Set 7,8
A cathartic is a a. strong laxative. b. drug that induces vomiting. c. device to measure skinfold thickness. d. device to measure the amount of intra-abdominal fat.
a
A feature of catabolic reactions is that they a. involve release of energy. b. occur only in mitochondria. c. involve consumption of energy. d. occur only during loss of body weight.
a
A graph of the relationship between mortality (Y or vertical axis) and body mass index is shaped like a(n) a. J. b. S. c. backslash. d. inverted U.
a
A person said to have acetone breath most likely has the condition known as a. ketonemia. b. feasting syndrome. c. acetyl CoA toxicity. d. carbohydrate overload.
a
A person who eats in response to arousal is most likely experiencing a. stress eating. b. sensory influences. c. physiological influences. d. postabsorptive influences.
a
A person who exhibits a physiological need to eat is most likely experiencing the sensation of a. hunger. b. appetite. c. stress eating. d. neuropeptide Y suppression.
a
A person with fruity odor on the breath demonstrates evidence of metabolic a. ketosis. b. alkalosis. c. transamination. d. anaerobic breakdown.
a
After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to a. removal of its amino group. b. removal of its carboxyl group. c. hydrolysis of its peptide bond. d. condensation of its peptide bond.
a
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body? a. Glycogen b. Fatty acids c. Amino acids d. Triglycerides
a
All of the following may serve as precursors for oxaloacetate synthesis EXCEPT a. fat. b. starch. c. glucose. d. protein.
a
Among the following, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger? a. Apples b. Peanuts c. Doughnuts d. Potato chips
a
An index of a person's weight in relation to height is called a. body mass index. b. height to weight index. c. ideal body weight index. d. desirable body weight index.
a
Which of the following defines a moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized woman? a. Up to 1 drink b. Up to 2 drinks c. Up to 3 drinks d. Up to 5 drinks
a
Which of the following does NOT decrease the metabolic rate? a. Fever b. Fasting c. Sleeping d.Malnutrition
a
Which of the following is NOT a known health risk for being underweight? a. Diabetes b. Infertility in women c. Giving birth to unhealthy infants d. Increased cancer-induced wasting
a
Which of the following is NOT a possible fate of metabolized glucose? a. Urea b. Acetyl CoA c. Amino acids d. Muscle glycogen
a
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of metabolic syndrome? a. Low blood glucose b. Low HDL cholesterol c. Elevated blood pressure d. High blood triglycerides
a
Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of anorexia nervosa? a. In those who recover, energy intakes return to normal b. Treatment with prescription drugs plays only a limited role c. It has one of the highest mortality rates among psychiatric disorders d.Only one-half of women who are treated can maintain body weight at a near healthy level
a
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of glycolysis? a. It is irreversible b. It generates ATP c. It occurs in the absence of oxygen d. It generates two molecules of pyruvate for each molecule of glucose
a
Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol use? a. Ingestion of alcohol cools the body b. Alcohol stimulates the appetite in most people c. Since alcohol is legal, it is not classified as a drug d. Intake of alcohol along with raw seafood reliably prevents hepatitis
a
Which of the following is a characteristic of amenorrhea? a. It induces prolonged bone loss b. It is a risk factor for women with bulimia c. It is a normal adaptation to strenuous physical training d. It is precipitated by high serum estrogen concentrations
a
Which of the following is a characteristic of ketosis? a. It may lead to a lowering of blood pH b. It leads to increased appetite in most individuals c. It may be alleviated quickly by ingestion of some dietary fat d. It is a necessary physiological adjustment for maximum weight loss
a
Which of the following is a characteristic of the metabolism of specific macronutrients? a. The rate of fat oxidation does not change when fat is eaten in excess b. The rate of protein oxidation does not change when protein is eaten in excess c. The rate of glucose oxidation does not change when carbohydrate is eaten in excess d. The conversion of dietary glucose to fat is the major pathway of carbohydrate utilization
a
Which of the following is a consequence of losing excess body weight? a. It reverses atherosclerosis b. It lowers HDL-cholesterol c. It increases insulin resistance d. It raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue
a
Which of the following is a feature of ethanol metabolism? a. It increases gastric acid output b. It decreases activity of the MEOS c. It decreases secretion of gastric histamine d. It increases secretion of antidiuretic hormone
a
Which of the following is a feature of the body mass index? a. It correlates with disease risks b. It decreases by 1 unit for every 10 years of life c. It provides an estimate of the fat level of the body d. It is defined as the person's height divided by the square of the weight
a
How does excess carbohydrate intake contribute to obesity? a. It is efficiently converted to storage fat b. It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat c. It stimulates glucagon release, resulting in inhibition of fatty acid oxidation d. It stimulates pancreatic lipase secretion, which results in higher dietary fat absorption
b
Intra-abdominal fat is the same as a. waist fat. b. visceral fat. c. lipid profile fat. d.subcutaneous fat.
