S.O. Thermodynamics Study Guide

What increases entropy? Explain.

- as the number of available microstates increases, the potential energy of a molecule is distributed over that larger number of microstates

Explain what heat of transformation is.

- during a phase change, heat energy causes changes in the particles' potential energy and energy distribution (entropy), but not kinetic energy

What type of property is temperature? Explain.

- physical property of matter

What is temperature?

- qualitative measure of how hot or cold an object is

Describe isothermal processes.

- temperature is constant

Describe the universe and what you know because of it.

- universe is a closed, expanding system

Describe isovolumetric (isochoric) processes.

- volume is held constant

There is one special temperature where Fahrenheit and Celsius are the same number. What is that temperature?

-40

At which temperature does the Celsius reading equal the Fahrenheit reading?

-40 C

At what temperature is Celsuis the same as Farenheit?

-40 degrees

Absolute zero in ˚F, ˚C and K

-460

What is the lowest possible temperature?

0 Degrees Kelvin

Which thermo law states that randomness in systems tends to increase in an isolated system?

0th

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat required to warm how much?

1 Kilogram of it by one degree Celsius

Name two pairs of temperature systems that have equivalent sized degrees but different boiling points.

1) Celsius and Kelvin, 2) Fahrenheit and Rankine

When liquids and gases are compared, liquids have _____ compressibility compared to gases and a _____density .

1) smaller 2) greater

What are 3 kinds of systems?

1. isolated

What are the four special types of thermodynamic systems in which a given variable is held constant?

1. isothermal processes

What percentage of electrical energy that flows through a common incandescent light bulb becomes heat energy?

100%

Convert 64 degrees C to F

147.20

In what year was the concept of absolute zero first postulated?

1702

In what year did Anders Celsius propose the international temperature scale bearing his name?

1742

James prescott joule

1818-1889Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work. This led to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics

When was the Carnot cycle proposed?

1822

Boiling point of water in ˚F, ˚C and K

212

Convert the temperature of 32 Degrees F to Degrees Kelvin

273 Degrees Kelvin

Convert 82 Degrees F to K

300.93

Freezing point of water in ˚F, ˚C and K

32

Convert the temperature of 100 degrees F to degrees Celsius

38 Degrees C

How many places are there where heat is needed to go from solid to gas?

5

The temperature of lightning is 28000 degrees K. Convert this to Degrees F.

50000 Degrees F (SIG Fig's)

A small candy bar has 52 calories. If all of its energy if converted to heat, by how much it raise the temperature of 1 L of water?

52 degrees C

Convert the temperature of 32 degrees C to degrees Rankline?

549 Degrees R

The engine of a helicopter requires 34 J of energy per cycle to stay in flight. The engine's full fuel produces 60J of energy per cycle. What is the minimum efficiency of the engine for the helicopter to stay in flight?

56.6%

The thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 MW when heat is supplied to it at a rate of 60 MW is:

66.7%

What is the ideal efficiency of a heat engine that has a hot reservoir at 800K and cold reseroir of 200K?

75%

Thermometer

A device that measures temperature. It relies on thermal expansion of a fluid in a sealed tube.

Calorimeter

A device used to measure changes in thermal energy.

Matter Spread

A drive towards greater entropy

Energy Spread

A drive towards lower heat

Refrigerant

A fluid that vaporizes and condenses inside the tubing of a heat pump is called the...

What claim did James Prescott Joule make in the "Mechanical Equivalent of Heat."

A given amount of work will produce the same amount of heat - work and heat were interchangeable.

Expands

A liquid thermometer works because liquid _____when warmed.

Expands farts

A liquid thermometer works best because liquid _________ when warmed.

What is entropy?

A measure of how much energy has spread out or how spread out energy has become

phase change

A reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another.

True

A reversible process will always have a higher efficiency than an irreversible process.

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A statement of conservation of energy: the total energy in the universe can never decrease or increase

Kelvin

A temperature scale used by scientists to measure thermal energy.

Explain kinetic molecular theory

A theory of the thermodynamic behavior of matter, especially the relationships among pressure, volume, and temperature in gases, based on the dependence of temperature on the kinetic energy of the rapidly moving particles of a substance.

kelvin

A unit of absolute temperature and symbolized as K. Formerly known as degree Kelvin.

