semester 1 a&p final exam

how many different types of cells are there in the human body?

200

loud noise heard for too long will damage your hearing. for example, hearing a continuous noise at 90 dB decibels may damage hearing within how many hours?

8 hours

Your friend Marcos comes to you complaining of a very intense pain he felt as he pitched a baseball; he headed right over to you when it happened because of the intense pain. What's something you could look for or ask about to help him figure out if he has a muscle strain?

Are there any deformations, and does the location look flushed, hot, or puffy?

which physiologist(s) discovered that for cells to remain healthy, the fluid they are bathed in had to be balanced just right?

Claude Bernard

Imagine you were a neurologist, and you discovered that your patient experienced damage due to their brain not receiving necessary oxygen and nutrients; further examination indicates this was a result of a ruptured blood vessel. In their medical chart, you might enter this as:

G04.30 - Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, unspecified.

You're a forensic scientist who discovers a frozen body with a broken leg. There's highly visible bruising around the fracture site. What could you safely estimate about the length of time between the leg breaking and the time of death?

The victim died within a few days of breaking their leg.

what is a good example of homeostasis?

a corpse preserved at "absolute zero" temperature

what causes most of the deterioration we experience as we enter old age?

a slowdown in cellular reproduction

which type of neuron emerges from the skin or sense organs that carries messages, or impulses, toward the spinal cord and brain?

afferent (sensory) nerves

memorizing all the bones in your body is _____; understanding how food is digested in your body is:

anatomy; physiology

your lungs are ____ to your spinal column

anterior

Which nervous system component would prevent people from experiencing the effects of illicit drugs if the component was better able to filter small molecules?

astrocytes

the _____ collects sound waves and directs them to the auditory canal

auricle

atoms are to molecules as:

bricks are to walls

In the first step of the sliding filament theory, which electrolyte is released to activate the muscle fibers?

calcium ions

what is an example of an accurate representation of the level or organization of the body, from smallest to largest

carbon atom, blood cell, heart tissue, heart

______ is striated, involuntary muscle.

cardiac

what is the smallest structural unit in the human body that contains the basic characteristics of living things?

cells

macromolecules represent which level of organization in the body?

chemical

What muscle most directly contributes to breathing?

diaphragm

protein molecules floating in a cell naturally move out of it when there is a higher concentration of protein in a cell than outside of it. This equalization of these molecules is an example of which process?

diffusion

Muscles can be described as:

distributed across both the appendicular and axial areas of the body.

Sensory information is brought into the spinal cord through the _____, and sensory information is carried from the spinal cord via the _______.

dorsal nerve root; ventral nerve root

what can you do to help prevent and relieve muscle cramps?

drink water and take deep breaths

which of the following projections represents an area where bones would be stacked together, as opposed to just connected to muscles?

facet

Fundamentally, you can think of your muscular system as "at rest" or inactive when you are just sitting, breathing, sleeping and so on and "active" when you are walking, running and so on.

false

Muscle strains are most common in older people, whose muscle mass has decreased over time.

false

The spinal cord is the largest organ in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

false

blinking your eyes is an autonomous reaction that doesn't require a signal from your brain

false

compact bone tissue is found on the inside of the bone

false

muscle cramps are fundamentally an issue at the tissue level of organization due to an imbalance in the amounts of epithelial and connective tissues.

false

positive feedback mechanisms tend to produce effects that maintain homeostasis

false

thanks to modern technology, students across the globe no longer use physical cadavers as gross anatomy classes exclusively use virtual-reality type systems.

false

the internal environment of the cell refers to the cytoplasm inside a cell's membrane

false

the thoracic and abdominal cavities are the largest body compartments.

false

when a non-diabetic person eats a candy bar, their pancreas produces blood glucose to balance out the sudden increase in insulin

false

ribosomes are to the RER as:

gas stations are to a highway.

An embryo's skeletal system begins as:

hyaline cartilage.

which bone is part of the axial skeleton?

hyoid

a condition in which the focal point is beyond the retina because the eyeball is shorter is called

hyperopia

which organ system covers the most surface area of a body?

integumentary

As you age, your hip bones go through:

intramembranous ossification

which of the following is true about fibromyalgia?

it is a collection of symptoms (syndrome)

tears are secreted by

lacrimal glands

your ear is ____ to your brain

lateral

which of the following is most similar to a crest?

line

which cell component is most connected to your immune system?

lysosomes

If your _____ failed, your heart would no longer beat on its own.

medulla oblongata

gametes, unlike most other human cells, replicate through _____

meiosis

If you could invent a synthetic myelin, what disease might you be able to functionally cure?

multiple sclerosis

while the human heart is mostly ____ tissue to help it contract, it is part of the ____ system because it transports oxygen and blood through the body.

muscle; circulatory

another name for a nerve cell?

neuron

Which two sensory nerves or cells are primarily stimulated by chemoreceptors?

olfactory and gustatory

Most points of connection between your muscle and shinbone would be expected to be:

origins.