b
What term best describes a failure of the body's cells to respond to secretion of insulin? a. Central obesity b. Insulin resistance c. Thyroid insufficiency d. Hypothalamic impedance
b
When a balanced diet is consumed, approximately what percentage of the body's energy expenditure is furnished by amino acids? a. 1 to 5 b. 10 to 15 c. 25 to 35 d. 50 to 65
b
When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is fat? a. 5 lbs b. 7.5 lbs c. 9.5 lbs d. 10 lbs
b
Which of the following accounts for the higher energy density of a fatty acid compared with the other energy-yielding nutrients? a. Fatty acids have a lower percentage of hydrogen-carbon bonds b. Fatty acids have a greater percentage of hydrogen-carbon bonds c. Other energy-yielding nutrients have a lower percentage of oxygen-carbon bonds d. Other energy-yielding nutrients undergo fewer metabolic reactions, thereby lowering the energy yield
b
Which of the following are all used to compute a woman's BMR? a. Body fat, height, and age b. Body weight, height, and age c. Physical activity level, body weight, and height d. Energy intake, physical activity level, and body weight
b
Which of the following compounds CANNOT be formed from fatty acids? a. Ketones b. Glucose c. Acetyl CoA d. Carbon dioxide
b
Which of the following controls a person's maximum rate of alcohol catabolism? a. Breathing rate b. Activity of alcohol dehydrogenase c. Gastric acetaldehyde dehydrogenase d. Activity of the electron transport chain
b
Which of the following defines a coenzyme? a. A unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP b. An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme c. The small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants d. An inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors
b
Which of the following defines a moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized man? a. Up to 1 drink b. Up to 2 drinks c. Up to 3 drinks d. Up to 5 drinks
b
Which of the following defines central obesity? a. Accumulation of fat during the mid-years of life b. Storage of excess fat around the trunk of the body c. Overfatness due to a large number of interacting behavioral problems d. Overfatness due to reliance on high-fat foods as a central part of the diet
b
Which of the following describes an association between body weight and mortality? a. Obesity is the fourth leading cause of premature death b. Overweight men who are physically fit have a lower mortality risk than normal-weight, unfit men c. Normal-weight men who are physically unfit have a similar mortality risk versus normal-weight fit men d. The amount of weight gain in adulthood that is not associated with increased mortality is 20 pounds or less
b
Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells? a. Digestion b. Metabolism c. Absorption d. Catabolism
b
Which of the following dietary components CANNOT be used to synthesize and store glycogen? a. Lactose b. Animal fats c. Wheat starch d. Plant protein
b
Which of the following diets promotes the greatest loss of body heat? a. High fat, low protein b. High protein, low fat c. High carbohydrate, low fat d. Balanced protein, fat, and carbohydrate
b
Which of the following does NOT typically decrease in starvation? a. Metabolic rate b. Mental alertness c. Immune function d. Body temperature
b
Which of the following functions is(are) first to be affected when a person begins to drink alcohol? a. Speech and vision b. Judgment and reasoning c. Voluntary muscle control d. Respiration and heart function
b
Which of the following is NOT a basic unit derived from food? a. Glycerol b. Starches c. Fatty acids d. Amino acids
b
Which of the following is NOT a common behavior of people afflicted with muscle dysmorphia? a. Use of dietary supplements b. Use of cathartics and emetics c. Consumption of high-protein diets d. Weight training for hours at a time
b
Which of the following is NOT a product from the electron transport chain pathway? a. CO2 b. Urea c. Water d. Energy
b
Which of the following is NOT a typical external cue that may cause an obese person to respond to food? a. TV commercials b. Outdoor exercises c. Availability of food d. "Time of day" patterns
b
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation? a. It increases the risk for obesity by 50% b. It is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome c. It is commonly found in people with a BMI less than 24 d. It enhances insulin sensitivity leading to periodic bouts of hypoglycemia
b
Which of the following is a possible metabolic reaction in the cell? a. Pyruvate to urea b. Lactate to pyruvate c. Acetyl CoA to pyruvate d. Carbon dioxide to glycerol
b
Which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction? a. Glucose formation from glycerol b. Pyruvate formation from glucose c. Albumin formation from amino acids d. Palmitic acid formation from acetate
b
Which of the following leads to the production of urea? a. Oxidation of glucose b. Oxidation of amino acids c. Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids d. Synthesis of protein from amino acids
b
Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose? a. Cori cycle, TCA cycle, glycolysis b. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain c. Electron transport chain, TCA cycle, Cori cycle d. TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
b
Which of the following represents an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food? a. The increase in heat given off when the food is burned b. Quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned c. Quantity of carbon dioxide consumed when the food is burned d. The increase in heat retained by the food when it is slowly brought to 100° C
b
All of the following are typical characteristics of amenorrhea EXCEPT a. infertility. b. bone mineral loss. c. muscle dysmorphia. d. low blood estrogen.
