class. C. It is the smallest class in the United States. D. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower

D. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower

Which social class is quickly disappearing from modern economies? A. Upper Class B. The amount of people in each class has been about the same for the past 10 years. c. Lower Class D. Middle Class

D. Middle Class

Which group within the United States has been stereotyped as the model minority? A. The Arab American community B. The Hispanic American community C. The African American community D. The Asian American community

D. The Asian American community

A person's position in a country's social stratification is determined by: A. Prestige, family, legal records, occupation, and favorite food B. GNI PPP, GDP, GNI, the PRB, and standards of living C. Clothes, accessories, hobbies, shoes, and number of credit cards D. Wealth, power, income, race, education

D. Wealth, power, income, race, education

In the United States, which race would be considered the dominant group? A. Black B. Hispanic C. Asian D. White

D. White

The term sexuality is defined by the text as: A. A person's capacity for sexual feelings. B. The repressed sexual inclinations of society as a whole. C. An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine. D. An individual's biological gender.

A. A person's capacity for sexual feelings.

Which factor is considered when evaluating someone's standard of living? A. All of these B. Employment C. Income D. Class

A. All of these

In which country is sex education required in public schools? A. Sweden B. The United States C. Nigeria D. England

A. Sweden

Biological determinism is: A. The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology B. An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another D. An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine

A. The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology

The term assimilation is defined by the text as: A. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. B. The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. C. When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country. D. The act of singling out an individual because of his or her race.

A. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture.

True or false: The majority of American citizens are descendents of immigrants? A. True B. False

A. True

In 1973, the American Psychological Association (APA) declassified homosexuality as an abnormal or deviant disorder. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in the statement the (APA) made to society? A. Cyberfeminism B. Exchange Theory C. Symbolic Interactionism D. Structural Functionalism

C. Symbolic Interactionism

With the recent Occupy Wall Street Movement, the people of the United States keep hearing about the top 1%. How much of the United State's wealth rests in the hands of the wealthiest top 1% of people? A. 1/3 B. 1/8 C. 1/4 D. 1/16

A. 1/3

Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus. This form of promotion is based on the principles of: A. A meritocracy B. A democracy C. A caste system D. A closed stratification system

A. A meritocracy

Asad's first grade class is diverse: there are two students from Korea, five students from South America, two students from the United States, three students from Kuwait, a student from Mexico, two students from England, and five students from western Europe. Asad's class is: A. Segregated B. Profiled C. Assimilated D. Pluralistic

D. Pluralistic

Adolf Hitler blaming Germany's pre-war problems on the Jewish population is an example of: A. The social construction of race B. The scapegoat theory C. Pluralism D. White privilege

B. The scapegoat theory

True or false: A person's sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender. A. False B. True

B. True

Which is an effect of absolute poverty that also contributes to its cyclical nature? A. Massive credit card debt B. Home foreclosures C. Lack of education D. Excellent healthcare

C. Lack of education

Arizona Senate Bill 1070, often referred to colloquially as the "papers, please" law, was aimed widely at those of: A. Chinese descent B. Irish descent C. Mexican descent D. Middle Eastern descent

C. Mexican descent

Which of the following is an example of racial steering? A. Kiki being told she'll be bad at math because she is a girl. B. The Trail of Tears, when the United States government forced Native Americans to permanently leave their homes and territory. C. Real estate agents directing white clients to look for housing in certain neighborhoods, and non-white clients to others. D. Jose's parents not allowing him to date Martha because she is of a different race.

C. Real estate agents directing white clients to look for housing in certain neighborhoods, and non-white clients to others.

