Section 5: CHAPTER 26& 27
Minerals are ____ ions.
inorganic
Minerals are ______ ions.
inorganic
Chewing requires the coordinated activities of teeth, skeletal muscles in lips, tongue, cheeks, and jaws that are controlled by nuclei within the medulla oblongata and pons, collectively called the ____________ center.
mastication
The mastication center is located in the _____________ of the brain.
medulla and pons
The amount of energy used by the body in a set amount of time is known as the ______ rate.
metabolic
Which is not a function of the digestive system?
micturition
Core body temperature ______.
remains stable
Fats and Oils are dietary sources of?
triglycerides
Which is (are) not found in the wall of the large intestine?
Villi
Premolars are also called ______.
bicuspids
Ca
blood clotting, bone formation
fed state occurs
from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.
In which stage of cellular respiration is a glucose molecule broken down into two pyruvate molecules?
glycolysis
The glycerol component of a triglyceride can enter the pathway of cellular respiration at the ___________ stage.
glycolysis
Your core body temperature is the temperature of which body parts?
head torso
polysaccharide
many
Carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals are examples of ______.
nutrients
Place the events of cellular respiration in order.
1. glycolysis 2. intermediate stage 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport system
The volume of saliva secreted daily ranges between ______ liters.
1.0-1.5
In the liver, fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA for use in cholesterol synthesis by what process?
Beta-oxidation
The ___ rate is a measure of how much energy is used by the body in a given amount of time.
Blank 1: metabolic
intermediate stage
Each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
glycolysis
Glucose is broken down into two pyruvates.
When measuring the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which of the following variables needs to be considered?
Physical activity Thyroid function Time since last meal Mental state
Digestion of protein releases ______ that are then absorbed into the blood.
amino acids
Bile salts are
amphipathic.
An enzyme found within saliva is salivary
amylase
The ______ muscles compress the cheeks against the teeth to hold solid materials in place during chewing.
buccinator
Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from thea: mouth.b: stomach.c: pancreas.d: lining of the small intestine.
c, d
Which are minerals?
calcium, zinc, iron
Nutrients provide energy to the body in the form of a
calories
A disaccharide is a type of
carbohydrate
Disaccharides are an example of a ______.
carbohydrate
Once inside epithelial cells, fatty acids are reattached to monoglycerides reforming triglycerides; triglycerides are then wrapped with other proteins by the Golgi to form ____________ that enter the lymphatic system.
chylomicrons
Metabolic rate is a measurement of the
energy used in a given period of time.?
Proteins are broken down into amino acids by ______.
enzymes
G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility.
gastrin
The presence of food in the stomach triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates the contraction of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve the release of
gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion.
The digestive organs collectively make up the ______.
gastrointestinal tract alimentary canal digestive tract
Enteroendocrine cells of the lower part of the small intestine produce the hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and
glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP).
The area of the brain that provides the primary control of body temperature is the
hypothalamus.
The most anteriorly placed permanent teeth are called ______.
incisors
An increase in thyroid hormone levels will cause a(n) ______ in body temperature.
increase
In response to low body temperature, thyroid hormone secretion may __________ to help generate heat through an increased metabolic rate.
increase
The muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle immediately deep (external) to the
lamina propria of the mucosa.
The cecum, colon, and rectum are parts of the ______.
large intestine
Which organ is responsible for the elimination of wastes in the form of feces?
large intestine
Ingested nutrients spend at least ______ hours in the small intestine as chemical digestion and absorption are completed.
12
From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of ______ feet and a diameter of ______ inches.
5; 2.5
A deficiency in vitamin _____ may result in night blindness as well as dry, flaky skin.
A
Which vitamin is a precursor molecule for the formation of visual pigments?
A
citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid.
The ___ state includes the time from which you eat a meal until the time you absorb the nutrients and generally lasts about four hours.
Blank 1: absorptive or digestive
The roots of the teeth fit tightly into dental ___ , which are sockets within the alveolar processes of both the maxillae and the mandible.
