Set 3 : hyperbole - loose sentence

invective example

"A knave, a rascal, an eager of broken meats; a base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy worsted-stocking knave, a lily-livered, action-taking, whoreson, glass-gazing, super-serviceable, finical rogue..."

synecdoche examples

"Farmer Joes has two hundred head of cattle (whole cattle), and three hired hands (whole people)." "If we had some wheels (whole vehicle), I'd put on my best threads (clothes) and ask for Jane's hand (hopefully her whole person) in marriage."

idiom example

"I got chewed by my coach."

hyperbole example

"Principle Skinner: The things you don't know would fill a whole library and leave room for a few pamphlets."

metonymy example

"The pen is mightier than the sword." (pen = thoughts, sword = military action)

generalization

a claim based upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable.

idiom

a common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.

metonymy

a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. the substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.

hyperbole

a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. often, hyperbole produces irony.

metaphor

a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful

imagery example

a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection.

synecdoche

a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part.

loose sentence (cumulative sentence)

a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. it makes its major point at the beginning and then adds subordinate phrases and clauses that develop or modify the point. the opposite of a loose sentence is the periodic sentence.

invective

an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language

genre examples

autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing

loose sentence examples

it could end at one or more points before it actually does, as the periods in brackets illustrate in the following example: "it went up(.), a great ball of fire about a mile in diameter(.), an elemental force freed from its bonds(.) after being chained for billions of years." a work containing many loose sentences may seem informal, relaxed, or conversational, or repetitive structurally. however, they can also be crafted into rhythmically pleasing structures. john f. kennedy, for example, began his 1961 inaugural address with a loose sentence: "We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change."

sweeping generalization

occurs when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of some.

irony/ironic

the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. the difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. in general, there are three major types of irony used in language. (1) in a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) in situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. what the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) in dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.

genre

the major category into which a literary work fits. however, a genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. for example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc.)

imagery

the sensory details or figurative language used to describe, around emotion, or represent abstractions. on a physical level, imagery uses terms relayed to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. on a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. an author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. in addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work.

homily

this term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.

inference/infer

to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. when a mc question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. if an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. you must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.

juxtaposition

when two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.