Short answers
Discuss the political and social organization of the Iroquois.
Not long before the Europeans began coming ashore in eastern North America, the Iroquois created a more cohesive political confederacy. As a result, villages gained stability, population increased, and the Iroquois employed political mechanisms for solving internal problems and created a more unified front to outsiders. They stood in a good position to launch a coordinated Iroquois policy when dealing with Europeans and newcomers. In the palisaded villages of the Iroquois, work, land use, hunting and even living arrangements in longhouses were communal. In this region, agriculture played little no no role in their everyday life although it did down,further south. While the game hunting and gatheing of natural resources added many needed calories to their everyday diet. They also did what one histoiran would call "upside-down capitalism," where the goal wasn't to pile up possessions, but to achieve status by being in a position to able to supply and support others
The Columbian Exchange introduced new plants, animals, and microbes to people on both sides of the Atlantic. Assess the positive and negative consequences of that exchange. In your opinion, who benefited most-those living on the western side of the Atlantic or those on the eastern side?
Europeans introduced grains, including wheat and rye and fruit (for example, peaches and citrus) that became part of native people's diets. They also brought with them cattle and hogs that provided new sources of meat, but whose eating habits proved detrimental to native grasses. Worse, Europeans carried with them diseases for which native people lacked immunity. Europeans brought back to Europe a few animals, such as turkeys and guinea pigs. More importantly, they began to grow maize and potatoes, crops that did very well in the European climate. Travelers between the Americas, Africa, and Europe also included microbes: silent, invisible life forms that had profoundly devastating consequences. Native peoples had no immunity to Old World diseases to which they had never been exposed. European explorers unwittingly brought with them chickenpox, measles, mumps, and smallpox, decimating some populations and wholly destroying others. One disease did travel the other direction—syphilis, a lethal sexually transmitted disease, came with travelers from the New World to Europe for the first time.
Broadly trace the major phases of pre-Columbian Native American history as charted by archaeologists and anthropologists.
Paleoanthropologists long believed that the first inhabitants of the Americas were nomadic bands from Siberia in search of big-game animals migrated across a land bridge connecting northeastern Asia with Alaska between 25-14,000 years ago and began to disperse southward and eastward. Ice-free passage through Canada was possible, however, for only part of that period. The major overland migration probably occurred about 15,000 years ago. More recent research made possible by genetic testing confirms that two additional migrations subsequently brought additional waves of people, resulting in three broad groups distinguished by both language and genes. As time passed and population increased, these earliest inhabitants of America evolved into separate cultures. Archaeologists and anthropologists have charted the several phases of "Native American" history, noting the development of improved technology, the decline of nomadism, the agricultural revolution and the consequent of greater social political complexity. Some archaeological finds further suggest migrations by sea as well as land, from several regions of Asia and even from Europe.
"Spanish conquest of major areas of the Americas set in motion two of the most far-reaching processes in modern history. One involved microbes, the other precious metals." Explain.
The lack of immunities to European diseases among Native Americans resulted in a decimation of the native population. The enslavement and brutal treatment of natives intensified the lethal effects of the diseases. A diminishing supply of local labor would later necessitate the importation of African slaves. A massive flow of silver from America to England provided additional revenue, but also caused a "price revolution" and inflationary pressures which later prompted Europeans to emigrate to America. Smallpox , measles, bubonic, plaque, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever were diseases that emigrated over to the Americas . Barley, wheat , rice, citrus fruits, sugar cane, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, oxen, oats coffee, bananas were items to the Americas. They also brought hepatitis , yaws, syphilis were diseases to Europe. corn(maize), potatoes, yams, beans, squash, peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, peanuts, pumpkins, pineapples and cacao. They had also brought along a whole lot of animals such as turkeys, pigs, llamas.
Did tobacco provide a salvation for the Virginia colony or merely set the stage for future problems? Explain.
Tobacco did provide a salvation for the Virginia colony because it was extremely popular crop that many people bought. The tobacco economy was considered cheap labor so it gave an advantage of increasing and being able to provide more salvation to the colony. However, later on, it was merely setting the stage for future problems. Since tobacco was such a popular crop and resource, the colony needed to expand. Over the next 160 years, tobacco production spread from the Tidewater area to the Blue Ridge Mountains, especially dominating the agriculture of the Chesapeake region. Beginning in 1619 the General Assembly put in place requirements for the inspection of tobacco and mandated the creation of port towns and warehouses. This system assisted in the development of major settlements at Norfolk, Alexandria, and Richmond.Tobacco formed the basis of the colony's economy.it was used to purchase the indentured servants and slaves to cultivate it, to pay local taxes and tithes, and to buy manufactured goods from England.
