Smarty Pance Questions

A 59 year-old otherwise healthy female develops acute dyspnea and chest pain one week post total abdominal hysterectomy. Echocardiogram demonstrates normal heart size with normal right and left ventricular function. Lung scan demonstrates two segmental perfusion defects. Which of the following is the next step in the management of this patient? A. Anticoagulation B. Embolectomy C. Thrombolysis D. Inferior vena cava filter

A. Anticoagulation

Which of the following describes the pathophysiological changes of pulmonary sarcoidosis? A. granulomas and inflammation of alveoli, small bronchi and small blood vessels B. inflammation and destruction of the structural components of the bronchial wall C. increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane and diffuse alveolar damage D. edema of the airways with eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes

A. granulomas and inflammation of alveoli, small bronchi and small blood vessels

A 14 year-old male presents to the ED experiencing a severe asthma attack. His respiratory effort is shallow and he is using accessory muscles to breathe. Auscultation of his chest reveals no audible wheezing. Vital signs include BP 90/60 mmHg, P 160 bpm, RR 52. An arterial blood gas (ABG) is ordered. Normal ABG values at your institution are pH 7.35-7.45, CO2 35-45, pO2 80-95. Which of the following ABG findings suggests the poorest prognosis? A. pH = 7.27 pCO2 = 46 pO2 = 56 B. pH = 7.60, pCO2 = 18 pO2 = 80 C. pH = 7.44, pCO2 = 38 pO2 = 90 D. pH = 7.52, pCO2 = 28, pO2 = 80

A. pH = 7.27 pCO2 = 46 pO2 = 56

A 5 year-old male presents with a history of recurrent episodes of acute bronchitis, characterized by fever and productive cough. He has no known significant past medical history. His pulmonary examination reveals crackles in the bilateral lower lobes. The remainder of his physical examination is normal. Chest x-ray demonstrates platelike atelectasis and dilated, thickened airways in the middle and lower lungs. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute bronchitis B. Bronchiectasis C. Pneumonia D. Tuberculosis

B. Bronchiectasis

A 40 year-old alcoholic male presents with sudden onset of severe chills, fever, dyspnea and cough productive of red mucoid sticky sputum. He appears ill looking with cyanosis. Examination reveals vital signs: Temp - 102 degrees F; Pulse - 120 /minute and regular; 89 RR - 28/min; BP 90/62 mm Hg. Lungs reveal minimal rales and dullness in the right upper lobe with decreased breath sounds. Chest x-ray reveals right upper lobe consolidation with a bulging fissure. Gram stain reveals many white blood cells and many gram- negative rods. Which of the following is the most appropriate drug of choice? A. Ticarcillin B. Cefotaxime C. Doxycycline D. Clindamycin

B. Cefotaxime

A 56 year-old female with a 35 pack year smoking history presents to the clinic with shortness of breath and cough. On examination, she is thin with no recent weight loss. She appears uncomfortable, breath sounds are diminished without adventitious sounds. Pulmonary function tests show a marked increase in total lung capacity (TLC) and a decreased FEV1. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient? A. Persistent asthma B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease C. Idiopathic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia D. Sarcoidosis

B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

You are seeing 62 year-old African American male for health maintenance. He is a former cigarette smoker with a 40 pack-year history. He quit smoking 10 years ago. He denies cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pain, weight loss, or night sweats. What method of screening for lung cancer is appropriate in this patient? A. Chest radiograph B. Low dose computed tomography C. Sputum cytology D. No screening is recommended

B. Low dose computer tomography

A 60-year-old female with a 30-pack year smoking history complains of new onset shortness of breath. On physical examination, dullness is noted on percussion with diminished breath sounds over her left base. Chest x-ray shows a new left pleural effusion. Which of the following is the next step in the management of this patient? A. Repeat chest x-ray in two months B. Perform diagnostic thoracentesis C. Order MRI of the chest D. Treat with antibiotic

B. Perform diagnostic thoracentesis

A 28 year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of sudden onset of shortness of breath associated with sharp right-sided chest pain increased with breathing. On physical examination, respirations are 20 per minute and blood pressure is 120/76 mm Hg. Auscultation of the chest reveals absent breath sounds over the right apex with normal heart sounds. Percussion of the right apex is noted to be hyperresonant. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Hemothorax B. Pneumothorax C. Pulmonary embolus D. Foreign body aspiration

B. Pneumothorax

Which of the following is a common presenting clinical manifestation of a patient with interstitial lung disease? A. Early inspiratory crackles B. Progressive dyspnea on exertion C. Productive cough with copious sputum D. Decreased breath sounds with hyperresonant percussion

B. Progressive dyspnea on exertion

A patient presents with a history of progressive worsening of dyspnea over the past several years. He gives a history of having worked as a ship builder for over 50 years. He denies any alcohol or tobacco use. On examination you note clubbing and inspiratory crackles. Which of the following chest x-ray findings support your suspected diagnosis? A. hyperinflation and flat diaphragms B. interstitial fibrosis and pleural thickening C. cavitary lesions involving the upper lobes D. "eggshell" calcification of hilar lymph nodes

B. interstitial fibrosis and pleural thickening (Asbestosis)

The treatment of choice for cryptococcal meningeal infection is A. Amphotericin B and flucytosine B. Metronidazole C. Acyclovir D. Amantadine E. Penicillin G

A. Amphotericin B and flucytosine

Which of the following causes of pneumonia is most likely to be complicated by diarrhea? A. Legionella B. Chlamydophila C. Mycoplasma D. Pneumococca

A. Legionella

Upon auscultation of a patient's lungs, there are harsh, hollow breath sounds which have a long inspiratory component in the region of the suprasternal notch. Throughout the periphery of the lung fields, softer breath sounds are heard. Which of the following best describes these findings? A. Normal B. Asthmatic C. Atelectasis D. Foreign body Explanations

A. Normal

A patient should be tested for tuberculosis prior to being treated with A. etanercept (Enbrel). B. cyclosporine (Neoral). C. methotrexate (Rheumatrex). D. prednisone (Deltasone).

A. etanercept (Enbrel)

Which of the following has been found to be an important reservoir in the transmission of pertussis? A. Mosquitoes B. Adult humans C. Dogs and cats D. White-tailed deer

B. Adult humans

Which of the following is an independent risk factor for development of a mesothelioma? A. Cigarette smoking B. Asbestos exposure C. Radon gas exposure D. Chronic obstructive lung disease

B. Asbestos exposure

Which of the following is independently associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality in patients with COPD? A. Asthma B. Bronchiectasis C. Underweight status D. Depression

B. Bronchiectasis

Which of the following is essential to make a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis? A. Positive family history B. Elevated sweat chloride C. Recurrent respiratory infections D. Elevated trypsinogen levels

B. Elevated sweat chloride

You are evaluating a patient whom you suspect has asthma. You perform spirometry before and after administration of an inhaled short-acting bronchodilator. After administration of the bronchodilator, which of the following spirometry results would suggest reversibility? A. DecreaseinFEV1 B. IncreaseinFEV1 C. Decrease in FVC D. Increase in FVC

B. Increase in FEV1

Which of the following can be considered an effective prophylaxis for acute bronchitis? A. Oseltamivir 75 mg on day two of symptoms B. Influenza vaccine C. Inhaled corticosteroids D. Nystatin

B. Influenza vaccine

Which of the following is a physical examination finding that is consistent with a diagnosis of lobar pneumonia? A. Resonant to percussion B. Late inspiratory crackles C. Decreased tactile fremitus D. Tracheal shift toward uninvolved side

B. Late inspiratory crackles

A previously healthy 8-month-old boy is hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. He has no known significant past medical or family history. On admission, he exhibits nasal flaring and retractions with a respiratory rate of 68, axillary temperature of 102.0 degrees F and O2 saturation of 86%. Which of the following medications is indicated? A. Prednisolone B. Oxygen C. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) D. Palivizumab (Synagis)