Which continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations in the world? A. Asia B. South America C. North America D. Africa

D. Africa

It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. His parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _________ marriage. A. Exogamus B. Traditional C. Unconventional D. Endogamous

D. Endogamous

What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States? A. The stagnation of wages for workers B. The feminization of poverty C. The growth of the upper class D. The decline of the middle class

D. The decline of the middle class

When Alexander, who is white, drives his car over the speed limit, a police officer lets him off with a warning. When Christopher, who is Hispanic, drives his car at the same speed as Alexander on the same road, the officer gives him a ticket, even though his record is clean. This is an example of: A. Intersection theory B. Affirmative action C. The social construction of race D. White privilege

D. White privilege

The two regions with the highest risk of social unrest are: A. Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region B. South America and North America C. Latin America and Asia D. Europe and Africa

A. Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East-North Africa region

Max believes that most people's racial beliefs are based on images conveyed in popular media since many people never meet members of certain races for themselves. Max's perspective is: A. Symbolic interactionist B. Conflict theorist C. Functionalist D. Feminist

A. Symbolic interactionist

Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After World War II, changes in the family structure allowed women to become breadwinners also, altering the roles of the family. From what sociological perspective do Tasha's thoughts come? A. Cyberfeminism B. Structural Functionalism C. Conflict Theory D. Symbolic Interactionism

B. Structural Functionalism

In 2008 the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Many people could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. For many people, it was a time of __________. A. Social stratification B. Downward mobility C. Horizontal mobility D. Social inconsistency

B. Downward mobility

Which of the following is NOT an example of a stereotype? A. Isaiah cooking his girlfriend a meat-free dinner because she is a vegetarian. B. Cynthia believing her best friend to be good at math because she is Asian. C. Maria assuming her son-in-law is a heavy drinker because he is Irish. D. Pedro assuming his neighbor likes rap music because he is African American.

A. Isaiah cooking his girlfriend a meat-free dinner because she is a vegetarian.

The term doing gender can be defined as: A. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. B. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement.

A. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves.

Mohit spent his days combing through garbage in Mumbai, India with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Mohit is an example of someone living under: A. An oligarchy B. A caste system C. A meritocracy D. A dictatorship

B. A caste system

Angela believes that race relations in America are poor because the white ruling class has enacted various laws and regulations to keep other racial groups from achieving equality. With which sociological perspective does Angela's view best align? A. Functionalism B. Conflict theory C. Feminism D. Symbolic interactionism

B. Conflict theory

What is the purpose of queer theory? A. To determine whether sexual orientation is a product of nature or nurture. B. To purpose a series of federal laws that will put an end to many social inequalities. C. To question the ways society perceives and experiences sex, gender, and sexuality. D. To examine the genetic differences between the heterosexual population and homosexual population.

C. To question the ways society perceives and experiences sex, gender, and sexuality.

Chase grew up wanting to wear his sister's dresses over his brother's pants and button up shirts. When Chase turns 18, he decides to begin living as woman, though he's still only sexually attracted to women. He decides he doesn't want to undergo surgery. Chase is: A. Transsexual B. Bisexual C. Transgender D. Homophobic

C. Transgender

GNI PPP, or gross national income divided by purchasing power parity, helps measure: A. The average global interest rates for loans. B. The amount of inflation affecting a country's currency. C. The standard of living in a country. D. The average level of education per person in a country.

C. The standard of living in a country.

Which statement explains why Immanuel Wallerstein's classification is preferred by sociologist? A. Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric. B. The former Cold War era classifications are outdated and no longer accurately show the economic state of individual nations. C. Wallerstein's classification uses the United States as a point of comparison so that people can understand what he is saying. D. Wallerstein's classification is based more on sociological data than economic data, and because of that, applies to the field of sociology better than the Cold War era classification.

A. Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric.

Child labor and sweatshops have existed since the Industrial Revolution and even before that. Many products sold today are created in these sweatshops, even though, living in the 21st century, we like to think we are above such practices. What is one practical way we can try and stop multinational companies from using such labor? A. We can trust that the CEOs and the members of the board of the companies will do the right thing. B. We can ignore the problem because it will eventually go away. C. We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them. D. We can justify such practices because they are legal in other countries.

C. We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them.

What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility? A. How many jobs you work. B. How much education you have. C. How much you spend on your personal appearance. D. How well off your parents are.