c
Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate? a. Females b. Older individuals c. Younger individuals d. People with smaller surface areas
c
Approximately how many kcalories from ethanol are contained in one standard drink of vodka or rum? a. 25 b. 50 c. 100 d. 200
c
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose? a. 4 b. 9 c. 32 d. 130
c
Approximately what percentage of alcohol in the body is eliminated via the urine and breath? a. 1 b. 2 c. 10 d. 25
c
Approximately what percentage of all traffic fatalities involves alcohol? a. 5 b. 25 c. 40 d. 75
c
Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk? a. Take steps to raise his LDL and lower his HDL b. Consider liposuction surgery for removing extra abdominal fat c. Lose weight as this can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure d. Obtain genetic testing to determine the exact percent chance of developing cardiovascular disease
c
Elizabeth has been fasting for 4 days in observance of her religious beliefs. You note that her breath smells "fruity." This is most likely due to a. her intake of religious wafers. b. her intake of dilute fruit juices. c. her body's shift to a state of ketosis. d. her body's switch to a lipogenic state.
c
Glycolysis is the conversion of a. glycogen to fat. b. glycogen to protein. c. glucose to pyruvate. d. glucose to glycogen.
c
How many acetyl CoA molecules may be obtained from oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid? a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 18
c
If a normal 30-year-old woman has a daily energy expenditure of 2200 kcalories, what would be her expected output when she reaches 60 years of age? a. 1210 kcal b. 1450 kcal c. 1885 kcal d. 2275 kcal
c
If a person consumes 100 kcalories in excess of energy needs from table sugar, approximately how many of the kcalories are stored in the body? a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100
c
If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? a. Fatty acids b. Acetyl CoA c. Amino acids d. Carbon dioxide
c
In an adult who gains 20 pounds of excess body weight, about how much of this is lean tissue? a. 0 lbs b. 2 lbs c. 5 lbs d. 10 lbs
c
In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink? a. 15 minutes b. 30 minutes c. 1 hour d. 2 hours
c
Inflammation is characterized by an increase in a. adipocytes. b. stress eating. c. immune cells. d. subcutaneous fat stores.
c
What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight? a. Males are usually taller than females b. Females have lower levels of thyroid hormones c. Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass d. Females have a lower percentage of adipose tissue
c
What is the most satiating macronutrient? a. Fat b. Water c. Protein d. Carbohydrate
c
What is the percentage of ethanol in 120-proof scotch whiskey? a. 5 b. 30 c. 60 d. 95
c
What method is used to measure the amount of heat given off by the body? a. Bomb calorimetry b. Basal calorimetry c. Direct calorimetry d. Indirect calorimetry
c
What type of diet is associated with the development of ketosis? a. Low fat b. Low protein c. Low carbohydrate d. High carbohydrate
c
Which of the following CANNOT be used to make body proteins? a. Glucose b. Glycerol c. Fatty acids d. Amino acids
c
Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients? a. Lactate b. Glycogen c. Acetyl CoA d. Oxaloacetate
c
Which of the following describes the process of thermogenesis? a. Burning of fat b. Synthesis of fat c. Generation of heat d. Generation of water
c
Which of the following is NOT a known side effect of having insufficient fat stores? a. Infertility b. Clinical depression c. Elevated body temperature d. Abnormal hunger regulation
c
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic related to the fat content in food? a. High-fat foods are energy dense. b. Fat has a weak effect on satiation. c. Eating high-fat foods typically leads to underconsumption of kcalories. d. In the small intestine fat triggers release of a hormone that inhibits food intake.
c
Which of the following is NOT among the functions of the liver? a. Synthesis of urea b. Synthesis of glycogen c. Production of red blood cells d. Conversion of fructose to fatty acids
c
Which of the following is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat? a. It is more common in women than men b. It has been proven to be a poorer indicator of degenerative diseases than the BMI c. Some (but not all) research suggests that it is more harmful than fat in other locations d.It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes in men but not in women
c
Which of the following is a characteristic of lactate production by muscle cells? a. It occurs only during intense exercise b. When rapid it causes muscle fatigue c. The lactate produced may eventually be used by the liver for glucose production d, It lowers pH of the muscle cell, thereby lowering muscle performance
c
Which of the following is a characteristic of people with anorexia nervosa? a. Most are aware of their condition and seek treatment b. Fewer than 200 women die each year from the disease c. Among those who are treated, many relapse into abnormal eating patterns d. During initial treatment, metabolism slows and appetite increases but thereafter subsides
c
Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism? a. Little or no oxygen is consumed b. Lactic acid is a major byproduct c. Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism d. Pyruvate is converted to glucose by reverse glycolysis to yield a net of 2 ATPs
c
Which of the following is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? a. Fever decreases the BMR b. Fasting increases the BMR c. Pregnancy increases the BMR d. Females have a higher BMR than males on a body weight basis
c
Which of the following is a possible fate of acetyl CoA? a. Degradation to urea b. Synthesis to glycerol c. Synthesis to fatty acids d. Degradation to ammonia
c
Which of the following is a significant factor associated with interpretation of body composition values? a. The values include fat and protein but not water b. It is rare that sedentary, normal-weight people are overfat c. It is possible that muscular people may be classified as overweight d. Body composition can be accurately assessed by measuring body weight
c
Which of the following is characteristic of the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa? a. Binge eating usually occurs during the daytime b. Binge eating is frequently done at restaurant buffets c. Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting d. A binge eating episode is usually completed within 20 minutes
c
Which of the following is not a dietary recommendation for people with bulimia nervosa? a. Avoid skipping meals. b. Include fiber-rich foods. c. Eat cold foods to stimulate satiety. d. Avoid "finger" foods to minimize overeating.