If under steady state heat flow, you double the thickness of a wall built from solid uniform material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will be ? A) 1/2 its first value B) 1/4 its first value C) almost double D) 3/2 of its first value

A) become 1/2 its first value

Endothermic

Absorbs heat

Temperature

According to the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if they both have the same ___________________.

Motor

All real refrigerators require work to get heat to flow from a cold area to a warmer area. Which of the following parts of the refrigerator does work for this purpose?

Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903)

America's greatest theoretical scientist, he studied thermodynamics and physical chemistry. His work on the application of thermodynamics were important.

Merle Randall

American physical chemist famous for his work with Gilbert N. Lewis, over a period of 25 years, in measuring reaction heat of chemical compounds and determining their corresponding free energy.

Latent Heat of Vaporization

Amount of energy is needed to go from liquid to gas

Latent Heat of Fusion

Amount of energy is needed to go from solid to liquid

calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

Richard Feynman

An American theoretical physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

Ludwig Boltzmann

An Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).

2. adiabatic processes

An adiabatic process occurs without transfer of heat or mass of substances between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. This is key for the First Law of Thermodynamics

decreases

An increase in heat in a system _________ entropy

Decreases Entropy

An increase in heat in a system ___________ ______________.

Adiabatic and Reversible

An isentropic process is both __________and _______________.

Entropy

An isentropic process occurs under constant _______________.

4. isovolumetric (isochoric) processes

An isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant.

False

An open system does not allow for mass to pass through the boundaries.

Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier discovers oxygen and develops an explanation for combustion; in his paper "Réflexions sur le phlogistique", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory.

Increase

As a substance melts, it's volume will _________________.

William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

At the University of Glasgow he did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and formulation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging discipline of physics in its modern form.Absolute temperatures are stated in units of kelvin in his honor. While the existence of a lower limit to temperature (absolute zero) was known prior to his work, Lord Kelvin is widely known for determining its correct value as approximately −273.15 degree Celsius or −459.67 degree Fahrenheit.

Triple Point

At the __________ ___________, the solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist in equilibrium.

Critical Point

At the ___________ ______________, the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are identical.

Absolute zero, -273 C or -461 F

At what temperature is the entropy of a pure crystal equal to zero?

Temperature

Average kinetic energy

which of the following are expressions of microscopic energy: A) A vehicle sitting on top of a hill B) The kinetic energy of individual molecules C) the potential energy stored in candle wax D) a ball is flying through the air at 10 feet/sec

B & C

A comfortable summer day is 77ºF. What is this on the Celsius scale? a) 42ºC b) 25ºC c) 170.6ºC d) 273ºC

B) 25ºC

The second law of thermo states that thermal energy can flow from colder objects to hotter objects A) by convection B) only if work is done on the system C) spontaneously D) which thermal expansion takes place

B) only if work is done on the system

Henri Victor Regnault

Beginning in 1843, he began compiling extensive numerical tables on the properties of steam. At Sèvres, he continued work on the thermal properties of matter. He designed sensitive thermometers, hygrometers, hypsometers and calorimeters, and measured the specific heats of many substances and the coefficient of thermal expansion of gases. In the course of this work, he discovered that not all gases expand equally when heated and that Boyle's Law is only an approximation, especially at temperatures near a substance's boiling point.

Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron

Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron was a French engineer and physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics

The amount of energy required to get one pound of water from 39 to 40 degrees F is?

British Thermal Unit

What do you measure temperature in?

C or Kelvin

From his observations of cannon drilling, Count Rumford concluded that heat could not be a form of what? A) kinetic energy B) potential energy C) matter D) radiation

C) matter

As temperature of an object rises, so does the____? A) Kinetic energy of the object B) mass of the object C) thermal energy of the object D) potential energy of the object

C) thermal energy of the object

What tool is used to measure thermodynamic values?

Calorimeter

Jacques Charles

Charles's law, describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Jacques Charles.

What type of heat transfer causes a frying pan handle to get warm?

Conductive

When a pot of water is put onto the stove, the water at the top gets hot primarily by ?

Convection

(20 + 273) = 293 Kelvin

Convert 20 degrees Celsuis to Kelvin. What is the answer?

38 degrees Celsius

Convert the temperature of 100 F to degrees Celsius.

549 Rankine

Convert the temperature of 32 degrees Celsius to Rankine.