B. Oxygen

A recent Haitian immigrant presents to the clinic for an employment physical examination before starting work at a local hospital. The patient has a history of receiving bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Screening for tuberculosis for this employee should include which of the following tests? A. Sputum induction B. PPD skin test C. Chest x-ray D. No screening needed

B. PPD skin test

An immunocompromised patient presents with signs and symptoms consistent with Legionella pneumophila who has not responded to initial antibiotic therapy with a macrolide. Which of the following should be added? A. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) B. Rifampin (Rifadin) C. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) D. Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin)

B. Rifampin (Rifadin)

A 62 year-old female is admitted to a nursing home during an outbreak of influenza. In review of her records, you note that she did not receive the flu vaccine this year. Which of the following is the most appropriate drug of choice for influenza prophylaxis in this patient? A. Ciprofloxin (Cipro) B. Zanamivir (Relenza) C. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) D. Alpha-2b interferon (Avonex)

B. Zanamivir (Relenza)

Which of the following will result in decreased serum theophylline levels in a patient with COPD? A. Cimetidine B. Congestive heart failure C. Cigarette smoking D. Ciprofloxacin

C. Cigarette smoking

A 63-year-old male, heavy smoker, presents to your office with a low-grade fever and sudden onset of dry cough for the past 6 days. You diagnose him with acute bronchitis. What is the most appropriate management at this time? A. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg two times per day for 10 days B. Doxycycline 100 mg PO two times per day for 14 days C. Increased fluids and ibuprofen D. Give the patient an albuterol inhaler

C. Increased fluids and ibuprofen

A 30 year-old male presents with sudden onset of chills, fever, chest pain and a cough productive of greenish-brown sputum. On examination his temperature is 102 degrees F. He appears acutely ill and his respirations are shallow. Chest x-ray demonstrates left lower lobe consolidation. Which of the following findings would most likely be present on examination of his left lower lung? A. Hyperresonance B. Vesicular breath sounds C. Increased tactile fremitus D. Wheezing

C. Increased tactile fremitus

Which of the following is generally recognized as the most significant symptom of COPD? A. Productive cough B. Pulmonary hypertension C. Cor pulmonale D. Breathlessness

D. Breathlessness

A 74 year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation presents to the clinic for follow-up of his shortness of breath. Patient's medications include amiodarone (Cordarone) and metoprolol (Lopressor). His chest x-ray reveals patchy ground-glass infiltrates. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. COPD B. Tuberculosis C. Bronchiectasis D. Pulmonary fibrosis

D. Pulmonary fibrosis

Which of the following clinical manifestations is most commonly seen in viral croup? A. drooling B. wheezing C. sputum production D. inspiratory stridor

D. inspiratory stridor

The most common pathogen identified in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae. B. Staphylococcus aureus. C. Legionella pneumophila. D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

On a shift in the emergency department, several arterial blood gasses are drawn from different patients at approximately the same time. When preparing the tubes for transport to the labs the samples are mixed up. One such sample had the following values: pH 7.3, PCO2 50, HCO3 25. Which of the following patients most likely had this result? A. 17-year-old with an acute asthma attack B. 14-year-old with diabetic ketoacidosis C. 22-year-old with an aspirin overdose D. 32-year-old with gastroenteritis E. 58-year-old with renal failure

A. 17-year-old with an acute asthma attack

A 4 year-old patient presents with episodic wheezing and a non-productive cough for the last 4 weeks. His symptoms are worse at night. Past medical history reveals a history of atopic dermatitis. Physical examination at this time is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Asthma B. Bronchiolitis C. Croup D. Cystic fibrosis

A. Asthma

A 4 month-old infant is brought to the clinic by his mother with complaints of a cough for the past 3 weeks. Initially, symptoms included running nose, sneezing and an irritating cough. Over the past week the cough has changed to persistent staccato, paroxysmal forceful coughs ending with a loud inspiration. WBC is 20,0000/mcl with 72% lymphocytes. Which of the following is the drug of choice for managing this patient? A. Azithromycin (Zithromax) B. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) C. Ampicillin (Unasyn) D. Gentamicin (Garamycin)

A. Axithromycin (Zithromax)

A 24 year-old male presents in respiratory distress and appears quite ill. A Gram stain and culture of the sputum reveals gram-positive cocci in clumps and a chest x-ray reveals multiple patchy infiltrates with some cavitations. Which of the following is most likely to also be found in his medical history? A. IV drug abuse B. Alcohol abuse C. Poor dental hygiene D. HIV positive patient

A. IV drug abuse

A 19 year-old male presents to the ED complaining of a sudden onset of dyspnea and left sided chest pain. He denies fever, chills, cough or sore throat. General survey shows that he is 6 feet 2 inches tall and weighs 135 lbs. Vital signs are BP 86/60 mmHg, HR 130 bpm, RR 28, temp. 98.6 degrees F. Which of the following would you likely find on examination of his thorax? A. Left-sided hyperresonance B. Increased tactile fremitus of left base C. Scattered rales throughout D. Increased anterior/posterior diameter

A. Left-sided hyperresonance

A 55 year-old female presents to the emergency department with complaints of dyspnea, chest pain and coughing with hemoptysis. Past medical history includes breast cancer 5 years ago, currently in remission. Vital signs are Temp. 98.6 degrees F, BP 150/90 mmHg, P 110 bpm, RR 20. Physical examination shows her right leg swollen with pain on palpation of deep veins. Which of the patient's history or examination findings is most suggestive of a pulmonary embolus (PE)? A. Leg swelling and pain with palpation of deep veins B. Heart rate > 100 C. Hemoptysis D. Past history of cancer

A. Leg swelling and pain with palpation of deep veins

What is the most effective prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in the general pediatric population? A. Proper hand-washing techniques B. A monoclonal antibody C. H. Influenzae B vaccine D. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

A. Proper hand-washing techniques

An infant born at 30 weeks' gestation begins to have respiratory difficulty shortly after birth. Examination reveals rapid, shallow respirations at 80 per minute with associated intercostal retractions, nasal flaring and progressive cyanosis. Chest x-ray reveals the presence of air bronchograms and diffuse bilateral atelectasis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Respiratory distress syndrome B. Spontaneous pneumothorax C. Transient tachypnea syndrome D. Meconium aspiration syndrome

A. Respiratory distress syndrome

A 40 year-old male nonsmoker in good health undergoes a routine chest x-ray for an insurance physical. Results show an isolated, well-defined, coin lesion 1 cm in size. Which of the following is the next step in the evaluation of this problem? A. Review old radiographs B. Order chest CT C. Schedule lung biopsy D. Prepare for surgical lung resection

A. Review old radiographs

An adult patient who is HIV positive receives a PPD. He develops an area of induration that measures 8 mm after 48 hours. Which of the following is the most appropriate interpretation of this test result? A. positive B. negative C. active infection D. falsely negative

A. positive

Kussmaul breathing is characterized by A. rapid, deep labored breathing. B. irregular and varying depth of breathing. C. frequently interspersed deeper breaths. D. periods of deep breathing alternate with periods of apnea.