c
Which of the following is the body's first response to the absorption of abundant amounts of carbohydrate? a. Catabolism of body fat b. Catabolism of glycogen c. Synthesis and storage of glycogen d. Synthesis and storage of triglycerides
c
According to much research, which of the following is a characteristic of excess body fat that is distributed primarily around the abdomen? a. It is related directly to exercise b. Its presence lowers the risk for diabetes c. It is less common in women past menopause d. It is associated with increased mortality for both sexes
d
Adverse side effects of typical low-carbohydrate diets include all of the following EXCEPT a. fatigue. b. nausea. c. constipation. d. high blood pressure.
d
Approximately how many ATP molecules are synthesized from the complete oxidation of a molecule of palmitic acid? a. 9 b. 27 c. 98 d. 129
d
Approximately how many kcal are contained in 3 ounces of 80-proof rum? a. 50 b. 100 c. 150 d. 200
d
Approximately what percentage of the weight of triglycerides CANNOT be converted to glucose? a. 70 b. 80 c. 90 d. 95
d
Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass? a. 0 b. 20 c. 35 d. 50
d
Which of the following is NOT a reason that an emotionally insecure person might overeat? a. To relieve boredom b. To ward off depression c. In preference to socializing d. To satisfy energy needs only
d
Which of the following is a characteristic associated with using weight measures to assess risk of disease? a. They are expensive to perform b. They are complicated to perform c. They are able to quantitate total body fat d. They cannot reveal fat distribution and central obesity
d
Which of the following is a common method used to assess body fat? a. Impedence densitometry b. Radioactive sodium count c. Bioelectric absorptiometry d. Air displacement plethysmography
d
Which of the following is a consequence of alcohol intake? a. The MEOS is suppressed b. Homocysteine production is reduced c. Water content of the blood is increased d. Antidiuretic hormone production is suppressed
d
Which of the following is a feature of anorexia nervosa? a. Often self-diagnosed b. Underestimating body fatness c. More frequent menstrual cycles in females d. Frequently results in a BMI less than 17
d
Which of the following is a feature of low-carbohydrate diets? a. Body glycogen stores are preserved b. Ketosis is evident within the first 1-2 days c. In the first few days, body fat loss exceeds water loss d. Overall body fat losses are about the same as with other diets
d
Which of the following is classified as a ketone body? a. Sorbitol b. Pyruvate c. Acetyl CoA d. Acetoacetate
d
Which of the following is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men? a. Women fast more often b. Women do not eat as much food with the alcohol c. Women consume more of their alcohol in sweetened drinks d. Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase
d
Which of the following is(are) best suited for slowing alcohol absorption? a. Not eating b. Protein snacks c. Caffeinated drinks d. Carbohydrate snacks
d
Which of the following nutrients can be made from compounds composed of 2-carbon skeletons? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Glycogen d. Fatty acids
d
Which of the following reactions is an example of an anabolic reaction? a. Pyruvate synthesis from glucose b. Acetyl CoA synthesis from cholesterol c. Carbon dioxide synthesis from citric acid d. Cholesterol synthesis from acetyl CoA molecules
d
Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her basal metabolic rate? a. She was mildly malnourished b. She slept through the procedure c. She was wearing shorts and a tank top d. She ate right before the measurement was done
d
_____ is second only to _____ in causing premature deaths. a. Underweight, obesity b. Tobacco, underweight c. Tobacco, obesity d. Obesity, tobacco
d
At what point is oxygen used in the electron transport chain? a. At the end b. At every step c. At the beginning d. When ATP is synthesized
a
Chronic excess alcohol intake leads to all of the following effects on folate EXCEPT a. the small intestine recycles more folate. b. the liver releases more folate into the blood. c. the kidneys excrete more folate via the urine. d. the small intestine absorbs less folate from the diet.
a
During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90% of the glucose needed to fuel the body? a. Protein b. Ketones c. Glycogen d. Triglycerides
a
How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis? a. Within 3 weeks b. Less than 2 weeks c. Between 5 and 6 weeks d. Between 2 and 3 months
a
In a triglyceride that contains 54 carbon atoms, how many can become part of glucose? a. 3 b. 9 c. 54 d. 108
a
In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates? a. Water and carbon dioxide b. Carbon, hydrogen, and urea c. Indigestible fiber and nitrogen d. Monosaccharides and amino acids
a
In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize a. carbohydrates only. b. fats and carbohydrates only. c. protein and carbohydrates only. d. fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
a
In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as a. heat. b. photons. c. carbon dioxide. d. electromagnetic radiation.