If you were a house, the basic frame of the house around which your walls were built is most similar to which type of bone cell?

osteocyte

which symptom would most likely be a result of decay in connective tissue?

pain in your joints

______ is the study of the functions of the body and its parts

physiology

we understand why being afraid causes "goosebumps" because of the study of:

physiology

supinate means

placing on the back

What function is shared by both the skeletal system and the muscular system?

protecting vital organs

Your friend Enrique was skateboarding without a helmet and suffered a head injury that has left him with altered visual perception. Where in his head was he most likely damaged?

rear of head

You look at a nerve cell under a microscope and see something that looks like a tiny tree stretching outwards. What function does this part of the cell perform?

receives stimuli that is sent to the body and axon

Most bone development after the age of 18 is considered:

remodeling

What organ systems can require mechanical aid to function day to day for patients with certain kinds of muscular dystrophy?

respiratory and cardiovascular

which of the following would be categorized as a recreational injury?

rotator cuff disease

if you look at the profile of a person's body, which body plane would say you are looking at?

sagittal

you touch a stinging nettle and feel a pain in your hand. what part of the body control mechanism is represented by your hand generating a signal of pain?

sensor mechanism

what part of your arm is most proximal?

shoulder

the type of muscle that is attached the skeleton is ________.

skeletal

what is the most visible type of epithelial tissue on the human body?

skin

Which type of muscle can hold a contraction longest?

smooth

Eccentric contraction is to concentric contraction as:

stretching is to shrinking

the heart is ____ to the stomach

superior

when describing directions on the body, the starting point is:

the anatomical position

if a human cell was a bowl of chicken noodle soup, what part would be the cytoplasm?

the broth the noodles float in

which analogy most closely represents the number of cells in an average-sized adult human?

the number of grains of sand on a fairly large beach

if a person is extremely stressed by the behavior of a colleague, this would mean what?

the sympathetic system is dominant

what is a major orienting region for the abdominal cavity?

the umbilical region

when a neuron membrane is "at rest," which of the following is true?

there are large amounts of potassium (K+) ions in the cell

which of the following statements is true about osteoporosis?

there is low bone mass and structural deterioration

types of stem cells

totipotent: each cell can develop into a new individual. example: cells of embryo of 1-3 days. pluripotent: each cell can form any cell type (over 200), except those needed as a fetus. example: cells of a blastocyst 5-14 days. multipotent: cells differentiate and can form a number of tissue types. example: fetal tissue, cord blood, adult cells.

Imagine looking at a woven wicker basket. Which structure does the pattern most resemble?

trabeculae

you observe a person standing behind a waist-high table. the table, from your perspective, is dividing the person along which plane?

transverse

Bones aren't completely rigid; they're actually strong yet spongy

true

DNA is stored in the cell nucleus

true

Inside your eye are two kinds of sensory nerves, shaped like spheres and pyramids, which variously distinguish dim light and motion or color and fine detail.

true

Osteoporosis is more likely to occur among women because of the effects of menopause

true

The heart is so strong that each pump is distributing blood to the proximal ends of your fingers and toes as well as your vital organs

true

True muscle strains are actually quite rare; what we colloquially refer to as muscle strains are usually cramps, spasms, knots in the muscle, and delayed soreness.

true

an organ is a part of the body composed of two or more tissue types and is designed to perform at least one specific physiological function.

true

on most of your body, your most superficial organ is your skin

true

one popular method of describing the abdomen involves terms like iliac, lumbar, epigastric, and hypochondriac.

true

physiologists work to understand how the body operates under normal conditions and how the body adapts to survive under unstable conditions

true

systematic anatomy focuses on the study of each of the body systems separately.

true

what separates the outer and middle ear?

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Which bone helps produce and repair blood cells the most?

upper leg bone

what is an example of something studied on the molecular level (as opposed to the atomic level)?

water

Muscle strains most often are located:

where the muscle meets the tendon

the prefix a- means:

without

Bursitis can be inferred to be a disease that might affect

your knees, elbows, shoulders, and so on