Short Answer; Chapter 3 + 4

Animal fats tend to be more solid at room temperature, plant oils more liquid. Explain how a difference in the chemical structure of their molecules causes their physical difference.

Animal fats tends to be more solid at room temperature because the fatty acid tails that make up the molecules are straight. These tails are straight because the carbons and hydrogens are held together with single bonds. For this reason, the maximum number of hydrogens can bond which means this is a saturated fat. Since the fatty acid tails are straight they can pack together tightly and that causes them to be solid at room temperature. Plant oils tend to be liquid at room temperature because one of the fatty acid tails that make them up are bent. This kink is caused by a double bond. For this reason the maximum number of hydrogens cannot bond which means this is unsaturated fat. Since one of the tails bends they cannot pack together tightly and that causes them to be liquid at room temperature.

Explain why heat, pH changes, and other environmental changes can interfere with a protein's function.

Heat, pH changes and environmental changes can interfere with a proteins function because these factors will change the proteins structure. The structure of a protein is critical to execute the job of the protein. If the structure of a protein is altered it may make the protein non-functional.

Briefly explain why all starch molecules are pretty much the same but there are millions of kinds of proteins molecules.

Starch molecules are pretty much the same because they are made up of the same monomer which are monosaccharides. To build a starch molecule you would combine monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis. There are million kinds of protein molecules because they are made up of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids, so you can change up their arrangement in many different ways to make diverse proteins. This is very similar to the idea of 26 letters making a enormous amount of words.

An enzyme called salivary amylase is manufactured in the cells of your salivary glands and secreted in saliva. Explain how these parts of the cell cooperate to produce and secrete salivary amylase: transport vesicle, rough er, plasma membrane, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes.

The Nucleus will send a message that salivary amylase needs to be produced to the ribosome. The ribosomes will make that protein one amino acid at a time and insert it into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Inside the RER, the protein will fold and get modified. The protein will then move to the outskirts of the RER and get packaged in a transport vesicle. This vesicle will head to the Golgi Apparatus. The protein will enter the Golgi, get modified again, and then repackaged in another transport vesicle. This vesicle will go to the plasma membrane, fused with it, and the protein will be released outside of the cell.

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane of the animal cell. What would be found directly inside and outside of the membrane?

The plasma membrane is made up of mostly lipids. The lipid that plasma membranes are made up of is phospholipids. In addition, there are protein channels inside the membrane that allow material in and out of the cell. Directly inside the membrane cytoplasm/cytoskeleton. Directly outside the membrane would be the extracellular matrix.

This this statement true or false? "Animal cells have mitochondria; plant cells have chloroplasts" Explain your answer.

This statement is true. Animal cells have mitochondria to power the cell. They do not have chloroplasts because chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis and animals cannot produce their own food. Plants have chloroplasts because they need them for photosynthesis to make their own food. Plants also have mitochondria because the food they make still needs to be broken down for energy. Without the mitochondria plants would not be able to make energy.