a
Jake is getting ready for spring training and is sitting down to a dinner of half a chicken, a rib-eye steak, black beans, and 5 slices of bacon. He has been eating typical dinners like this for about a month and has since gained 7 pounds, while exercising only briefly. When Jake asks why he doesn't see an increase in his biceps or abs, the proper response should be a. dietary protein alone does not contribute to muscle accretion. b. it takes at least 6 months to document changes in muscle accretion. c. the weight he has gained can be attributed to a substantial increase in his protein stores. d. because muscle accretion only responds to very lean meat choices, he should eliminate the fatty bacon and steak from his diet to promote muscle gain.
a
Ketonemia is defined as an elevation of a. ketones in the blood. b. ketones in the urine. c. alpha-ketoglutarate in the blood. d. alpha-ketoglutarate in the urine.
a
When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more a. lactate. b. glucose. c. citric acid. d. fatty acids.
a
Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of a. fatty acids only. b. fatty acids and glucose only. c. fatty acids and fructose only. d. fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids.
a
The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of a. lactate and glucose. b. glucose and amino acids. c. pyruvate and citric acids. d. fatty acids and acetyl CoA.
a
The amount of ethanol in a typical "drink" is a. 0.5 ounce. b. 1 ounce. c. 1.5 ounces. d. 2 ounces.
a
The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which of the following foods would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger? a. Turkey b. Pecan pie c. Mashed potatoes d. Noodle casserole
a
The effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from a. fasting. b. feasting. c. lipogenesis. d. Cori cycling.
a
The feeling of satisfaction resulting from consumption of a meal is termed a. satiety. b. appetite. c. postabsorptive hunger. d. resting postabsorptive increment.
a
The first dietary objective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is to a. stop further weight loss. b. increase physical activity. c. decrease physical activity. d. eat foods with higher fiber content.
a
The hydrolysis of ATP that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of a. coupled reactions. b. tandem cleavages. c. metabolic couplings. d. high-energy processes.
a
There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man's waist circumference begins to exceed a. 40 inches. b. 45.5 inches. c. 50 inches. d. 52.5 inches.
a
To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which of the following is used in the equations? a. Weight b. Fat intake c. Surface area d. Fatfold thickness
a
What are the three most common eating disorders, in order from highest to lowest prevalence? a. Binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa b. Anorexia nervosa, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa c. Bulimia nervosa, binge eating, and anorexia nervosa d. Bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating
a
What is the approximate body mass index of a woman who is 5'5" and 125 lbs? a. 21 b. 26 c. 31 d. 36
a
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells? a. ATP b. Glucose c. Pyruvate d. A kcalorie
a
What is the median weekly number of alcoholic drinks consumed by college students? a. 1 1/2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 10
a
What is the minimum blood alcohol percentage that defines legal drunkenness in most states? a. 0.10 b. 0.20 c. 0.30 d. 0.40
a
What is the primary factor that differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge eating? a. Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder b. Higher rates of depression are reported in bulimia nervosa c. More food is consumed at one setting in binge-eating disorders d. Uncontrollable cravings for high-fat foods are seen only in bulimia nervosa
a
What minimum concentration of alcohol in the blood is usually fatal? a. 0.5% b. 1% c. 5% d. 50%
a
What organ is the major site for gluconeogenesis? a. Liver b. Brain c. Muscle d. Small intestine
a
What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis? a. Female athlete triad b. Triathlete medical disorder c. High stress tertiary disorder d. Nonadaptable training syndrome
a
What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules? a. Anabolic b. Catabolic c. Ergogenic d. Gluconeogenic
a
Which of the following CANNOT be formed from acetyl CoA molecules? a. Glucose b. Cholesterol c. Stearic acid d. Carbon dioxide
a
Which of the following is a feature of the electron transport chain? a. It captures energy in the high-energy bonds of ATP b. It pumps carbon dioxide across the mitochondrial membrane c. It is composed of a series of coenzymes that transfer electrons up a concentration gradient d. It combines oxygen from carbon dioxide with hydrogen generated from the splitting of water
a
Which of the following is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat? a. Excess fat is almost all stored b. Excess fat promotes increased fat oxidation c. Excess fat spares breakdown of body proteins d. Conversion of excess fat to storage fat is inefficient
a
Which of the following is characteristic of alcohol absorption? a. It is slowed when the stomach is full of food b. It is increased when high-fat snacks are eaten c. It is increased when carbohydrate snacks are eaten d. It is lower in women than in men of the same body weight
a
Which of the following is true regarding alcoholic beverages containing caffeine? a. The FDA has banned their sales b. The time to intoxication is slowed by the caffeine c. The presence of caffeine slows down consumption d. The caffeine slows the development of alcohol-induced impairment
a
Which of the following is used to supply some of the fuel needed by the brain only after the body has been fasting for a while? a. Ketones b. Glycerol c. Fatty acids d. Amino acids
a
Which of the following may be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by the body? a. Oxygen consumed b. Total air exchanged c. Intestinal gas expelled d. Carbon dioxide consumed
a
Your roommate Demetrius is participating in a weightlifting course and complains of a burning pain during workouts. You explain to Demetrius that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to a. lactate. b. glycerol. c. acetyl CoA. d. amino acids.
a
A feature of ketosis is that it a. occurs from lack of protein in the diet. b. occurs when fats are partially oxidized. c. results from excess acetoacetate in the diet. d. results from excess carbohydrate in the diet.