A. rapid, deep labored breathing

A 45 year-old male presents with sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain, productive cough and fever for 1 day. He relates having symptoms of a "cold" for the past week that suddenly became worse yesterday. Which of the following findings will most likely be seen on physical examination of this patient? A. spoken "ee" heard as "ay" B. hyperresonant percussion note C. wheezes over the involved area D. vesicular breath sounds over involved area

A. spoken "ee" heard as "ay"

A 62 year-old female is admitted to a nursing home during an outbreak of influenza. In review of her records, you note that she did not receive the flu vaccine this year. Which of the following is the most appropriate drug of choice for influenza prophylaxis in this patient? A. Amantadine (Gocovri) B. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) C. Rimantadine (Flumadine) D. Baloxavir (Xofluza)

B. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

What is the most common cause of acute bronchitis? A. H. influenzae B. Viral infection C. Fungal infection D. Allergic reaction

B. Viral infection

A 73-year-old obese female with a 20 pack year smoking history presents complaining of chronic productive cough. She states that it has been occurring over the past 3 years more frequently November through February. Which of the following pulmonary function test values would you expect to find decreased? A. tidal volume B. forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity C. residual volume D. total lung capacity

B. forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (Obstructive lung disease)

Which of the following chest x-ray abnormalities would most likely be seen in a patient with hypersensitivity pneumonitis? A. Lobar consolidation B. Apical infiltration C. Granulomatous inflammation D. Diffuse nodular densities

D. Diffuse nodular densities

A 2 month-old infant has been diagnosed with pneumonia due to Chlamydia trachomatis. Which of the following is the treatment of choice? A. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin B. Doxycycline C. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) D. Erythromycin

D. Erythromycin

Which of the following findings confirm the adequacy of a sputum specimen for Gram stain and culture? A. Decreased red blood cells B. Decreased bronchial epithelial cells C. Increased Gram positive cocci D. Increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes

D. Increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Which histologic type of lung cancer is typically centrally located? A. Adenocarcinoma B. Bronchoalveolar C. Large cell D. Squamous cell

D. Squamous cell

Which of the following forms of lung cancer is associated with the poorest prognosis? A. squamous cell B. adenocarcinoma C. large cell D. small cell

D. small cell

The drug of choice for treatment of severe coccidioidomycosis (" valley fever") is A. Ceftriaxone B. Tetracyline C. Ciprofloxacin D. Mefloquin E. Fluconazole

E. Fluconazole

A 65-year-old with COPD having received their first PPSV23 vaccination at age 63 should be revaccinated with PPSV23 in A. 1 year B. 3 years C. 5 years D. 10 years

C. 5 years

A 29-year-old female presents to clinic for an evaluation of her asthma. She was given a prescription by her previous physician for an albuterol inhaler which she has been using. She reports symptoms on average three days per week. Last month she was awakened by her asthma on three nights. She is able to participate in light jogging but high intensity aerobic exercise often triggers her symptoms. Which of the following is the best next step in management? A. No change necessary, continue with as needed albuterol B. Begin a short course of oral prednisone C. Add an inhaled corticosteroid D. Add a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) E. Add a leukotriene antagonist

C. Add an inhaled corticosteroid

Which of the following studies provides the best clues to the acuteness and severity of disease exacerbation? A. Serum chemistry evaluation B. Alpha1-antitrypsin measurement C. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis D. Sputum evaluation

C. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis

A 42-year-old male with no significant medical history presents to the ED with complaints of headache, nausea, and dizziness. He states that he was at home working on his automobile in his closed garage, and started to develop the symptoms suddenly. He denies recent trauma and sick contacts, although recalls that he had a cold 2 weeks ago which had resolved. Vital signs are T 98.4, HR 80 bpm, BP 125/80, RR 16/min, SpO2 99% on room air. Physical exam is unremarkable. In addition to placing the patient on supplemental oxygen, which of the following is the next best step in management? A. Dix-Hallpike maneuver B. Non-contrast head CT scan C. Arterial blood gas sample D. Ondansetron E. Intravenous hydration

C. Arterial blood gas sample

A 40 year-old woman presents with 3 months of dry cough and intermittent low-grade fever. She is a non-smoker and has no significant family history or past medical history. A purified protein derivative (PPD) test was recently performed at work and was negative. On physical examination she is afebrile with stable vital signs. Lung auscultation reveals crackles in bilateral upper lobes. Chest x-ray shows hilar and mediastinal adenopathy, mild interstitial disease in the upper lung zones, and several small granulomas in both lungs. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Asbestosis B. Cryptococcosis C. Sarcoidosis D. Tuberculosis

C. Sarcoidosis

You are called to the nursery to see a male infant, born by uncomplicated vaginal delivery. He weighs 2,600 grams and has one deep crease on the anterior third of each foot. Respirations are 88 breaths/minute with expiratory grunting and intercostals retractions. He is cyanotic on room air and becomes pink when placed in 60% oxygen. Chest x-ray shows atelectasis with air bronchograms. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. neonatal pneumonia B. congenital heart disease C. hyaline membrane disease D. chronic lung disease of prematurity

C. hyaline membrane disease

A 23 year-old female with history of asthma for the past 5 years presents with complaints of increasing shortness of breath for 2 days. Her asthma has been well controlled until 2 days ago and since yesterday she has been using her albuterol inhaler every 4-6 hours. She is normally very active, however yesterday she did not complete her 30 minutes exercise routine due to increasing dyspnea. She denies any cough, fever, recent surgeries or use of oral contraceptives. On examination, you note the presence of prolonged expiration and diffuse wheezing. The remainder of the exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial diagnostic evaluation prior to initiation of treatment? A. chest x-ray B. sputum gram stain C. peak flow D. ventilation - perfusion scan

C. peak flow

A 53 year-old female status post abdominal hysterectomy 3 days ago suddenly develops pleuritic chest pain and dyspnea. On exam she is tachycardic and tachypneic with rales in the left lower lobe. A chest x-ray is unremarkable and an EKG reveals tachycardia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. atelectasis B. pneumothorax C. pulmonary embolism D. myocardial infarction

C. pulmonary embolism

Which statement regarding management of this condition is true? A. bronchodilators provide a consistent benefit for this illness B. corticosteroids are routinely indicated for initial management C. ribavirin should not be used routinely in this condition D. intravenous fluids are required for infants younger than year E. chest physiotherapy provides proven benefit for this condition

C. ribavirin should not be used routinely in this condition

A 22 year-old female with a history of asthma presents with complaints of increasing "asthma" attacks. The patient states she has been well controlled on albuterol inhaler until one month ago. Since that time she notices that she has had to use her inhaler 3-4 times a week and also has had increasing nighttime use averaging about three episodes in the past month. Spirometry reveals > 85% predicted value. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention at this time? A. Oral prednisone B. Oral theophylline C. Salmeterol inhaler D. Beclomethasone inhaler

D. Beclomethasone inhaler

A 2 year-old presents with sudden onset of cough and stridor. On examination the child is afebrile and appears non- toxic with a respiratory rate of 42 breaths per minute. What is the next step in the evaluation of this patient? A. Lateral soft tissue x-ray of the neck B. Indirect laryngoscopy C. Finger sweep D. Chest x-ray

D. Chest x-ray

Which of the following is an indication for a pediatric patient to receive the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax)? A. Children at any age with a history of asthma B. All children at 2,4,6 and 12-18 months of age C. All children at 12-23 months of age in a two dose series D. Children age 24-59 months at high risk for invasive pneumococcal disease

D. Children age 24-59 months at high risk for invasive pneumococcal disease

A 25-year-old female is brought to the emergency department with an acute asthma exacerbation. The patient takes combination fluticasone propionate and salmeterol for long-term management of severe asthma. Her symptoms are well-controlled while on medication, but for the past few days she has not taken her medication after she left her inhaler at her tennis club. Her pulse is 100/min and respirations are 26/min. On physical examination, she is using accessory muscles of respiration. Rhonchi and wheezing are present in both lung fields. Oxygen saturation is 85% on room air. The patient is started on 2L/min nasal cannula oxygen. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? A. Systemic corticosteroids B. Oral montelukast C. IV magnesium sulfate D. Inhaled albuterol E. IV theophylline

D. Inhaled albuterol

A 42 year-old male is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound to his right lateral chest wall. On physical examination, the patient is stable with decreased breath sounds on the right with dullness to percussion. An upright chest x-ray reveals the presence of a moderate pleural effusion. Subsequent diagnostic thoracentesis contains bloody aspirate. Which of the following is the next most appropriate intervention? A. Thoracotomy B. Needle aspiration C. Close observation D. Tube thoracostomy