B. How much education you have.

Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. What type of stratification is shown in this story? A. Intergenerational mobility B. Intragenerational mobility C. Downward mobility D. Structural mobility

B. Intragenerational mobility

When Jeanette's parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. When they found out Jeanette has been sexually active, they ground her for a month. This is an example of: A. A misunderstanding B. Homophobia C. A double standard D. Gender identity

C. A double standard

Which of the following is NOT a product of gender stereotyping? A. A teacher discouraging a female student from entering the military, suggesting nursing school instead. B. A music store employee encouraging a young woman to study the piano or flute instead of the drums or guitar. C. A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday. D. Keisha's mom encouraging her to take home economics over shop class so she can please her future husband.

C. A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday.

The term sexual orientation can be defined as: A. A person's biological gender. B. A phase which a person outgrows before entering heterosexuality. C. A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex. D. A term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of their biological sex.

C. A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex.

In the United States, where outsourcing is almost always addressed negatively, companies still get away with outsourcing. How do they do this? A. Deindusrialization, also caused by outsourcing, is better for the environment, so Americans are in favor of it. B. Capital flight, caused by outsourcing, helps local economies thrive, so Americans are willing to make the trade off. C. Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers. D. Companies find that the many U.S. restrictions on manufacturing can seriously disrupt production, which leads to profit loss, which in turn results in outsourcing.

C. Americans want lower prices for their consumable products, and the only way for companies to deliver those low prices is to outsource the work to cheaper laborers.

Which continent has the largest number of people living in poverty in the world? A. South America B. Africa C. Asia D. North America

C. Asia

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive order 9066, which authorized the establishment of internment camps for anyone with as little as one-eighth Japanese ancestry following Pearl Harbor, is an example of: A. Genocide B. Racial steering C. Expulsion D. Communism

C. Expulsion

What is the first agent of socialization? A. School B. Friends C. Family D. The law

C. Family

Which number does the World Bank use to determine the status and classification of each nation? A. Purchasing Power Parity B. Gross Domestic Product C. Gross National Income per Capita D. Organization for Economic and Cooperative Development data

C. Gross National Income per Capita

Jenny is given a doll for 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender: A. Stratification B. Socialization C. Indifference D. Bending

B. Socialization

Gender Dysphoria is: A. A condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with B. A condition where transgender people choose to alter their bodies C. A form of sexual dysfunction and paraphilia D. A form of homophobia

A. A condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with

An example of slavery, according to Anti-Slavery International, is: A. Factories using child labor B. Children playing with friends C. Factories employing adults at salary level D. Children attending school

A. Factories using child labor

Which trend has the World Bank seen in its study of poverty in low-income nations? A. More men live in poverty than women. B. More women live in poverty than men. C. Children can avoid living in poverty if they live with their fathers. D. Equal numbers of men and women live in poverty.

B. More women live in poverty than men.

Whose work do conflict theorists rely on to help form their arguments surrounding social stratification? A. René Decartes B. Émile Durkheim C. Karl Marx D. Auguste Comte

C. Karl Marx

Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: A. Most people do not care about social rank and standing. B. Only upper class people can enjoy a good game of polo. C. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class. D. Only lower class people drink beer.

C. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

According to the social construction of race school of thought, race is: A. A product of the media B. No longer in existence C. Not biologically identifiable D. Based only on geographic regions

C. Not biologically identifiable

What is the Kinsey Scale? A. An instructional manual explaining acceptable homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual behavior. B. A religious test which classifies a person's ability to live as a heterosexual. C. An in-depth guide to measure whether a loved one is homosexual or heterosexual. D. A six-point rating system that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation.