b
According to much research, in what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease? a. Neck b. Abdomen c. Hips and thighs d. Arms and shoulders
b
All of the following are characteristics of neuropeptide Y EXCEPT a. it stimulates appetite. b. it reduces fat storage. c. it is synthesized in the brain. d. it increases carbohydrate cravings.
b
All of the following are features of the metabolism of surplus dietary carbohydrate in human beings EXCEPT a. excess glucose suppresses fat oxidation. b. excess glucose is oxidized only very slowly. c. excess glucose is first used to fill glycogen reserves. d. conversion of excess glucose to fat occurs only to a very limited extent.
b
An aerobic reaction is one that requires a. alcohol. b. oxygen. c. nitrogen. d. ammonia.
b
An immediate consequence of a cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate is a slowing of a. glycolysis. b. the TCA cycle. c. lactate synthesis. d. ketone formation.
b
Approximately what fraction of people treated for anorexia nervosa show reasonable maintenance of their weight gain? a. 1/4 b. 1/2 c. 4/5 d. 9/10
b
Binge drinking is defined as the successive consumption of a. 1-2 drinks. b. 4-5 drinks. c. 6-9 drinks. d. more than 10 drinks.
b
Excess alcohol intake leads to a reduction in the synthesis rate of a. liver fat. b. liver glucose. c. ketone bodies. d. acetyl CoA molecules.
b
For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories? a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 15
b
High-fat foods stimulate the appetite because they a. are satiating. b. are flavorful. c. suppress salivary gland secretion. d. trigger the release of oxyntomodulin.
b
How are ketones formed? a. Condensation of lactic acid molecules b. Condensation of acetyl CoA molecules c. Hydrolysis of excess glycerol fragments d. Hydrolysis of excess pyruvate fragments
b
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a deficiency of a. folate. b. thiamin. c. antidiuretic hormone. d. alcohol dehydrogenase.
b
The health benefits of moderate alcohol intake occur in people _____ years of age and older. a. 21 b. 35 c. 55 d. 65
b
The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as a. pyrolysis. b. glycolysis. c. beta-oxidation. d. coupled reaction.
b
The weight of the body less the fat content is known as the a. cherubic index. b. lean body mass. c. body mass index. d. ideal body weight.
b
What is acetaldehyde? a. An intermediate in fatty acid synthesis b. An intermediate in alcohol metabolism c. The first product of fatty acid catabolism d. The TCA compound that combines with acetyl CoA
b
What is the approximate daily basal metabolism of a 110-pound woman? a. 500 kcal b. 1000 kcal c. 1500 kcal d. 2000 kcal
b
What is the approximate percent efficiency of conversion of food energy to ATP energy in the body? a. 20 b. 50 c. 80 d. 99
b
What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet? a. 25 kcal b. 250 kcal c. 400 kcal d. 500 kcal
b
What is the first stage of liver deterioration in heavy drinkers? a. Fibrosis b. Fatty liver c. Primary cirrhosis d. Failure of the MEOS pathway
b
What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol? a. Brain b. Liver c. Pancreas d. Digestive tract
b
What is the primary reason for not including the value for adaptive thermogenesis when calculating energy requirements? a. It is too costly to measure b. It is too variable to measure c. The value is too low to be meaningful d. The value is highly influenced by the dietary ratio of protein, fat, and carbohydrate
b
What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight men 20-39 years of age? a. 5-10% b. 18-21% c. 22-30% d. 32-40%
b
What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight women? a. 9-17% b. 23-34% c. 33-37% d. 38-44%
b
What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30% body fat and young men with 20% body fat? a. Obese b. Normal c. Mildly overweight d. Slightly underweight
b
What minimum concentration of blood alcohol leads to impaired judgment and increased heart rate? a. 0.01 b. 0.05 c. 0.10 d. 0.35
b
What organ is first to absorb alcohol after a person takes a drink? a. Colon b. Stomach c. Jejunum d. Duodenum
b
What percentage (by weight) of a triglyceride molecule can be converted to glucose? a. 0 b. 5 c. 50 d. 100
b
Why does use of the BMI overestimate the prevalence of obesity in the African-American population? a. Blacks have a higher average height than whites b. Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites c. Blacks tend to have different proportions of brown and white adipose tissue than whites d. The fat pads in blacks are situated primarily around the hips, whereas in whites the pads are primarily abdominal
b
With alcoholic beverages, the ratio of proof to alcohol percentage is a. 1:1. b. 2:1. c. 4:1. d. 8:1.
b
You are planning a diet for a hospitalized patient who cannot participate in physical activity because both of his legs are broken and he will be bedridden for 6 weeks. Which of the following would best assess the patient's energy expenditure? a. Body composition b. Basal metabolic rate c. Physical activity level d. Adaptive thermogenesis
b
Your middle-aged aunt says that she always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size husband, even though their alcohol intake is the same. You respond by saying to your aunt: a. "Men have greater amounts of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and so can oxidize the alcohol at a faster rate." b. "Women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and consequently absorb more of the alcohol into the bloodstream." c. "Men have greater amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the brain, resulting in reduced exposure of brain neurons to alcohol." d. "Women have less liver alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and so more alcohol is released into the systemic circulation."