D. Tube thoracostomy

A 6-hour-old male has failed to pass stool and is vomiting greenish fluid. An abdominal radiograph is shown here. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Jejunal atresia B. Pyloric stenosis C. Tracheoesophageal fistula D. Hirschsprung's disease E. Cystic fibrosis

E. Cystic fibrosis

On physical examination you note diminished breath sounds over the right lower lobe with decreased tactile fremitus and dullness to percussion. Which of the following is the most likely cause? A. asthma B. consolidation C. pneumothorax D. pleural effusion

D. pleural effusion

A 4-month-old infant presents to the emergency department with cough and fever. The infant has been sick for 3 days, but symptoms worsened in severity during the past 24 hours. Past medical history is otherwise negative. He was born preterm at 35 weeks but was discharged home after 3 days. Birth weight was 7 pounds, and maternal group B strep was negative. Immunizations are current. Vital signs include a rectal temperature of 100.8° F, pulse of 120 beats/minute, blood pressure within normal limits, and respiratory rate of 60 breaths/minute. The infant is well hydrated but appears ill. Grunting, nasal flaring, intracostal retractions, and increased respiratory effort are evident. Wheezing and crackles are noted on physical examination. Chest radiographs show patchy atelectasis and hyperinflation of the lungs. A. human metapneumovirus B. adenovirus C. parainfluenza virus D. respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) E. influenza virus

D. respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Which of the following is the major pathogenetic mechanism that causes asthma? A. Airway inflammation B. Increased pulmonary secretions C. Presence of Ghon complexes D. Irreversible fibrosis

A. Airway inflammation

A patient presents with occasional wheezing and chest tightness that occurs approximately once a week and at night only about once a month. Peak expiratory flow is 85% of predicted. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment? A. Albuterol (Proventil) inhaler B. Montelukast (Singular) C. Salmeterol (Serevent) inhaler D. Sustained release theophylline

A. Albuterol (Proventil) inhaler

A 17 year-old male who is trying out for the track team notes excessive coughing with chest tightness when running. Which of the following is the most appropriate preventive agent for this patient? A. Albuterol inhaler (Proventil) B. Inhaled corticosteroids C. Aminophylline (Theo-Dur) D. Ipratropium (Atrovent)

A. Albuterol inhaler (Proventil)

A 55 year-old man with a history of chronic bronchitis presents with two days of increased dyspnea and cough with worsening purulent sputum production. He is currently using inhaled albuterol as needed. In addition to systemic corticosteroids, what pharmacologic agent is warranted at this time for treatment of this patient? A. Antibiotic B. Inhaled corticosteroid C. Long acting beta-agonist D. Theophylline

A. Antibiotic

Patients with COPD have the symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Which of the following morphologic patterns of emphysema is typically most severe in the upper lobes? A. Centriacinar emphysema B. Panacinar emphysema C. Distal acinar emphysema D. Paraseptal emphysema

A. Centriacinar emphysema

A 3 year-old girl is diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. Which of the following disorders is this child at risk for in the future? A. Asthma B. Tinea pedis C. Squamous carcinoma D. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A. Asthma

A 60 year-old patient with COPD characteristic of emphysema presents with a cough and increased sputum production. The following information is noted: Temperature 100°F (37.8°C); Respiratory rate 20/min; Heart rate 88 beats/min; pH 7.44; PaO2 75 mmHg; PaCO2 40 mmHg; O2 saturation 92%. Physical examination is remarkable for increased AP diameter, diminished breath sounds without wheezes, rhonchi, or other signs of respiratory distress. Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment for this patient? A. Broad-spectrum antibiotic B. Admission to the hospital C. Oxygen at 6 L/min by nasal cannula D. Brief course of oral theophylline

A. Broad-spectrum antibiotic

A 69 year-old male with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia presents to the clinic complaining of cough, dyspnea and production of copious amounts of foul smelling sputum. Physical examination reveals crackles at the lung bases. Chest x-ray shows dilated and thickened bronchi that appear as ring-like markings. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Bronchiectasis B. Tuberculosis C. Adenocarcinoma D. Pulmonary fibrosis

A. Bronchiectasis

A solitary pulmonary nodule is found on a pre-employment screening chest x-ray in a 34 year-old nonsmoking male. There are no old chest x-rays to compare. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the evaluation? A. CT scan of the chest B. Needle biopsy of the lesion C. Positron emission tomography of the chest D. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy

A. CT scan of the chest

A 24 year-old male presents complaining of a 9 month history of increasing shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, and a cough productive of white sputum, mostly in the mornings. He denies orthopnea, PND, peripheral edema, fever, chills, night sweats, recent changes in weight, palpitations, chest pain, food intolerances, or other complaints. Patient has a history of recurrent lung infections. He states that his father had chronic pulmonary problems and died at age 42 from unknown lung disease. The patient denies smoking, alcohol or illicit drug use. On physical examination, the respiratory rate is 22 per minute, pulse of 98 bpm, temperature of 98.7 degrees. Pulmonary exam reveals end-expiratory wheezes bilaterally and hyperresonance to percussion. His cardiac exam is normal. Chest x- ray shows decreased lung markings. ECG is normal. Pulmonary function tests show an FEV1 63% of expected and residual capacity is 123% of expected. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Emphysema B. Pulmonary fibrosis C. Ventricular septal defect D. Congestion heart failure

A. Emphysema

Which of the following types of pleural effusion result from increased production of fluid due to underlying inflammatory conditions? A. Exudate B. Empyema C. Transudate D. Hemothorax

A. Exudate (Pleural effusion)

Which of the following is a major contraindication to curative surgical resection of a lung tumor? A. Liver metastases B. Vagus nerve involvement C. Non-malignant pleural effusion D. Chest wall invasion of the tumor

A. Liver metastases

A 4 year-old boy is sent home from day care for a severe cough following one week of cold symptoms, including sneezing, conjunctivitis, and nocturnal cough. He presents with paroxysms of cough followed by a deep inspiration, and occasional post-tussive emesis. During severe paroxysms, he exhibits transient cyanosis. What is the most appropriate treatment for exposed contacts at his day care center? A. Macrolide prophylaxis B. Isolation C. Observation and treatment only if symptomatic D. Supportive care only

A. Macrolide prophylaxis

A patient is brought to the emergency room with acute onset of dyspnea and tachypnea. He has a long history of alcoholism and was involved in a motor vehicle accident two days ago. He is hypoxic with crackles auscultated bilaterally. Chest radiography reveals diffuse bilateral infiltrates which spare the costophrenic angle and air bronchograms, there was no cardiomegaly or pleural effusion noted. Oxygen saturation is 70%. Which of the following is the most important initial treatment? A. Tracheal intubation B. Bilateral chest tube insertion C. Type-specific packed cells D. Colloid solutions

A. Tracheal intubation

You advise your patient from question one to take antipyretic drugs and get some rest. He returns to your office 5 days later feeling worse and now has a fever with a cough productive of purulent sputum. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient? A. Treat with a macrolide antibiotic B. Administer penicillin intramuscularly C. Influenza titers D. Pulmonary function tests

A. Treat with a macrolide antibiotic

A 47-year-old HIV positive female presents with a complaint of nonproductive cough. She is febrile, tachypneic, and tachycardic. Lung exam reveals bilateral rales. Chest x-ray shows diffuse interstitial infiltrates. What is the recommended treatment for this patient? A. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) B. Tetracycline (Sumycin) C. Amantadine (Symmetrel) D. Ticarcillin (Ticar)

A. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

A 70 year-old male is admitted to the ICU with fever, leukocytosis and purulent sputum. Sputum culture shows methicillin-resistant gram-positive cocci in clusters. Which of the following medications should be ordered for this patient? A. Vancomycin (Vancocin) B. Clindamycin (Cleocin) C. Azithromycin (Zithromax) D. Astreonam (Azactam)

