Smartbook Chapter Six Assignment

Which of the following are examples of sweatshops? (Check all that apply.)

-CASL Auto does not ensure that safety standards are met in its manufacturing units and pays their employees wages lower than the local poverty rate. -EYP Tech Solutions forces its employees to work overtime and underpays them.

What are the drawbacks of the acceptable-risk approach to workplace health and safety? (Check all that apply.)

-It equates workplace risks with other types of risks without considering their differences. -It treats employees disrespectfully and ignores their role in the decision-making process.

Which of the following are required to justify voluntary affirmative action plans such as focused recruiting activity or the elimination of discrimination that might be caused by hiring criteria that exclude a particular group in the workplace? (Check all that apply.)

A finding of past discrimination Established underrepresentation of a particular group

Identify the elements that are part of the definition of child labor. (Check all that apply.)

Age of the child Harm Justification to be in the workplace relative to other options

Identify the standards that are included in the Base Code established by the Ethical Trade Initiative addressing living wages. (Check all that apply.)

All workers shall be given written and clear information about their employment conditions with regard to wages before they join as an employee. Wages paid for a standard working week meet, at a minimum, national legal standards or industry benchmark standards, whichever is higher.

Which of the following is true of the common-law agency test requirement for a worker to be classified an employee?

An employer need not necessarily regulate the work but must basically have the right or ability to regulate the work.

_____ refers to the presence of diverse cultures, languages, races, ethnicities, affinity orientations, genders, religious sects, abilities, social classes, ages, and national origins of the employees in a firm.

Blank 1: Diversity

The _____ _____ -_____ analysis is a list of 20 factors to which the IRS looks to determine whether someone is an employee or an independent contractor. (Enter one word in each blank.)

Blank 1: IRS Blank 2: 20 or twenty Blank 3: factor

A policy or a program that aims to remedy past discrimination through the implementation of proactive measures to secure equal opportunity is referred to as _____ _____

Blank 1: affirmative Blank 2: action

The term _____ _____ signifies children who work, and it has also taken on the meaning of exploitative work that can cause some harm to a child who is not of an age to explain his or her presence in the workplace.

Blank 1: child Blank 2: labor

One study referenced in the text found that women who believed that they were being stereotyped on the basis of their gender tended to adopt a more masculine style of _____

Blank 1: communication or communicating

The principle-based, ______ approach suggests that employees should be treated well because "it is the right thing to do."

Blank 1: deontological

The term "_____" refers to the reduction of human resources at an organization through terminations, retirements, corporate divestments, or other means. (Enter one word in the blank.)

Blank 1: downsize or downsizing

Philosophically, the right of _____ _____ is the right to be protected against the arbitrary use of authority.

Blank 1: due Blank 2: process

The doctrine known as _____ _____ _____ (EAW) holds that, in the absence of a particular contractual or other legal obligation that specifies the length or conditions of employment, all employees are employed "at will."

Blank 1: employment Blank 2: at Blank 3: will

In general terms, a contract is _____ _____ as long as both parties (a) have freely and voluntarily entered into the contract, (b) have understood the terms of the contract, and (c) do, in fact, receive the benefits agreed to.

Blank 1: ethically Blank 2: valid

The standard for terminations or discipline that requires the employer to have sufficient and fair cause before reaching a decision against an employee is known as _____ _____

Blank 1: just Blank 2: cause

The principle of tolerance and inclusion that backs the co-existence of multiple cultures, while boosting each to retain that which is unique or special about that particular culture, is referred to as _____

Blank 1: multiculturalism

Decisions made or actions taken against individuals who are historically considered to be in power or the majority, such as white men, or in favor of a traditionally nondominant group is known as _____ _____

Blank 1: reverse Blank 2: discrimination

Match the exceptions to the employment-at-will (EAW) rule (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Civil rights laws- These laws prevent dismissal of employees on the basis of membership in certain prohibited classes such as race, sex, disability, age, national origin, religion, or ethnic background. Labor laws- These laws stop employers from dismissing employees for union activities.

Which of the following standards are included in the Base Code established by the Ethical Trade Initiative addressing living wages? (Check all that apply.)

Deductions from wages not provided for by national law shall not be permitted without the expressed permission of the worker concerned. Wages should always be enough to meet basic needs and also to provide some discretionary income.

Identify a true statement about discrimination in the workplace in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

Discrimination occurs not only with respect to race, but also with regard to gender.