Blank 1: alveoli or alveolus
Your __ metabolic rate is the amount of energy your body uses at rest.
Blank 1: basal or resting
The total metabolic rate is calculated by adding the ___ metabolic rate to the metabolism rate to the metabolism required for physical activity.
Blank 1: basal, resting, or base
The liver is covered by a ___ tissue capsule and a layer of ___ peritoneum, except for a small region on its diaphragmatic surface called the bare area.
Blank 1: connective Blank 2: visceral
The superior esophageal sphincter is closed during inhalation of air, so that air doesn't enter the ___ and enters the ___ and trachea instead.
Blank 1: esophagus Blank 2: larynx
The large intestine originates at the ___ junction and terminates at the anus.
Blank 1: ileocecal
The three divisions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and
Blank 1: ileum
Immediately posterolateral to the lateral ___ are the canine teeth, which have a pointed tip for puncturing and tearing food
Blank 1: incisors or incisor
The digestive system includes the organs that ___ the food, transport the ingested material, digest the material into smaller usable components,___ the necessary digested nutrients into the bloodstream, and expel the waste products from the body.
Blank 1: ingest or intake Blank 2: absorb, transport, or distribute
The ability to change one type of nutrient biomolecule into another is known as
Blank 1: interconversion
The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped sac that occupies the ___ upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the ___ .
Blank 1: left Blank 2: diaphragm or esophagus
The hard palate is formed by the ___ processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the ___ bones.
Blank 1: palatine Blank 2: palatine
While you are sleeping, your body must rely on stored nutrients in order to maintain homeostasis, so you are in the
Blank 1: postabsorptive or resting
The six essential nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins, water, and
Blank 1: proteins
Mastication is the process whereby material is chewed by the ___ in the ___ cavity.
Blank 1: teeth, dentition, or dentitia Blank 2: oral
Which phase of digestion involves the thought, smell, and sight of food?
Cephalic phase?
Muscle cramps are associated with a deficiency in
Chloride?
_________ is a hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which are metabolic functions of the liver?
Detoxification, Carbohydrate metabolism, and Lipid metabolism
Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?
Duodenum - jejunum - ileum
electron transport system
Energy in NADH and FADH2 is used to make ATP.
Which peritoneal fold attaches the liver to the anterior internal body wall?
Falciform ligament
Which is a category of vitamins?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble
Which of the following is considered to be one of the primary digestive system hormones?
Gastrin?
Parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce
HCl (hydrochloric acid).
Where are the transverse palatine folds located?
Hard palate?
Which of the following is an accessory digestive organ?
Liver
What material is transported in the sinusoids of the liver?
Mixed arterial and venous blood?
In 2011, the USDA created ________ to replace the food pyramid.
MyPlate
Recommended daily allowances were established by the Food and Nutrition board as directed by the
National Academy of Sciences.?
Which is not a lobe of the liver?
Round lobe
Which of the following statements is true about teeth?
The root is covered by cementum. The outer surface of enamel forms the crown of a tooth. The primary component of teeth is dentin.
True or false: All minerals are obtained from the diet.
True
vegetarian
a person who does not eat meat
If you have breakfast at 7 AM, your body is in the ______ state until 11 AM.
absorptive
Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver from building blocks of
acetyl CoA.
A person's BMR is influenced by which of the following?
age gender body surface area
All of the following are associated with a deficiency in calcium, except
anemia.?
Incisors are the most ______ placed teeth.
anteriorly
Lacteals
are found only in the large intestine. absorb the products of fat digestion. secrete intestinal juice. connect directly to the liver.
If you don't eat for 12 hours then rest comfortably at room temperature, the amount of energy your body is using is your ______.
basal metabolic rate
The liver's main function in digestion is the production of ______.
bile
Fe
binds oxygen in hemoglobin, binds electrons in the ETS
Minerals serve many functions in the human body including which of the following?
blood clotting binding oxygen generation of an action potential
The most important factor affecting a person's basal metabolic rate is their ______.
body surface area
Cellulose is a type of __________ from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber and aids in the movement of material through the tract.
carbohydrate
Milk is a source of lactose, which is a
carbohydrate
Disaccharides are one type of
carbohydrate.