A. Vancomycin (Vancocin)

Which of the following is the most common radiographic presentation of lung abscess? A. cavitation B. pleural thickening C. hilar mass D. hyperinflation

A. cavitation

A foreign body lodged in the trachea that is causing partial obstruction will most likely produce what physical exam finding? A. stridor B. aphoniea C. inability to cough D. progressive cyanosis

A. stridor

Which of the following physical exam findings is consistent with moderate emphysema? A. Increased tactile fremitus B. Dullness to percussion C. Distant heart sounds D. Deviated trachea

C. Distant heart sounds

An elderly patient with poorly-controlled Type 2 diabetes and renal disease develops a fever of 102°F orally, productive cough, and dyspnea. Physical examination demonstrates a respiratory rate of 32/min, labored breathing, and rales at the left base. Pulse oximetry is 90%. Which of the following is the next appropriate step in the management of this patient? A. Administer nebulized corticosteroids B. Admit to the hospital C. Oral antimicrobial therapy D. Endotracheal intubation

B. Admit to the hospital

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of emphysema? A. Interstitial inflammation and fibrosis B. Alveolar enlargement and loss of septa C. Mucosal edema and inflammatory response D. Excessive mucus secretion and chronic cough

B. Alveolar enlargement and loss of septa

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of emphysema? A. Interstitial inflammation and fibrosis B. Alveoli enlargement and loss of septa C. Mucosal edema and inflammatory response D. Excessive mucus secretion and chronic cough

B. Alveoli enlargement and loss of septa

An 85 year-old nursing home resident presents with abrupt onset of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgias, and malaise. On examination the patient's temperature is 102 degrees F; the rest of the exam is unremarkable. Nasal smear is positive for Influenza B. Which of the following is the treatment of choice in this patient? A. Amantadine (Symmetrel) B. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) C. Acyclovir (Zovirax) D. Nevirapine (Viramune

B. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

A 60 year-old patient returned from the recovery room to the floor following a subtotal gastrectomy. At 3 AM the next morning, the patient's temperature is 102° F (39° C) and pulse is 112/min. Which of the following is the most likely cause? A. wound infection B. atelectasis C. phlebitis D. shock

B. Atelectasis

A 33 year-old HIV-positive woman develops an 8mm area of induration following the administration of a purified protein derivative (PPD) test. Her chest radiograph shows no evidence of active tuberculosis (TB) infection. Which of the following is the most appropriate clinical intervention? A. Four-drug regimen for 4 months B. Isoniazid with Rifampin C. Observation only D. Repeat PPD and chest radiograph in 3 months

B. Isoniazid with Rifampin

A 27 year-old woman presents with one week of worsening productive cough, dyspnea, fever and malaise. Which of the following physical examination findings would support the diagnosis of lobar pneumonia? A. Decreased tactile fremitus B. Egophony C. Hyperresonance to percussion D. Wheeze

B. Egophony

A 36 year-old male developed a sore throat and was treated with IM penicillin. Within 20 minutes, he felt faint, became dyspneic, and had diarrhea. Upon entry to the emergency department, he was pale and apprehensive. He had a thready pulse, and systolic blood pressure was 40 mmHg. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial agent to use? A. Dopamine B. Epinephrine C. Hyrocortisone D. Diphenhydramine

B. Epinephrine

Which of the following pathophysiological processes is associated with chronic bronchitis A. Destruction of the lung parenchyma B. Mucous gland enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia C. Smooth muscle hypertrophy in the large airways D. Increased mucus adhesion secondary to reduction in the salt and water content of the mucus

B. Mucous gland enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia

A 15 year-old male was seen last week with complaints of sore throat, headache, and mild cough. A diagnosis of URI was made and supportive treatment was initiated. He returns today with complaints of worsening cough and increasing fatigue. At this time, chest x-ray reveals bilateral hilar infiltrates. A WBC count is normal and a cold hemagglutinin titer is elevated. The most likely diagnosis is A. tuberculosis. B. mycoplasma pneumonia. C. pneumococcal pneumonia. D. staphylococcal pneumonia

B. Mycoplasma Pneumonia

A mother of a newborn infant presents to the office concerned about reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The infant was delivered at 39 weeks gestation weighing 7 pounds 9 ounces. There is no family history of SIDS and this is her first child. Which of the following is appropriate advice to reduce the risk of SIDS? A. Bottle feeding with soy formula B. Offer a pacifier at nap and bedtimes C. Have the infant sleep in the prone position D. Infant should sleep with the parents to allow close observation

B. Offer a pacifier at nap and bedtimes

A pediatric patient presents with a history of multiple recurrent respiratory infections associated with failure to thrive. A sweat chloride test is elevated. Which of the following is a common cause of death in patients with this condition? A. Diabetic ketoacidosis B. Pulmonary infection C. Intestinal obstruction D. Acute respiratory failure

B. Pulmonary infection

A 62 year-old male smoker presents to the clinic with the complaint of a chronic cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss. Chest CT shows a mass obstructing the bronchus with hilar and mediastinal lymph node abnormalities. Bronchoscopy with biopsy is performed. On reviewing pathology results you explain to the patient that his type of lung cancer is prone to early hematogenous spread, is rarely amenable to surgical resection and has a very aggressive course. What type of lung cancer is most likely in this patient? A. Squamous cell B. Small cell C. Large cell D. Adenocarcinoma

B. Small cell

A post-op patient has signs and symptoms highly suggestive of a pulmonary embolism. The results of the CT scan of the lung is nondiagnostic. What is the most appropriate next step in the evaluation? A. Ventilation perfusion (V/Q) scan B. Ultrasound of the legs C. Echocardiography D. D-dimer

B. Ultrasound of the legs

An elderly nursing home resident is admitted with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment to initiate? A. Nafcillin B. Vancomycin C. Clindamycin D. Doxycycline

B. Vancomycin

Which of the following infectious agents is most likely to be found in a rural Kentucky farmer or in someone who is responsible for clearing bats out of the local caverns before the tourist season begins? A. cryptococcosis B. histoplasmosis C. psittacosis D. Candidal species

B. histoplasmosis

A 79 year-old female presents with productive cough for 2 days. She has associated fever, chills and shortness of breath. On physical exam, RR 30, BP 90/60, T 101.3. There is no JVD. Lungs reveal crackles at the left lower lobe and decreased breath sounds with dullness to percussion. Heart exam reveals RRR with no S3 or S4. No edema is noted. On chest x-ray the patient has a left sided pleural effusion. Examination of the pleural fluid reveals a decreased glucose and an elevated pleural fluid LDH. Pleural fluid cytology reveals squamous epithelial cells. What is the most likely cause of the patient's effusion? A. malignancy B. bacterial pneumonia C. heart failure D. pulmonary embolus

B. bacterial pneumonia

A 56 year-old male with a 40 pack-year smoking history presents complaining of progressive shortness of breath. Spirometry reveals an FEV1 of 2 L (40% of predicted), an FVC of 4 L (80% of predicted) and an FEV1/FVC of 50%. These findings are most consistent with A. sarcoidosis. B. chronic bronchitis. C. interstitial lung disease. D. congestive heart failure

B. chronic bronchitis

A 3 month-old male presents with a hoarse cough and thick purulent rhinorrhea for the past 2 days. The mother noted that yesterday he appeared to get worse and seemed to have increasing problems breathing and trouble feeding. Examination reveals a temperature of 100.2 degrees F and respiratory rate of 80/minute with nasal flaring and retractions. Lung examination reveals a prolonged expiratory phase with inspiratory rales. He is tachycardic. Pulse oximetry reveals oxygen saturation of 89%. Chest x-ray reveals hyperinflation with diffuse interstitial infiltrates. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention? A. antibiotics B. hospitalization C. inhaled corticosteroids D. Racemic epinephrine