273 degrees Kelvin

Convert the temperature of 32 degrees Kelvin

Thermal energy depends on an object´s _____? A) Mass B) Phase (Solid, Liquid, gas) C) temperature D) all of the above

D) all of the above

To which of the following does the first law of thermo apply? A) heating objects B) transferring thermal energy C) doing work on a system D) all of the above

D) all of the above

What happens in steam engine A) fuel is burned outside the engine B) heat is converted into work C) hot steam pushes a piston D) all of the above

D) all of the above

which of the following is a form of energy? A) Chemical B) electrical C) Mechanical D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Who was the glass blower who is best known for inventing the alcohol thermometer and the mercury thermometer.

Daniel Fahrenheit

Volume & Shape of Solid

Definite volume and shape

Volume & Shape of Liquid

Definite volume, indefinite shape

What is the process in which vapor becomes a solid?

Deposition

Pierre Duhem

Duhem is also known for his work in thermodynamics, being in part responsible for the development of what is known as the Gibbs-Duhem relation and the Duhem-Margules equation. Duhem thought that from the first principles of thermodynamics physicists should be able to derive all the other fields of physics—e.g., chemistry, mechanics, and electromagnetism.Duhem, influenced by Macquorn Rankine's "Outlines of the Science of Energetics",carried out this project in Traité de l'Énergétique (1911) but was unable to subject electromagnetism to thermodynamic first principles.

Albert Einstein

Einstein's first paper[146] submitted in 1900 to Annalen der Physik was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Two papers he published in 1902-1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.

What type of reaction is Entropy?

Endothermic

Under what conditions is a reaction spontaneous?

Endothermic and low entropy

Chemical reactions that absorb heat energy are called _____ and have a ______ enthalpy.

Endothermic, Positive

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can't be created or destroyed, only converted.

1st Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

What does the Conservation of Energy Principle state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only change its form.

False

Energy has a tendency to become more ordered.

radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

What are the two driving forces?

Enthalpy and Entropy

What is the difference between enthalpy vs. entropy?

Enthalpy is the measure of heat content while Entropy is the measure of disorder in a thermodynamic system.

What happens when a system loses its ability to do useful work?

Entropy Increases

What is irreversible?

Every natural process

What do surroundings include?

Everything that is not part of the system

What type of reaction is Enthalpy?

Exothermic

Which scientist was not credited with optimizing or improving thermal engines. A) Miller B) Otto C) Watt D) Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit

In a glass water, there is no energy---true or false

False

Molecules in a glass of water are all moving at the same speed--true or false

False

True or False: According to Planck statement, it is impossible to obtain a continuous supply of energy by cooling a body below the coldest of its surroundings

False

True or False: Air is a good conduct of heat

False

True or False: Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a thermodynamic system and normally tends to decrease.

False

True or False: If you put your hand above the burner on the stove, it gets hotter than if you out your hand beside the burner. The heat is transferred to your hand above the burner through radiation.

False

True or False: In a exothermic process the reaction releases energy in the form of only heat and sound.

False

True or False: Radiation transfers energy by moving matter

False

True or False: Legend has it that Newton was inspired by an apple falling out of a church window.

False: The apple fell on Newton's head.

Enrico Fermi

Fermi's first major contribution was to statistical mechanics. After Wolfgang Pauli announced his exclusion principle in 1925, Fermi followed with a paper in which he applied the principle to an ideal gas, employing a statistical formulation now known as Fermi-Dirac statistics. Today, particles that obey the exclusion principle are called "fermions". Later Pauli postulated the existence of an uncharged invisible particle emitted along with an electron during beta decay, to satisfy the law of conservation of energy. Fermi took up this idea, developing a model that incorporated the postulated particle, which he named the "neutrino". His theory, later referred to as Fermi's interaction and still later as weak interaction, described one of the four fundamental forces of nature.

The property of being able to add enthalpies is based on what law of thermo?

First

Which thermo law states that energy can not be created or destroyed?

First Law

conduction

Form of heat transfer where heat energy is directly transferred between molecules through molecular collisions or direct contact.

Nicolas Clément

French physicist and chemist. Also known as Nicolas Clément-Desormes, he was born in Dijon. He was a colleague of Charles Desormes, with whom he conducted the Clément-Desormes experiment.