Larry and Co, a multinational advertising agency, is forced to close its services in various regions due to financial constraints. As part of cost-cutting efforts, the company terminates many employees offshore and at the headquarters. Which of the following measures is exemplified in the given scenario?

Downsizing

In the context of the exceptions to the employment at will rule, which of the following reverse the burden of proof and require employers to show cause to justify the dismissal of an employee? (Check all that apply.)

Due process rights Just cause

Which of the following is an important aspect of the exceptions to the employment at will (EAW) rule?

EAW is prioritized unless the dismissed employee demonstrates one of the recognized exceptions to the rule.

Which of the following is a challenge related to the free-market approach to workplace health and safety?

Employees rarely have the kind of complete information efficient markets require for making informed choices.

Identify the arguments raised by those who are in favor of requiring the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to use cost-benefit analysis for setting up health and safety standards. (Check all that apply.)

Even if a standard is technologically and economically viable, it would still be unfair if the benefits did not outweigh the costs. OSHA should focus on achieving the optimal level of safety.

Identify the true statements about due process in the workplace. (Check all that apply.)

It acknowledges the authority of an employer over its employees. It enables employers to tell employees what to do, and when, and how to do it.

Which of the following are true of the employment-at-will (EAW) doctrine? (Check all that apply.)

It enables employers to dismiss employees at any time and for any reason unless an agreement states otherwise. It allows an employee to quit work without any notice in the absence of a written contract.

Which of the following statements are true of the free-market approach to workplace health and safety? (Check all that apply.)

It holds that individual bargaining with employers leads to the optimal distribution of safety and income in competitive and free labor markets. It favors compensating injured workers when it can be proved that employers were liable for causing the harms.

Identify the inherent problems in the free-market approach to workplace health and safety. (Check all that apply.)

It is based on the invalid assumption that the labor market is perfectly competitive and free and allows employees to make free choices. It addresses questions from a purely individual perspective and ignores questions of social justice and public policy.

Which of the following is true of the instrumental value of an employee who dies in a workplace accident?

It is calculated, in part, by the lost wages the employee would have earned if he or she lived.

Identify the features of affirmative action. (Check all that apply.)

It is the intentional inclusion of previously excluded groups. It can take place in employment environments, education, or other arenas.

Identify a true statement about a firm's decision to downsize.

It leads to a negative stakeholder perception of the firm's commitment to corporate social responsibility.

In the context of due process in the workplace, identify the consequences of the unjust exercise of the acknowledged authority of employers over employees in the employment relationship. (Check all that apply.)

It reduces employee morale. It causes fear, intimidation, and loss of dignity among employees. It leads to the emotional abuse of employees.

Which of the following are true of due process in legal contexts? (Check all that apply.)

It refers to the procedures that police and courts must follow while applying their authority over citizens. It specifies the conditions under which courts and police can exercise their authority over citizens.

Which of the following are examples of reverse discrimination?

Jaclynn, an African American CEO of a start-up, formulates a policy that favors hiring of African Americans over individuals from other races. Christopher, an African American store manager, hires only African Americans even though they are less qualified than candidates from other races.

Identify the examples of multiculturalism. (Check all that apply.)

Maria joins a company where people from different countries work together on the same project. Ruth joins a company where people from different racial backgrounds work together in the same team.

Which of the following are true of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)? (Check all that apply.)

OSHA regulations are biased in favor of health and safety as they require businesses to prove that high standards are not economically feasible. When first established, OSHA's regulations were aimed at achieving the safest feasible standards.

Match the major elements of the acceptable risk approach to workplace health and safety (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Risk- It refers to the likelihood of harm in a workplace. Relative Risk- It involves a comparison of the likelihood of harm involved in various activities.

Identify the likely consequences of an employer's decision to downsize a firm. (Check all that apply.)

Surviving employees are likely to be less efficient in customer service than before. Terminated employees are likely to give poor recommendations of the business.

In the context of the acceptable risk approach to workplace health and safety, match the descriptions of relative risk of work activities (in the left column) with the conclusions derived (in the right column).

The chance of harm for a specific work activity is equal to or lesser than the chance of harm for similar, more common activities: The activity is safe. The chance of harm for a specific work activity is greater than the chance of harm for similar, more common activities: The activity is hazardous.

Identify the steps that should be followed by a firm when adopting an ethical process of downsizing. (Check all that apply.)

The decision to downsize should be made by a representative group to ensure that all stakeholder interests are considered. The firm should adopt measures to reduce the impact of the decision on all employees and permit the terminated employees to leave with dignity.