D. A six-point rating system that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation.

In recent times, scholars have been trying to sort out why the countries on the continent of Africa, as a whole, have trouble competing to today's global, capitalist economy. While an answer to this question is complex and carries with it many ambiguities, most scholars point to European colonialism as a key to understanding the current state of Africa. A sociologist studying this topic, would ascribe to which theoretical paradigm? A. Feminist theory B. Structural functionalism C. Symbolic interactionism D. Conflict theory

D. Conflict theory

In 2010, what did controversial Senate Bill 1070 propose, causing a series of protests and legal battles? A. If suspected of illegal activity, Nevada police may search the home of any immigrant, or child of an immigrant, without a warrant. B. During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally. C. After being detained by New Mexico police, immigrants are given no rights by the authorities and may be held for weeks without being officially charged. D. After being charged with a crime, Wisconsin courts can order legal immigrants back to their countries of origin.

B. During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally.

How is global stratification different from social stratification? A. Global stratification only examines environmental inequalities among nations while social stratification examines inequalities among people. B. Global stratification examines a myriad of different types of prejudice and inequality, while social stratification covers the social class and standing of individuals. C. Countries cannot move up and down the global stratification ladder, unlike people who can use social mobility to climb or fall down the social stratification ladder. D. Global stratification can only measure the inequalities among purely democratic states, while social stratification can be expanded to apply to people in any country in the world.

B. Global stratification examines a myriad of different types of prejudice and inequality, while social stratification covers the social class and standing of individuals.

Which statement would you find in the analysis of poverty by Neckerman and Torche? A. People live in poverty because they are lazy and lack meaningful work. B. Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of. C. People will take advantage of social welfare programs if you do not watch them carefully. D. People living in poverty enjoy living in poverty.

B. Once poverty has entered a geographic location, it is very difficult to get rid of.

The term discrimination is defined in the text as: A. An expression of dissatisfaction with the justice system. B. Prejudiced action against a group of people. C. Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people. D. The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture.

B. Prejudiced action against a group of people.

What is the difference between sex and gender? A. Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with. B. Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine. C. Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females. C. Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy.

B. Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.

The Davis-Moore Thesis states: A. That Karl Marx was correct and that stratification can only be solved by converting to a socialist government. B. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make. C. That economic hardship and skyrocketing inflation is the cause for all social stratification in the United States. D. That people constantly move up and down the social ladder, and this creates an unstable economy which will eventually collapse on itself.

B. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make.

Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today? A. TheFall of the British Empire B. The Industrial Revolution C. World War I D. The French Revolution

B. The Industrial Revolution

Speedy Gonzalez is a popular cartoon character, but is widely considered an inappropriate stereotype. Many children are raised watching Speedy Gonzalez cartoons, unaware that such stereotypes are negative. This is a product of: A. Genocide B. The culture of prejudice C. The scapegoat theory D. Intersection theory

B. The culture of prejudice

Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class? A. All upper class people enjoy opera and have been bred for their stations while the upper-middle class consists mostly of newly wealthy people who may not have had the same kind of upbringing. B. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life. C. In the upper class, everyone knows everyone, but in the upper-middle class, the people do not comingle. D. The upper class is split into "old money" and "new money" people, while the upper-middle class simply struggles to maintain its wealth.

B. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life.

Immanuel Wallerstein's classification of nations uses which set of terms? A. primary nation, secondary nation, tertiary nation B. core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation C. first world, second world, third world D. super powers, allies of super powers, enemies of super powers

B. core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation

One main issue in studying global social inequality is: A. Most countries keep their economic situations secret. B. The presence of tourism can make a country look richer than it really is. C. Social inequality is relative and therefore, difficult to compare across cultures. D. Most people live beyond their means which gives a false sense of wealth to a society.

C. Social inequality is relative and therefore, difficult to compare across cultures.

The term segregation is defined in the text as: A. The deliberate annihilation of a targeted, usually subordinate, group. B. The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. C. The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions. D. The integration of diverse cultural concepts into a public school curriculum.

C. The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.

Hope is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall. She knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to be like her. When she walked in, she whipped out her credit card, and purchased the $5,000 bag. This kind of purchasing is called: A. Popular consumerism B. Credit card consumerism C. Designer consumerism D. Conspicuous consumption

D. Conspicuous consumption