b
A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed a. 24 inches. b. 28 inches. c. 35 inches. d. 42 inches.
c
A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below a. 12 b. 14 c. 17 d. 18.5
c
A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for the a. DNA. b. ribosomes. c. mitochondria. d. electron transport chains.
c
About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach? a. 30 minutes b. 1.5 hours c. 4 hours d. 8 hours
c
All of the following are features of the health risks associated with excessive body fat EXCEPT a. obesity is classified as a disease. b. obese women have elevated levels of estrogen. c. the risks are higher in black women than in white women. d. people with a BMI higher than 35 have a high risk of dying prematurely.
c
All of the following are features of using weight measures for the assessment of disease risk EXCEPT a. they are easy to administer. b. they are inexpensive to obtain. c. they reveal the location of excess body fat. d. they are predictive of risk of degenerative diseases.
c
What is the first product of fatty acid catabolism? a. Glycerol b. Pyruvate c. Acetyl CoA d. Triglycerides
c
Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5'5" tall and weighs 165 lbs. She calculated her BMI to be 27.5. She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much weight (lbs) must she lose? a. 21 b. 27 c. 33 d. 41
c
Of the total amount of carbohydrate energy consumed by the body, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells? a. 10 b. 30 c. 50 d. 90
c
One average-sized can of beer contains about the same amount of alcohol as a. 1/2 ounce of rum. b. 1/2 quart of wine. c. 1 1/2 ounces of vodka. d. 1 quart of wine cooler.
c
Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the a. stomach. b. arms and chest. c. hips and thighs. d. neck and shoulders.
c
The chemical structure of ethanol consists of a. 4 carbons and 1 keto acid. b. 6 carbons and 2 double bonds. c. 2 carbons and 1 hydroxyl group. d. 3 carbons and 2 carbonyl groups.
c
The desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake after consuming a very large meal is an example of behavior known as a. satiety. b. hunger. c. appetite. d. pigging out.
c
The formation of glycogen by the liver cell is an example of a. oxidation. b. glycolysis. c. anabolism. d. catabolism.
c
The major cause of insulin resistance is related to a. low-protein diets. b. high-protein diets. c. excess body weight. d. prolonged excess carbohydrate intake.
c
The metabolism of alcohol begins in the a. liver. b. brain. c. stomach. d. intestines.
c
To assess body composition, health-care professionals most often use BMI and a. skinfold thickness. b. hydrodensitometry. c. waist circumference. d. bioelectric impedence.
c
Visceral fat is stored chiefly a. around the thighs and neck. b. within the liver and spleen. c. around the abdominal organs. d. within subcutaneous adipocytes.
c
Waist circumference can best be used to assess a. BMI. b. total body water. c. abdominal fat stores. d. subcutaneous fat stores.
c
What fraction of the day's energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism? a. About 1/10 b. Up to 1/2 c. About 2/3 d. Over 9/10
c
What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods? a. Energy chamber b. Exothermic meter c. Bomb calorimeter d. Combustion chamber
c
What is an emetic? a. An appetite suppressant b. An inhibitor of intestinal lipase c. A substance that induces vomiting d. An over-the-counter weight loss product
c
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the body's higher metabolic efficiency of converting a molecule of corn oil into stored fat compared with a molecule of sucrose? a. The enzymes specific for metabolizing absorbed fat have been found to have higher activities than those metabolizing sucrose b. The absorbed corn oil is transported to fat cells at a faster rate than the absorbed sucrose, thereby favoring the uptake of corn oil fat c. There are fewer metabolic reactions for disassembling the corn oil and re-assembling the parts into a triglyceride for uptake by the fat cells d. Because corn oil has a greater energy content than sucrose, conversion of these nutrients into stored fat requires a smaller percentage of the energy from the corn oil
c
Which of the following may best explain the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female reproductive system? a. Obese women are more sedentary, which promotes cancer development b. The higher levels of body fat act as a reservoir of carcinogenic substances c. Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development d. The greater food consumption of obese women provides a higher intake of naturally-occurring carcinogens
c
Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy? a. ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP b. ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP c. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP d. ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP
c
Which of the following plays a major role in regulating the elimination of alcohol from the body? a. Lung respiratory rate b. Kidney antidiuretic hormone c. Liver alcohol dehydrogenase d. Brain acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
c
Which of the following products is NOT generated via the TCA cycle or electron transport chain? a. Water b. Energy c. Ammonia d. Carbon dioxide
c
Which of the following statements is NOT characteristic of alcohol metabolism? a. There are gender differences in the rate of breakdown b. The average person needs about two hours to metabolize two drinks c. Alcohol is metabolized by muscle and brain cells as well as by the liver d. The amount of alcohol in the breath is proportional to the amount in the blood
c
Each of the following is an association between type 2 diabetes and body fat EXCEPT a. people with the disease often have central obesity rather than lower-body obesity. b a woman who has gained 12 pounds since age 18 has doubled her risk of developing the disease. c. an obese person is 3 times more likely to develop the disease than is a nonobese individual. d. overweight people with the disease who lose weight show no improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.