According to the free-market approach to workplace health and safety, which of the following urges employers to maintain a reasonably safe and healthy workplace?

The threat of compensation for injured employees

Identify a true statement about the utilitarian approach on the ethics of workplace relationships.

This approach suggests that employees are treated well as a means to improve workplace harmony and productivity.

Which of the following are the challenges raised against the approach that requires the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to use cost-benefit analysis for establishing health and safety standards? (Check all that apply.)

This approach treats health and safety merely as an instrumental value and ignores the intrinsic value of employees' lives. This approach involves trading off health and safety against profit margin.

Which of the following are ways in which affirmative action arises in the workplace? (Check all that apply.)

Through legal requirements Courts requiring "judicial affirmative action" to remedy a finding of past discrimination where Executive Order 11246 does not apply

Identify the true statements about the ethical rationale for the employment-at-will (EAW) doctrine. (Check all that apply.)

Total discretion over employment allows managers to make efficient decisions that contribute to the greater overall good. A manager is in the best position to know what is best for his or her firm, and the law should not interfere with those decisions.

True or false: Basic fairness applied through due process requires that an employer's authority over employees should be used justly.

True

Identify the cases when sensitivity to the potential for conflict caused by diversity is necessary.

When differences are new or strong When negative stereotypes previously ruled interactions between particular groups

Identify the arguments made by philosophers Benjamin Powell and Matthew Zwolinski in the seminal article titled "The Ethical and Economic Case against Sweatshop Labor: A Critical Assessment" defending the moral legitimacy of sweatshops. (Check all that apply.)

Workers are able to give consent even within their limited set of choices. Workers acknowledge the risks associated with working in sweatshops but decide to work as it will give them the economic power that they lacked.

Employees of federal contractors with 50 or more employees are liable to be subjected to Executive Order 11246. Executive Order 11246 requires ______.

affirmative action efforts to secure equal opportunity

One of the concerns about diversity in the workplace involves ______.

assimilating diverse viewpoints into a preexisting corporate culture

A form of affirmative action in the workplace involves voluntary affirmative action plans. These are plans that ______.

employers make to overcome barriers to equal opportunity

Marianne Cooper, sociologist and lead researcher for the New York Times best-selling book Lean In: Women, Work and the Will to Lead (written by Facebook COO Sheryl Sandburg), explains that success and likability typically go together for women.

false

True or false: Health and safety of employees are valuable in and of themselves. The intrinsic value of an employee's life corresponds to the lost wages of that employee if he or she had lived.

false

One of the major criticisms of the acceptable-risk approach to workplace health and safety is that it ______.

ignores the basic deontological right employees may have to safe and healthy working environments

According to the utilitarian approach to the ethics of workplace relationships, employees are treated well by employers because ______.

it fosters high levels of innovation among employees

A major challenge concerning due process in the workplace is the ______.

lack of consensus in the definition of basic fairness

As work takes children out of school, nation-specific studies show that high levels of child labor correlate with ______.

low literacy levels

The courts have cautiously construed legal precedent in the decades after Title VII of the United States Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and established the ______.

prohibited classes of discrimination

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a U.S. federal agency that Blank______.

publishes and implements safety and health regulations for U.S. businesses

A contract is ethically valid as long as both parties have freely and voluntarily entered into the contract, have understood the terms of the contract, and:

receive the benefits agreed to.

When a company is downsizing, its managers should ideally ______.

show visibility, approachability, and candor toward employees

A(n) ______ refers to any workplace in which workers generally face two or more of the following conditions-deliberately enforced overtime, systematic health and safety risks that arise from the disregard of employee welfare, intimidation, systematic falsehood that places workers at risk, underpayment of salary, and income for a 48-hour workweek less than the overall poverty rate for that country.

sweatshop

When diversity is used in connection with the corporate environment, it often encompasses ______.

the values of respect, tolerance, inclusion, and acceptance

According to philosophers Benjamin Powell and Matthew Zwolinski, the moral imperative of supporting sweatshops is ______.

the welfare of the least advantaged who face the economic aftermath of current economic and political decisions

True or false: According to the International Labour Office (ILO), children are viewed as child laborers when they are either too young to work or working in hazardous conditions.

true

True or false: Historically, an ethical rationale for the employment-at-will (EAW) rule was that private property owners have the right to control their property by controlling who works for them.

true

The principle-based, deontological approach suggests that employees should be treated well because:

"it is the right thing to do."