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem

French physicist, mathematician, historian and philosopher of science. He is best known for his work on chemical thermodynamics, for his philosophical writings on the indeterminacy of experimental criteria, and for his historical research into the science of the European Middle Ages.

What once common refrigerant was known to deplete the ozone layer and was later banned from usage?

Freon 12 (dichloro-diflouro-methane)

Matter

From his observations of cannon drilling, Count Rumford concluded that heat could NOT be a form of ...

Enthalpy

H (heat), energy spread

Peter Tait

He also produced original work in mathematical and experimental physics. In 1864, he published a short paper on thermodynamics, and from that time his contributions to that and kindred departments of science became frequent and important. In 1871, he emphasized the significance and future importance of the principle of the dissipation of energy (second law of thermodynamics).

Arnold Sommerfeld

He introduced the 2nd quantum number (azimuthal quantum number) and the 4th quantum number (spin quantum number). He also introduced the fine-structure constant and pioneered X-ray wave theory.

Julius von Mayer

He is best known for enunciating in 1841 one of the original statements of the conservation of energy or what is now known as one of the first versions of the first law of thermodynamics, namely that "energy can be neither created nor destroyed". In 1842, Mayer described the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature.

Q stands for what kind of energy?

Heat

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat can transfer into a cold object but only in that order.

Enthalpy is an expression for the _____?

Heat content

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Heat is an energy due to temperature difference and temperature is a measure of kinetic energy.

Substance A has a higher temperature than substance B. Substance A would do what to substance B.

Heat it.

Which gaseous element or compound requires the lowest temperature to liquify?

Helium

Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions in several scientific fields. The largest German association of research institutions, the Helmholtz Association, is named after him

Walther Nernst

His formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics. Nernst helped establish the modern field of physical chemistry and contributed to electrochemistry, thermodynamics and solid state physics. He is also known for developing the Nernst equation in 1887.

Rudolf Clausius

His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865, he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem which applied to heat.

Johannes Diderik van der Waals

His name is primarily associated with the Van der Waals equation of state that describes the behavior of gases and their condensation to the liquid phase.In his 1873 thesis, van der Waals noted the non-ideality of real gases and attributed it to the existence of inter molecular interactions. He introduced the first equation of state derived by the assumption of a finite volume occupied by the constituent molecules.

What does thermal expansion describe?

How a substance changes in length or volume as a function of the change in temperature

Two

How many independent, intensive properties are required to completely define the state of a pure, compressible system.

Water molecules

If 50 grams of ice and 50 grams of water are both at 0 degrees, which has the higher average kinetic energy, water or ice molecules?

Describe all you know about increasing entropy

If you increase temperature, you increase entropy. (1) More energy put into a system excites the molecules and the amount of random activity. (2) As a gas expands in a system, entropy increases. This one is also easy to visualize.

Germain Henri Hess

In 1830, Hess took up chemistry full-time, researching and teaching, and later became an adjunct professor of Chemistry at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His most famous paper, outlining his law on thermochemistry, was published there in 1840. His principle, a progenitor for the first law of thermodynamics, came to be called Hess's law. It states that in a series of chemical reactions, the total energy gained or lost depends only on the initial and final states, regardless of the number or path of the steps. This is also known as the law of constant heat summation.

Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron

In 1834, he made his first contribution to the creation of modern thermodynamics by publishing a report entitled Mémoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur (Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat), in which he developed the work of the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, deceased two years before.Clapeyron, in his memoire, presented Carnot's work in a more accessible and analytic graphical form, showing the Carnot cycle as a closed curve on an indicator diagram, a chart of pressure against volume (named in his honor Clapeyron's graph).

Richard C. Tolman

In 1912, he conceived of the concept of relativistic mass by writing that "the expression m0(1 - v2/c2)−1/2 is best suited for the mass of a moving body." In a 1916 experiment, Tolman demonstrated that electricity consists of electrons flowing through a metallic conductor. A by-product of this experiment was a measured value of the mass of the electron. Overall, however, he was primarily known as a theorist.

Lars Onsager

In 1925 he arrived at a correction to the Debye-Hückel theory of electrolytic solutions, to specify Brownian movement of ions in solution, and during 1926 published it. He traveled to Zürich, where Peter Debye was teaching, and confronted Debye, telling him his theory was wrong.