The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the
cardiac sphincter.
Motility and secretion in the stomach is generated by the __________ reflex initiated by thought, smell, sight, or taste of food.
cephalic
A sphincter ______ the lumen opening at some point along the GI tract, and in so doing it can help control the movement of materials through the GI tract.
closes off
Poultry is an example of ______ protein.
complete
The temperature of your head and torso is your _________ body temperature.
core
A tooth has an exposed ______, a constricted ______, and one or more roots that anchor it to the jaw.
crown; neck
The salivary glands collectively produce and secrete saliva, a fluid that assists in the initial activities of ______.
digestion
Lactose intolerant individuals cannot digest the _________ lactose because they lack the enzyme _________.
disaccharide; lactase?
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
does not eat flesh but does eat milk, eggs, and cheese
In which stage of cellular respiration is the energy carried by FADH2 and NADH converted into ATP?
electron transport system
Blood cholesterol levels can be lowered by
elimination of cholesterol in feces
A calorie is a measure of ______.
energy
Phenylalanine is an amino acid needed by the body and must be ingested through the diet. Therefore, this is an example of a(n) _____________ amino acid.
essential
Identify the cranial nerves associated with gastrointestinal tract motor output. Select all that apply.
facial glossopharyngeal vagus
Completion of all carbohydrate digestion occurs only in the small intestine with enzymes secreted from the pancreas.
false
The muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer.
false
True or false: Cholesterol is found primarily in plant-based products.
false
True or false: Our body can synthesize most of the needed vitamins and minerals.
false
The __________ are considered the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.
fauces
Cellulose is a type of ______.
fiber
In the MyPlate guide, half the plate should consist of
fruits and vegetables
On the USDA MyPlate, one-half of the plate is taken up by ______.
fruits and vegetables
Total metabolic rate is ______ than basal metabolic rate.
higher
Cholecystokinin is a(n) _________ released by the _________.
hormone; small intestine
The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the action of
hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Lipids are ______ molecules.
hydrophobic
Mastication ______ the surface area of ingested food.
increases
When an individual is exposed to cold temperatures, total metabolic rate
increases.
Bacteria within the large intestine, some of which produce vitamins, are called __________ bacteria.
indigenous?
I
integral part of thyroid hormone
If someone is on a high protein, low carb diet (such as the Atkins diet), how does their body ensure enough glucose still gets to the brain?
interconversion of protein to glucose
Within the abdomen, organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ________ organs.
intraperitoneal
The mineral __________ helps with thyroid hormone production and the maintenance of the normal metabolic rate. With a deficiency, an individual may develop a goiter and have a decrease in normal metabolism.
iodine
The mineral __________ is a component of hemoglobin and is involved in ATP production in the electron-transport system. A deficiency could equate to anemia, decreased oxygen transport, and energy loss.
iron
If you consume more cholesterol in your diet, your liver will respond by synthesizing ______ cholesterol.
less
Identify the essential nutrients.
lipids, water, and vitamins
Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of
lipids?
Drug detoxification is a function of the ______.
liver
What is the largest internal organ that has several hundred functions including bile production and serving as a glucose "bank"?
liver
The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is
low
Lipid molecules that are absorbed from the GI tract enter
lymphatic capillaries.
Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat ______.
meat
The amount of energy liberated in the body per unit of time, measured by a calorimeter, is called
metabolic rate.
The deciduous teeth are the _________ teeth, and there are a total of ____ deciduous teeth.
milk; 20?
According to MyPlate, you should consume ______ vegetables than fruits.
more
Your New Year's resolution is to drastically reduce the amount of cholesterol in your diet by eating less meat and more fruits and vegetables. After a few months, your liver will respond by producing ______ cholesterol.
more
Where is lingual lipase produced?
mouth
In 2011, the USDA replaced the food pyramid with ______ to help people see the proportions and types of foods they need to eat in order to stay healthy.
my Plate
Phosphatase is an enzyme that breaks down ______.
nucleic acids
An ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body is called a(n)
nutrient
monosaccharide
one
One of the metabolic functions of the liver is transamination, which is conversion of
one amino acid form to another.