d
Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of a. ketones. b. fructose. c. pyruvate. d. acetyl CoA.
d
If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has a. more body fat. b. stronger bones. c. stronger muscles. d. more muscle mass.
d
If a normal person expends 1200 kcalories while at rest, approximately how many are used by the brain? a. 40 b. 100 c. 200 d. 300
d
If a person consumes 100 kcalories in excess of energy needs from olive oil, approximately what percentage of the kcalories are stored in the body? a. 25 b. 45 c. 65 d. 95
d
Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28. Her body type could be described as "pear-like." John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is "apple-like." Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases? a. He is male b. He is older c. He weighs more d. He has central obesity
d
Jim is a 45 year old who eats fast food at least 3 times a week and smokes a pack of cigarettes each day. He just had a physical examination and was told that his body mass index is 24. In what category would Jim's BMI be classified? a. Obesity b. Overweight c. Underweight d. Healthy weight
d
Lillie has been losing weight by following a very-low-carbohydrate diet for 2 months. Her primary care physician just diagnosed ketosis through a urine sample. Which of the following symptoms would be another way the physician might have suspected ketosis in Lillie? a. Thinning hair b. Irritable temper c. Fishy body odor d. Fruity odor on breath
d
The amount of energy that the body derives from foods is known as the a. basal metabolism. b. food combustion value. c. bomb calorimetry value. d. physiological fuel value.
d
The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for a. fat. b. salt. c. protein. d. carbohydrate.
d
The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat, or carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of a. carbon. b. oxygen. c. nitrogen. d. hydrogen.
d
The site of lipid synthesis in the cell is the a. nucleus. b. Golgi bodies. c. mitochondria. d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
d
Typical foods chosen by a person with bulimia nervosa during a binge include all of the following EXCEPT a. bread. b. cookies. c. ice cream. d. vegetables.
d
What are the products from the complete oxidation of fatty acids? a. Urea and acetone b. Fatty acids and glycerol c. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen d. Water, carbon dioxide, and energy
d
What fraction of all domestic violence incidents involve alcohol use? a. 1/10 b. 1/5 c. 1/3 d. 2/3
d
What is MEOS? a. An advanced liver disorder b. A drug that inhibits alcohol absorption c. A waste product of alcohol metabolism d. A system of enzymes that oxidizes alcohol and drugs
d
What is the immediate fate of excess dietary protein in the body? a. Stored b. Reduced c. Oxidized d. Deaminated
d
What is the most common eating disorder in both males and females? a. Athlete triad b. Bulimia nervosa c. Anorexia nervosa d. Binge-eating disorder
d
What is the sequence of stages that brings about advanced liver disease caused by chronic alcohol toxicity? a. Fibrosis, gout, cirrhosis b. Fibrosis, cirrhosis, fat depletion c. Cirrhosis, fat accumulation, fibrosis d. Fat accumulation, fibrosis, cirrhosis
d
What term describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg? a. Febrile hyperthermia b. Physical hyperthermia c. Specific thermogenesis d.Adaptive thermogenesis
d
What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month? a. 0.5 lb b. 2 lbs c. 3 lbs d. 4 lbs
d
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat? a. Fat only b. Carbohydrate only c. Fat and carbohydrate only d. Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
d
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecules is a. stored as fat only. b. excreted in the feces. c. stored as amino acids only. d. stored as glycogen and fat.
d
Where do the TCA cycle reactions take place? a. Golgi b. Endoplasmic reticulum c. Nucleus of the mitochondria d. Inner compartment of the mitochondria
d
Which of the following CANNOT be formed from pyruvate in human beings? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Lactic acid d. Linoleic acid
d
Which of the following can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat? a. BMI b. Essential body fat c. Hydrodensitometry d. Waist circumference
d
Which of the following correctly identifies a specific food intake behavior? a. A physiological need to eat is called satiety b. A pleasurable desire for food is called hunger c. An intense feeling of hunger is called insatiable nervosa d. A desire to eat without feelings of hunger is called appetite
d
Which of the following describes an association between energy measurement and foods? a. Indirect calorimetry cannot be used to determine the energy value of alcohol b. A bomb calorimeter measures the amount of oxygen released when a food is oxidized c. Direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry of the same food rarely give similar values d. The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry
d
Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person? a. Fat b. Protein c. Amino acids d. Carbohydrate
d
Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate? a. Age b. Gender c. Amount of fat tissue d. Amount of lean body tissue
d
Which of the following hormones is most responsible for signaling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a meal? a. Gastrin b. Adipokines c. Neuropeptide Y d. Cholecystokinin
d
Which of the following is NOT a 3-carbon compound? a. Lactate b. Glycerol c. Pyruvate d. Acetyl CoA
d
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of satiety or satiation? a. Satiety suppresses hunger b. Satiation signals the cessation of eating c. Satiation develops as food enters the GI tract d. Satiety but not hunger may be overridden by stress
d