B. hospitalization due to bronchiolitis

A 32 year-old African American female presents with complaints of a gradual worsening of exertional dyspnea associated with a mild dry cough. She has tried various cough preparations on her own without any significant relief. Her examination is essentially unremarkable. A chest x-ray reveals the presence of bilateral hilar adenopathy. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. silicosis B. sarcoidosis C. tuberculosis D. mycoplasma pneumonia

B. sarcoidosis

A 15 year-old male presents with a 1 week history of hacking non-productive cough, low grade fever, malaise and myalgias. Examination is unremarkable except for a few scattered rhonchi and rales upon auscultation of the chest. The chest x-ray reveals interstitial infiltrates and a cold agglutinin titer was negative. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. acute bronchitis B. viral pneumonia C. mycoplasma pneumonia D. pneumococcal pneumonia

B. viral pneumonia

A 62 year-old homeless patient presents complaining of fever, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats and a chronic cough that recently became productive of purulent sputum that is blood streaked. On physical examination, the patient appears chronically ill and malnourished. Which of the following chest x-ray findings supports your suspected diagnosis? A. Hyperinflation and flat diaphragms B. Interstitial fibrosis and pleural thickening C. Cavitary lesions involving the upper lobes D. "Eggshell" calcification of hilar lymph nodes

C. Cavity lesions involving the upper lobes-TB

A 45 year-old male presents with complaints of a chronic cough productive of mucopurulent sputum. The cough has been present for the past 3 years, but he attributed it to a "smoker's cough". He has been coughing up a lot of sputum lasting all winter long for the past 2 years. He denies any hemoptysis, weight loss or chest pain. Physical examination reveals a moderately obese male in no acute respiratory distress. Lung fields reveal presence of scattered rhonchi and wheezes. There is 1+ peripheral edema. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Lung cancer B. Bronchiectasis C. Chronic bronchitis D. Interstitial lung disease

C. Chronic bronchitis

Which of the following conditions will not produce a transudative pleural effusion? A. Kaposi's sarcoma B. Pneumonia C. Cirrhosis D. Mesothelioma

C. Cirrhosis

A 32 year-old male with a history of Tetralogy of Fallot with poor right ventricular function presents for evaluation of sleep apnea. There is no evidence of deviated septum. Polysomnography reveals apneic episodes of 60 seconds in duration. Oxygen saturation falls to low levels. Which of the following is the first-line treatment in the management of this patient? A. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty B. Nasal septoplasty C. Continuous positive airway pressure D. Antidepressants and oxygen

C. Continuous positive airway pressure

A 68 year-old male with history of COPD is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle collision. On physical examination there is evidence of head trauma. The left side of the chest wall appears to move inward with inspiration and outward with expiration. A chest x-ray reveals multiple rib fractures on the left. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention? A. Surgical fixation of the fractured ribs B. Application of elastic binders and adhesive tape C. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation D. Chest physiotherapy that encourages frequent coughing

C. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation

A 26 year-old man is stung by a bee, and shortly thereafter, a wheal develops at the site of the sting. He soon feels flushed and develops hives, rhinorrhea, and tightness in the chest. He is seen in the urgent care center. Immediate therapy should be to A. transfer him to a local hospital emergency department. B. apply a cold compress to site of the sting. C. administer subcutaneous epinephrine. D. administer oral albuterol.

C. administer subcutaneous epinephrine

A 67 year-old man presents complaining of gradually worsening fatigue and shortness of breath. He is a previous smoker with an 80 pack-year smoking history. He denies chest pain, night sweats, or hemoptysis. On physical examination, you note a very thin male who appears older than his stated age. Lung and heart sounds are barely audible to auscultation. Which of the following interventions is likely to alter the disease course? A. Inhaled bronchodilator therapy B. Inhaled steroid therapy C. Home oxygen D. Theophylline

C. Home oxygen

A patient with severe COPD presents to the Emergency Department with a 3 day history of increasing shortness of breath with exertion and cough productive of purulent sputum. An arterial blood gas reveals a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 70 mmHg and PaO2 of 50 mmHg. He is started on albuterol nebulizer, nasal oxygen at 2 liters per minute, and an IV is started. After one hour of treatment, his arterial blood gas now reveals a pH of 7.15, PaCO2 100 mmHg and PaO2 of 70 mmHg. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in his treatment? A. Decrease the oxygen flow rate. B. Administer oral corticosteroids. C. Intubate the patient. D. Administer salmeterol (Serevent)

C. Intubate the patient

Which of the following is accurate regarding the treatment of patients with COPD? A. Pneumococcal vaccines are contraindicated in patients with COPD B. Intravenous alpha1-antitrypsin levels should be kept at 8-10 mmol/L C. Long-term oxygen therapy is recommended for patients with a partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood <55 mm Hg or oxygen saturation <90% D. Because cardiovascular disease is common in patients with COPD, beta-blockers are indicated in all patients

C. Long-term oxygen therapy is recommended for patients with a partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood <55 mm Hg or oxygen saturation <90%

Which of the following is the most effective way for patients with persistent asthma to monitor the severity of their symptoms? A. call the health care provider regularly B. keep a diary of symptoms C. monitor peak flow D. ask a family member to monitor symptoms

C. Monitor peak flow

A 20 year-old male presents with 3 weeks of constitutional and upper respiratory symptoms, including malaise, sore throat, dry cough, and fever. Lung auscultation demonstrates diffuse crackles bilaterally. What is the most likely infectious agent involved? A. Respiratory syncytial virus B. Influenza virus C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A 45 year-old male presents to the clinic complaining of morning sluggishness, daytime fatigue, headaches. He admits to drinking two cocktails each evening. His bed partner reports his loud cyclical snoring, breath cessation and thrashing movements of his extremities during sleep. BMI is 40. Heart examination reveals regular rate and rhythm without S3, S4, or murmur and lungs are clear to auscultation. Polysomnography shows apneic episodes lasting as long as 60 seconds. Which of the following clinical interventions would most likely provide for the acute cessation of apneic episodes? A. Avoidance of alcohol B. Weight loss C. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure D. Supplemental oxygen

C. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure

Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for the development of drug resistance in the treatment of tuberculosis? A. A child with cystic fibrosis B. An elderly patient in a nursing home C. Non-adherence to prescribed drug regimen D. Patients with a history of diabetes mellitus

C. Non-adherence to prescribed drug regimen

A 57-year-old man is being evaluated for shortness of breath. The following spirometric data are obtained: VC 4.90 L (predicted), 5.15 L (observed) 105% predicted FRC 3.99 L (predicted), 4.37 L (observed) 110% predicted RV 2.47 L (predicted), 3.17 L (observed) 128% predicted FEV1 3.50 L (predicted), 2.35 L (observed) 67% predicted These findings are consistent with which of the following? A. No demonstrable abnormality B. Restrictive lung disease C. Obstructive lung disease D. A ventilation/perfusion mismatch

C. Obstructive lung disease

A 58-year-old female is recovering from a total knee replacement performed 3 days previously. She develops sudden onset shortness of breath and is complaining of a sharp pain in her chest with inspiration. A D-dimer test returns as positive, and a chest radiograph is performed and appears normal. Spiral CT scan is indeterminate for the presence of a pulmonary embolism. Homan's sign is absent bilaterally. Venous ultrasound is then performed to attempt to identify a deep venous thrombosis. Where is the venous ultrasound most likely to demonstrate the source of the pulmonary embolus in this patient? A. Abdominal inferior vena cava B. Great saphenous veins C. Proximal femoral veins D. Posterior tibial veins

C. Proximal femoral veins

A 3 year-old male with cystic fibrosis develops pneumonia. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the pneumonia? A. Escherichia coli B. Staphylococcus epidermidis C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa D. Streptococcus pneumoniae