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

In a closed system (up to and including the entire universe), energy will spontaneously and irreversibly go from being localized to being spread out (dispersed)

Kinetic-molecular Theory

In a hot body the particles move faster and thus have greater kinetic energy than particles in a cooler body.

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

In his only publication, the 1824 monograph Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, Carnot gave the first successful theory of the maximum efficiency of heat engines.

Hermann von Helmholtz

In physics, he is known for his theories on the conservation of energy, work in electrodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, and on a mechanical foundation of thermodynamics.

1742

In what year did Anders Celsius propose the international temperature scale bearing his name?

An increase in a heat system does decreases or increased entropy?

Increases

The hottest possible temperature is what?

Infinity

A constant pressure process is known as:

Isobaric

If a fixed volume cylinder containing water is heated by a Bunsen Burner, what is the type of thermodynamic process?

Isochoric

If a fixed volume cylinder containing water is heated by a Bunsen burner, what is the type of thermodynamic process?

Isochoric

What is known as a constant volume process?

Isochoric or Isometric

What is known as a constant temperature process?

Isothermal

This reversible process is used to form a Carnot cycle?

Isothermal and Adiabatic

What is the purpose of the hollow walls within a closed hollow walled container that is effective at maintain the temperature inside?

It acts as an effective insulator, which minimizes conduction

Describe total internal energy in a closed system.

It's equal to the heat flow into the system minus the work done by the system

James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell discovers the distribution law of molecular velocities. Maxwell helped develop the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. The formula, called the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, gives the fraction of gas molecules moving at a specified velocity at any given temperature. In the kinetic theory, temperatures and heat involve only molecular movement. This approach generalized the previously established laws of thermodynamics and explained existing observations and experiments in a better way than had been achieved previously. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics led him to devise the thought experiment that came to be known as Maxwell's demon, where the second law of thermodynamics is violated by an imaginary being capable of sorting particles by energy.

Who discovered the mechanical equivalent of heat?

James Joule

John Dalton

John Dalton defends caloric theory in A New System of Chemistry and describes how it combines with matter, especially gases; he proposes that the heat capacity of gases varies inversely with atomic weight.

Joseph Black

Joseph Black was known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. Joseph Black discovers that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac publishes Charles's law, discovered (but unpublished) by Jacques Charles around 1787; this shows the dependency between temperature and volume. Gay-Lussac also formulates the law relating temperature with pressure (the pressure law, or Gay-Lussac's law).

James Prescott Joule

Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). This led to the law of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after James Joule. He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperature, which came to be called the Kelvin scale. Joule also made observations of magnetostriction, and he found the relationship between the current through a resistor and the heat dissipated, which is also called Joule's first law.

The standard unit of measurement of heat is _________.

Joules

What do you measure heat in?

Joules

Julius Robert

Julius Robert Mayer was a German physician, chemist and physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics.

A standard unit of measurement of temperature is ________.

Kelvin

What happens to the kinetic energy of gas molecule when the gas is heated?

Kinetic energy increases

_____ is the amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase-change process.

Latent

The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature is the_____?

Latent Heat

Which of the following laws of physics becomes the foundation of thermodynamics?

Law of conservation of energy

Gilbert N. Lewis

Lewis introduced the thermodynamic concept of activity and coined the term "fugacity". His new idea of fugacity, or "escaping tendency", was a function with the dimensions of pressure which expressed the tendency of a substance to pass from one chemical phase to another. Lewis believed that fugacity was the fundamental principle from which a system of real thermodynamic relations could be derived.

What are the five states or phases of matter?

Liquid, gas, solid, plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensates.

1) Isothermal Heating 2) Adiabatic Expansion, 3) Isothermal Cooling and 4) Adiabatic Compression

List the four processes for a Carnot Cycle

What three factors determine thermal energy?