The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the
oral cavity.
Metabolic rate can be measured with a respirometer that measures
oxygen consumption in order to indirectly measure heat production and energy expenditure.
The superior boundary of the oral cavity is formed by the hard and soft ______.
palates
The accessory organs of the lower GI tract include the liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme
pancreatic lipase.
Between the partietal and visceral peritoneum is the thin
peritoneal cavity.
The superior esophageal sphincter is also called the ______ sphincter.
pharyngoesophageal
The USDA now uses an image of a ______ to visually show the proportions of each food type that should be in a healthy diet.
plate
Starch is an example of a _______.
polysaccharide
The time between meals, when your body is relying on stored nutrients, is the ______ state.
postabsorptive
Which are functions of the liver?
production of clotting proteins storing glucose production of bile
Because lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in blood, they must be transported throughout the body bound to a(n) ______.
protein
Meat, dairy products, poultry, fish, beans, and nuts are all good sources of what nutrient?
protein
Chemical digestion of ______ begins in the stomach.
protein and fat
Zn
protein synthesis wound healing
Which nutrient is a good source of nitrogen?
proteins
The central cavity of a tooth is filled with
pulp
The liver lies in the ______ upper quadrant of the abdomen, immediately inferior to the ______.
right; diaphragm
The palate forms the ______ of the mouth.
roof
An increased secretion of watery saliva will result when the
salivary nuclei of the brainstem activate parasympathetic pathways to salivary glands.
Milk and cheese are sources of ______ fatty acids.
saturated
Digestive reflexes that do not involve the central nervous system but instead are local and occur only within the enteric nervous system are called ________ reflexes.
short
Identify the location of the absorption of the components of nucleic acids.
small intestine
Identify the location of the majority of triglyceride digestion.
small intestine
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ?
small intestine
The majority of nutrients are absorbed in the ______.
small intestine
The muscularis usually contains two layers of _____ muscle.
smooth
The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch is the
steroid receptor.?
An increase in metabolic rate would alter body temperature and trigger a compensatory
stimulation of sweat glands and vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.
Mastication is a process that facilitates
swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes
Core body temperature is the
temperature of the head and torso?
According to a particular cracker nutrition label, 2% of the daily value for total fat is present in a single serving of crackers. This daily value calculation is based off of
the recommended daily allowance.
Stenosis (constriction) of the hepatopancreatic ampulla would interfere with
the transport of bile and pancreatic juice.
Which hormone has the most profound effect on body temperature?
thyroid hormone
The ______ metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body including that needed for physical activity.
total
Our body requires only small amounts of _____ minerals.
trace
Our body requires only small amounts of what type of mineral?
trace
Iron is considered a
trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required daily in the diet.?
Fats and oils are dietary sources of ______.
triglycerides
Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be stored in the body in the form of
triglycerides.
A nonvegetarian is able to receive all essential amino acids through animal meat, fish, and eggs.
true
Of the two metabolic states experienced by the body, the fed (absorptive) state is the period immediately after a meal, when nutrients are taken in through the intestinal wall into the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
true
disaccharide
two
An amine group that is removed from an amino acid within a hepatocyte is then
used to form a peptide bond between a protein and a lipid.
Extending inferiorly from the posterior part of the soft palate is a conical median projection called the
uvula
If our body starts to get too cold, the hypothalamus will initiate which of the following?
vasoconstriction in the extremities shivering
If our body starts to get too warm, our hypothalamus stimulates the sweat glands and ______.
vasodilation
The USDA MyPlate includes which of the following categories of food?
vegetables, fruits, grains
When an individual is deficient of __________, he or she may have defective bone formation and poor wound healing (scurvy).
vitamin C
Organic molecules which are required for normal metabolism but are only present in small amounts in food are called ___.
vitamins
It is especially important to have a varied diet in order to ensure you meet your body's need for ______.
vitamins and minerals