Short Stories

Protagonist V. Antagonist

-A protagonist is the central character of a novel, drama, short story, or narrative poem. -An antagonist is the adversary or rival of the protagonist.

The short story

-Is a short work of fiction that is short enough to be read in one sitting but long enough to develop a plot and characters. -There are six basic elements that go into creating a short story: theme, plot, conflict, setting, symbolism, and characterization.

Plot

-Plot is the progression of events in a literary work. -Each part of the plot is so essential that if one part were removed, the whole structure would be disturbed. -Plot basically consists of the following: *Exposition (setting and characters introduced) *Initial incident (conflict begins) *Rising Action (problem worsens) *Climax (point where a decision must be made by hero/heroine) *Falling Action (the consequences of the decision) *Resolution & Denouement (problem is resolved and loose ends are tied up)

plot diagram

exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution

Pun

-A pun is a play on words that are either identical or similar in sound, but have sharply diverse meanings. -Mercutio, after being stabbed, says, "Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man." -John Deere advertises: "Nothing runs like a Deere."

Characterization

-Characterization is the creation of believable fictitious personalities. The basic methods of characterization include: 1. an explicit statement by the author 2. the character's appearance 3. the character's thoughts 4. the character's actions, including mannerisms 5. what the character says 6. what others say about the character 7. the aspects of setting which reflect influence of the character 8. reactions of and to the character

Conflict

-Conflict results from the struggle of two opposing forces. -One of the forces is usually a person who confronts one or more of five basic kinds of opposition: *Man v. Self *Man v. Man *Man v. Society *Man v. Nature *Man v. Fate (Higher powers, i.e. gods, etc.)

Round V. Flat Characters

-Dynamic (or round) characters undergo a change in personality or character due to a series of events. -Static (or flat) characters do not change much over the course of the novel -They are used mainly to emphasize an important trait or two.

Setting

-Setting is the time and place of a narrative. -The physical aspects of setting include time of day or other particulars of the environment, such as location, topography, and the placement of objects. -The intangibles of setting include lifestyle and the predominant spiritual or moral atmosphere.

Symbolism

-Symbolism is an economic method for exploring the unknown through the known. A familiar object is used to represent the unfamiliar. -The substitution demands that the reader transfer the relevant characteristics of the known to the unknown. -Example: Color symbolism - White usually symbolizes what? -Example: Animal symbolism - What does a dove usually represent?

Point of View

-The perspective from which a narrative is told. -First person: uses first person pronouns -Third person omniscient: author can enter the minds of many or all characters -Third person limited: author limits his omniscience to the minds of one or two characters -Third person objective: the author does not enter a single mind but instead records what can be seen and heard. -Stream of consciousness: narrator has no filter on his thoughts.

Theme

-Theme is an observation of life which serves as the controlling idea in a literary work. -A theme is seldom presented word-for-word but is more often found as an abstract idea, surfacing through the actions and dialogues of characters, the use of symbols and recurring images, or the manipulation of other literary devices. -A theme should be expressed in a phrase, not merely one word. A topic is one word. A theme is what the author has to say about that topic.

Explanation of Irony

-Verbal Irony: Saying one thing but meaning another, usually the opposite (sarcasm) -Dramatic Irony: Occurs when the reader/audience knows something that the character(s) does/do not know -Situational Irony: Occurs when the opposite of what is expected happens.

Imagery

-What is it? -It consists of the words or phrases a writer uses to represent persons, objects, actions, feelings, and ideas by appealing to one or all of the five senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, feeling. -Can you think of any examples?

Tone

-What is tone? -Tone is the writer's or speaker's attitude toward a subject character, or audience, and it is conveyed through the author's choice of words (diction) and detail. -Tone can be serious, humorous, sarcastic, indignant, objective, etc. What kinds of tone were there in OFK?

frame story

story within the inner story, story within the opening story, Beginning/ opening of the story