SEU 312 Chapter 8

Maria has excellent study habits. She seems to know just what to review and how long to spend on each part of every course. Maria is applying what type of knowledge?

Conditional

When we intentionally try to learn something new, we are involving what type of long-term memory?

Explicit memory

Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?

About 20 seconds

Compared to the behavioristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?

Active

The following statement is TRUE about the most recent version of the information processing system:

Attention plays a key role in the sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory.

Mr. Kawicki is teaching his sixth-grade science students about the scientific method. Students are instructed about each component of the method first in order to understand the whole process. This instructional strategy is based on what concept?

Bottom-up processing

Bill is having considerable difficulty remembering names, terms, and facts in his American History class. On the last exam, he identified General Sherman as a Vietnam War hero, and Saigon as the capitol of Japan. Historical dates are so confusing to him that he does not even try to remember them. The result is that, although he typically does satisfactorily on essay questions (he purposely leaves out any names that he is uncertain about and always omits dates), his scores are extremely low on objective items such as multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank items. Given this scenario, answer the following items: With what type of knowledge is Bill having difficulty?

Declarative

Bill is having considerable difficulty remembering names, terms, and facts in his American History class. On the last exam, he identified General Sherman as a Vietnam War hero, and Saigon as the capitol of Japan. Historical dates are so confusing to him that he does not even try to remember them. The result is that, although he typically does satisfactorily on essay questions (he purposely leaves out any names that he is uncertain about and always omits dates), his scores are extremely low on objective items such as multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank items. Given this scenario, answer the following items: If Bill wants to begin memorizing specific historical events, what strategy would prove to be most useful?

Distributed practice

Bill is having considerable difficulty remembering names, terms, and facts in his American History class. On the last exam, he identified General Sherman as a Vietnam War hero, and Saigon as the capitol of Japan. Historical dates are so confusing to him that he does not even try to remember them. The result is that, although he typically does satisfactorily on essay questions (he purposely leaves out any names that he is uncertain about and always omits dates), his scores are extremely low on objective items such as multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank items. Given this scenario, answer the following items: What type of learning should Bill's teacher be most concerned about in order for Bill to be able to use consciously applied skills of organizing thoughts and actions to reach a learning goal?

Domain-specific strategies

What can teachers do to help their students develop an automated basic skill?

Ensure that students have the necessary prerequisite knowledge and provide practice with feedback.

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

Five to nine

Based on studies of context, in what location would a student be likely to perform best on an educational psychology test?

In an educational psychology classroom

You are given a math problem to solve. As you try to remember the formula involved, what memory system is being searched?

Long-term semantic

Based on the serial-position effect, what group of letters of the alphabet should be the most difficult to remember for someone who is first learning the alphabet?

MNO

What type of knowledge do experts have that involves an understanding of how to perform various cognitive activities?

Procedural

While taking his final exam, Jerry recalled one item of information that caused him to remember another piece of information related to the question. What phenomenon has he just experienced?

Spread of activation

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the cognitive approach to learning?

The same event means different things to different people.

One of the educational implications of sensory memory is that

attention is necessary if children are to remember information.

Little Billy was accustomed to seeing Officer Sam O'Reilly walking around the block, but then one day he met Officer Sally Murdock. Billy gave her a suspicious look and said, "You can't be an officer, you're a lady." Billy's concept of a police officer was probably

based on a male prototype.

An educational application designed to reduce the impact of the serial-position effect is to

break down the lesson into small parts that can be handled quite easily.

In the cognitive approach to learning, learning

depends a great deal on individual perception.

Megan tries to remember the address, 10 Anchor Street, by imagining a ten-dollar bill attached to the anchor of a ship. She is using a memory strategy called

elaborative rehearsal.

According to the levels of processing theory, the length of time information is remembered is determined by

how completely the initial learning was accomplished.

Mark can answer the physics problem because of patterns of knowledge stored in his long-term memory, which he did not intentionally try to learn. This situation involves Mark using his

implicit memory.

A script is viewed by cognitive theorists as useful

in directing everyday activities in different situations.

Within the information processing perspective, learning declarative knowledge involves

integrating new ideas with existing knowledge to create an understanding.

Because memories are organized in propositional networks, recall of one bit of information often

leads to recall of another bit of information.

Forgetting due to the serial-position effect can be reduced through the use of

part learning.

In order to understand the large amounts of information inherent in complex concepts, people must develop structures or patterns called

schemas

Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n)

understanding of the context of a situation.