C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Patients with long-term exposure to silica, coal dust, and asbestos may develop which of the following as complications? A. Airwayhyperreactivity B. Epithelial hyperplasia C. Pulmonary fibrosis D. Upper airway obstruction

C. Pulmonary fibrosis

A 26 year-old man presents to the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath, palpitations, and tingling of the lips and fingers. He appears anxious and describes a sensation of impending doom. His ECG and plain chest radiograph are normal. Which of the following arterial blood gas findings would you expect in this patient? A. pH 7.32 pCO2 49 mm Hg bicarbonate 24 mEq/L B. pH 7.40 pCO2 40 mm Hg bicarbonate 25 mEq/L C. pH 7.50 pCO2 23 mm Hg bicarbonate 21 mEq/L D. pH 7.52 pCO2 40 mm Hg bicarbonate 44 mEq/L

C. pH 7.50 pCO2 23 mm Hg bicarbonate 21 mEq/L

What is the mechanism of action of salmeterol (Serevent) in the treatment of asthma? A. Anti-inflammatory B. Immunotherapy for specific allergens C. Relaxing of bronchial smooth muscle D. Reduction of leukotriene production

C. Relaxing of bronchial smooth muscle

A 32 week preterm infant has an APGAR score of 9 at 5 minutes. Thirty minutes after delivery, tachypnea, retractions, and expiratory grunting are noted. Cyanosis and dyspnea appear with little response to oxygen. Physical examination reveals poor air movement bilaterally. A chest x-ray reveals air bronchograms and a fine reticular granular pattern. Which of the following conditions should be suspected? A. Atelectasis B. Diaphragmatic hernia C. Respiratory distress syndrome D. Pneumothorax

C. Respiratory distress syndrome

A patient presents with respiratory complaints. Chest x-ray reveals calcification of the hilar nodes with an eggshell pattern. Which of the following occupations is most consistent with these chest x-ray findings? A. building demolitioners B. coal miners C. sandblasters D. farmers

C. Sandblasters (Silicosis)

What is the diagnostic modality of choice to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF)? A. Chest radiograph B. Clinical features C. Sweat chloride concentration testing D. Genotyping

C. Sweat chloride concentration testing

Which of the following is the most likely presentation of an acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in a patient without preexisting cardiac or pulmonary disease? A. Anginal chest pain B. Cough C. Tachypnea D. Palpitations

C. Tachypnea

A 22-year-old male is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident during which he was thrown through the windshield of his vehicle. He is conscious upon arrival and complains of severe right-sided chest pain. His vital signs are stable upon arrival. On auscultation, you note absent breath sounds on the right middle and lower chest. Within 5 minutes of arrival, you notice increased work of breathing and the patient's oxygen saturation begins to fall. Radiographic imaging is shown here. What is the next best step in management? A. Observation alone B. Pericardiocentesis C. Thoracostomy tube placement D. Emergency bedside thoracotomy E. Diagnostic laparotomy

C. Thoracostomy tube placement

A 36 year-old male who is hospitalized because of severe injuries from a motor vehicle accident develops rapid onset of profound dyspnea. Initial chest x-ray shows a normal heart size with diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Follow-up chest x- ray shows confluent bilateral infiltrates that spare the costophrenic angles. Which of the following is the best clinical intervention for this patient? A. Provide supplemental oxygen B. Insert chest tube C. Tracheal intubation D. Administer corticosteroids

C. Tracheal intubation

Which of the following physical examination findings would be consistent with a pleural effusion? A. Hyperresonance to percussion B. Increased tactile fremitus C. Unilateral lag on chest expansion D. Egophony

C. Unilateral lag on chest expansion

A 75 year-old man with a long history of COPD presents with acute onset of worsening dyspnea, increased productive cough, and marked agitation. While in the emergency department he becomes lethargic and obtunded. His ABG's reveal a PaO2 40 mmHg, PaCO2 65 mmHg, and arterial pH 7.25. Which of the following is the most appropriate management at this point? A. oxygen supplementation with a 100% non-rebreather mask B. noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) C. endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation D. emergency tracheostomy

C. endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation

Which of the following is an indication for hospitalization in a patient who has acute bronchiolitis? A. pulse oximetry of 94% on room air B. children between 4-6 months of age C. moderate tachypnea with feeding difficulties D. hyperinflation and interstitial infiltrates on chest x-ray

C. moderate tachypnea with feeding difficulties

A 42 year-old male smoker presents for further evaluation of a 4 cm solitary pulmonary nodule discovered on a recent chest x-ray. Which of the following diagnostic tests is indicated next? A. Bone scan B. Thoractotomy C. Mediastinoscopy D. CT scan of chest

CT scan of chest

An O2 saturation of 90% corresponds to what PO2 value? A. 90 mmHg B. 80 mmHg C. 70 mmHg D. 60 mmHg

D. 60 mmHg

Which of the following is not considered an indication for hospitalization in an infant diagnosed with bronchiolitis? A. < 95% by pulse ox on RA B. Age < 3 months C. Temperature > 100.5 D. Respiratory rate > 70 breaths per minute E. Atelectasis on chest radiograph

Temperature >100.5

Which of the following classes of medications is most likely to cause a persistent cough? A. Tricyclic antidepressants B. Calcium channel blockers C. Beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents D. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

D. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

A 69 year-old male presents with complaint of increasing dyspnea over the past 6-8 months. The patient denies cough, chest pain or smoking history. Physical examination reveals inspiratory crackles at the bases and clubbing of the nails. Chest x-ray reveals interstitial fibrosis of the lower lungs, thickened pleura and calcified pleural plaques of the lateral chest wall. Pulmonary function testing shows a restrictive pattern with a decreased diffusing capacity. What information is most likely noted in this patient's history? A. Coal mining B. Silica exposure C. Textile work D. Asbestos exposure

D. Asbestos exposure

A 42 year-old male with unremarkable past medical history is admitted to the general medical ward with community-acquired pneumonia. He has a 20 pack-year history of cigarette smoking. He is empirically started on ceftriaxone (Rocephin). Which of the following antibiotics would be most appropriate to add to his empiric treatment regimen? A. Piperacillin B. Vancomycin C. Clindamycin D. Azithromycin

D. Azithromycin

A 62 year-old male presents with a right hilar mass. Needle-biopsy of the mass reveals the presence of small-cell carcinoma and a bone scan reveals the presence of scattered hot spots throughout the skeleton. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment? A. Lobectomy B. Pneumonectomy C. Thoracic radiation therapy D. Combination chemotherapy

D. Combination chemotherapy

A 39-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of episodic cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing. He has a past medical history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), pulse is 125/min, respirations are 30/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. Pulmonary examination shows diffuse wheezes in both lung fields. Cardiac examination shows a prominent "v" wave of the jugular vein and a 1/6 holosystolic murmur best heard on the left lower sternal border. Abdominal examination shows hyperactive bowel sounds. Which other clinical findings is likely to be present? A. Cheilosis and stomatitis B. Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia C. Swollen gums, bruising, and hemarthrosis D. Dermatitis and mental status change E. Ptosis, anhydrosis, and miosis

D. Dermatitis and mental status change

A 30-year-old previously healthy woman with no significant past medical history presents to your office with gradually worsening shortness of breath of one year's duration. The patient reports worsening dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, shortness of breath, and occasional exertional chest pain. On exam, the patient is noted to have an increased intensity of the P2 heart sound. Chest radiograph is seen here. What diagnostic test is most likely to lead to a diagnosis? A. D-dimer B. 12-lead EKG C. Response to IV furosemide D. Echocardiogram E. Pulmonary function test

D. Echocardiogram

A 63-year-old female with a known diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer presents to the emergency department after decompensating while at the chemotherapy suite. On arrival, vitals are pulse 124 bpm, blood pressure 92/64 mmHg, temperature 98.5 F, respiration 24/min and shallow. The patient is diaphoretic and disoriented, but able to complain about excruciating chest pain. Labs are drawn, and the patient is quickly worked up with an EKG (seen here) and helical CT (seen here). The patient is started on a heparin drip. Which of the following results confers a poor prognosis for the patient? A. Elevated white blood cell count B. Decreased d-dimer C. Elevated d-dimer D. Elevated troponin E. Decreased ionized calcium

D. Elevated troponin

A 64 year-old female with a 50 pack year smoking history, presents with worsening dyspnea on exertion, a persistent cough, and increasing oxygen requirement from 2 to 3 liters. She denies any cardiac history. What is the most likely chest x-ray finding in this patient? A. pulmonary vascular congestion B. left lower lobe infiltrate C. apical infiltrates D. hyperinflation with bullae

D. Hyperinflation with bullae (Emphysema)

Which of the following findings confirm the adequacy of a sputum specimen for Gram stain and culture? A. Decreased red blood cells B. Decreased bronchial epithelial cells C. Increased Gram positive cocci D. Increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte

D. Increased polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A 6 year-old boy is brought to the pediatric clinic by his mother for an evaluation of his asthma. He coughs about 3 days out of the week with at least 2-3 nights of coughing. Which of the following would be the most appropriate treatment for this patient? A. Mast cell stabilizer B. Long acting beta agonist C. Leukotriene receptor antagonist D. Low dose inhaled corticosteroid

D. Low dose inhaled corticosteroid

A 2 year-old presents to the emergency department in acute respiratory distress. The parents relate a history of a recent upper respiratory illness that was followed by a sudden onset of barking cough during the night, but this morning they noted increased difficulty breathing. The child is noted to have stridor at rest, but has no evidence of cyanosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial intervention? A. Intravenous antibiotics B. Endotracheal intubation C. Inhaled mucolytic agent D. Nebulized racemic epinephrine

D. Nebulized racemic epinephrine

A 22 month-old male infant presents with one day of barking cough preceded by three days of cold symptoms. On physical examination, his axillary temperature is 100.4°F and he has no stridor at rest. Inspiratory stridor is evident when he becomes agitated during the examination. There are no signs of respiratory distress or cyanosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient? A. Nebulized albuterol B. Nebulized epinephrine C. Oral amoxicillin D. Oral dexamethasone

D. Oral dexamethasone

An 18 month-old male presents with his parents who report symptoms of a barking cough and intermittent stridor that has worsened over the past 12 hours. They note improvement in symptoms when he was taken outdoors to the cool night air. Which of the following is the most likely organism causing this patient's symptoms? A. Rubeola virus B. Adenovirus C. Influenza virus D. Para-influenza virus

D. Para-influenza virus

A 50-year-old male presents to the emergency department with sharp epigastric pain of 7 hours duration. The pain was sudden in onset and radiates to the back. The patient has a history of chronic alcoholism. He does not take any medications. The patient is admitted to the hospital and given 1 liter of normal saline. Several hours later, the patient appears markedly short of breath. Temperature is 36.9 degrees Celsius, blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respiratory rate is 33/min. Physical examination is notable for labored breathing and crackles at both lung bases. Chest X-ray is shown here. Which of the following would help confirm a diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) A. White blood cell (WBC) count > 18,000 cells/mm^3 B. Blood glucose > 220 mg/dL C. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) > 400 D. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) < 18 mmHg E. PaO2 < 60 mmHg

D. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) < 18 mmHg

A patient taking bleomycin (Blenoxane) should be monitored for which of the following side effects? A. Optic neuritis B. Hyperuricemia C. Encephalopathy D. Pulmonary fibrosis

D. Pulmonary fibrosis

A 62 year-old male presents with a history of dyspnea on exertion and chronic cough worse with arising in the mornings. He has a 40-year-pack history of cigarette use. On examination there is increased AP diameter and decreased breath sounds with a prolonged expiratory phase. Pulse oximetry reveals an oxygen saturation of 93% on room air. In addition to smoking cessation, which of the following is an appropriate intervention at this time? A. Home oxygen therapy B. Maintenance oral steroids C. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy D. Recommend influenza and pneumococcal vaccines

D. Recommend influenza and pneumococcal vaccines

Which of the following mechanisms leads to a primary pneumothorax? A. Penetrating or blunt trauma forces B. Underlying lung cancer C. Pressure of air in the pleural space exceeds room air pressure D. Rupture of subpleural apical blebs due to high negative intrapleural pressures

D. Rupture of subpleural apical blebs due to high negative intrapleural pressures

A 25 year-old male with a history of asthma presents complaining of increasing episodes of evening and daytime symptoms. He is on a short acting inhaled beta agonist prn. He is presently using his short acting beta agonist on a daily basis. Which of the following is the most appropriate addition to this patient's regimen? A. methylxanthine oxidase inhibitor B. long acting beta agonist inhaler C. leukotriene inhibitor D. inhaled corticosteroid

D. inhaled corticosteroid

A 21 year-old male presents to the ED with increasing dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain of sudden onset after getting hit in the left side of the chest during a bar fight. Examination reveals moderate respiratory distress with absence of breath sounds and hyperresonance to percussion on the left, with tracheal deviation to the right. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step? A. order a V/Q scan B. order a chest x-ray C. administer a sclerosing agent D. insert large bore needle into left 2nd ICS stat

D. insert large bore needle into left 2nd ICS stat (Tension pneumothorax)

The finding of egophony is most consistent with A. emphysema. B. atelectasis. C. pneumothorax. D. lobar pneumonia.

D. lobar pneumonia

In patients with COPD, which of the following has been shown to decrease rate of malignancy and cardiovascular disease and improve survival? A.bronchodilator therapy B. pulmonary rehabilitation C. oral glucocorticosteroids D. smoking cessation

D. smoking cessation

Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic agent for acute influenza? A. azithromycin (Zithromax) B. acyclovir (Zovirax) C. tetracycline (Sumycin) D. zanamivir (Relenza)

D. zanamivir (Relenza)

A 76-year-old man with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents complaining of 3 weeks of cough and progressive dyspnea on exertion in the setting of a 20 pound weight loss. He is a 60 pack-year smoker, worked as a shipbuilder 30 years ago, and recently traveled to Ohio to visit family. Chest radiograph shows increased bronchovascular markings, reticular parenchymal opacities, and multiple pleural plaques. Labs are unremarkable except for a slight anemia. Which of the following is the most likely finding on this patient's chest CT? A. Nodular mass spreading along pleural surfaces B. Honeycombing C. Air bronchogram D. Granulomatous nodule E. Lower lobe cavitary mass

E. Lower lobe cavitary mass (Squamous cell carcinoma from Asbestos)

A 43-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of mild shortness of breath and right-sided chest pain for three days. She reports that lately she has had a nagging nonproductive cough and low-grade fevers. On examination, her vital signs are: temperature 99.1 deg F (37.3 deg C), blood pressure is 115/70 mmHg, pulse is 91/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation 97% on room air. She is well-appearing, with normal work of breathing, and no leg swelling. She is otherwise healthy, with no prior medical or surgical history, currently taking no medications. You have a low suspicion for the most concerning diagnosis and would like to exclude it with a very sensitive though non-specific test. Which of the following should you order? A. Obtain spiral CT chest with IV contrast B. Obtain ventilation-perfusion scan C. Obtain chest radiograph D. Order a lower extremity ultrasound E. Order a D-dimer

E. Order a D-dimer

A patient who appears very anxious enters the office complaining of dizziness with perioral and extremity paresthesias. She vaguely describes some chest discomfort. Physical examination is unremarkable, except for moderate tachypnea with obvious sighing respiration. This clinical picture is most consistent with A. bronchial asthma. B. hyperventilation syndrome. C. spontaneous pneumothorax. D. emphysema.

Hyperventilation syndrome (Anxiety)