Mass, temperature and phase

Max Planck

Max Planck suggests that light may be emitted in discrete frequencies, giving his law of black-body radiation. Planck's first proposed solution to the problem in 1899 followed from what Planck called the "principle of elementary disorder", which allowed him to derive Wien's law from a number of assumptions about the entropy of an ideal oscillator, creating what was referred-to as the Wien-Planck law.Planck revised his approach, deriving the first version of the famous Planck black-body radiation law, which described the experimentally observed black-body spectrum well.The central assumption behind his new derivation, presented to the DPG on 14 December 1900, was the supposition, now known as the Planck postulate, that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form, in other words, the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit: E= hv

Peter Mazur

Mazur studied the classical and quantum molecular foundations of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Significant results included the derivation of the Langevin equation with Irwin Oppenheim and the classic paper on harmonic oscillator systems by George Ford, Mark Kac, and Mazur, which was published in the Journal of Mathematical Physics (in 1965). Mazur's work in the 1950s and 1960s culminated in the publication of Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (North Holland and Inter-science, 1962), written by de Groot and Mazur. In 1991, he derived, with Bedeaux, the Langevin equation for a Brownian particle using only causality and time reversal in variance. From 1994 to 2000, Mazur, together with J. Miguel Rubi, used the method of internal degrees of freedom to describe fluctuations in the context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In 2001, he and Bedeaux developed non-equilibrium thermodynamics for quantum systems.

Celsius

Metric unit for measuring temperature; On this scale water freezes at zero and boils at 100.

Rudolf Clausius and from William Rankine

Name the two who developed the First Law of Thermodynamics?

What type of value does exothermic have?

Negative

Who gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines?

Nicolas Carnot

This person is called the father of thermodynamics

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot

Who invented the four stroke combustion cycle, a multi stoke engine, and the first internal combustion.

Nikolaus August Otto

Is Entropy spontaneous?

No

Volume & Shape of Gas

No definite volume or shape

Describe adiabatic processes.

No heat is exchanged

What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

Objects are in thermal equilibrium when they are at the same temperature

William John Macquorn Rankine

One of Rankine's first scientific works, a paper on fatigue in metals of railway axles (1843), led to new methods of construction. His classic Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers (1859) was the first attempt at a systematic treatment of steam-engine theory. Rankine worked out a thermodynamic cycle of events (the so-called Rankine cycle) used as a standard for the performance of steam-power installations in which a condensable vapor provides the working fluid.

What was a hypothetical substance thought to exist in all combustible objects and released when burned?

Phlogiston

What type of value does endothermic have?

Positive

Name three forms of energy storage.

Potential Energy (PE), Kinetic Energy(KE) and Internal Energy (U)

Ilya Prigogine

Prigogine is best known for his definition of dissipative structures and their role in thermodynamic systems far from equilibrium, a discovery that won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977. In summary, Ilya Prigogine discovered that importation and dissipation of energy into chemical systems could reverse the maximization of entropy rule imposed by the second law of thermodynamics.

William John Macquorn Rankine

Proffesor William John Macquorn Rankine FRSE FRS LLD was a Scottish mechanical engineer who also contributed to civil engineering, physics and mathematics.

The refrigerant Freon 12 was replace by a chlorine free refrigerant known as....

R134a (tetraflourao-ethane)

Fast food restaurants keep food hot with infrared lamps. The heat transferred by what?

Radiation

Who invented the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

Ralph H. Fowler invented the title 'the zeroth law of thermodynamics' when he was discussing the 1935 text of Saha and Srivastava.

Exothermic

Releases heat

What do you call an object that does not significantly change in temperature and initial energy even when heat is removed or added to it?

Reservoir

False

Reversible processes are real processes that occur in nature.

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle experimentally discovers Boyle's Law, relating the pressure and volume of a gas (published 1662)

Robert Brown

Robert Brown discovers the Brownian motion of pollen and dye particles in water

Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke stated: "Heat being nothing else but a very brisk and vehement agitation of the parts of a body."

Around 1850, who was the first to state the first law of thermodynamics?

Rudolf Clausius/ William Thomson (Kelvin)

Who is known as the first engineer to prove that fuel can be ignited without a flame or spark which he accomplished in the 1890s.

Rudolf Diesel

Benjamin Thompson

Rumford's most important scientific work took place in Munich, and centered on the nature of heat, which he contended in "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction" (1798) was not the caloric of then-current scientific thinking but a form of motion.

Entropy

S (disorder/randomness), matter spread

joule

SI unit of heat and energy

The natural direction of heat flow from high temperature reservoir to a low temperature reservoir regardless of their respective heat contents. This is incorporated in which law of thermodynamics?

Second

Benjamin Thompson

Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS was an American-born British physicist and inventor whose challenges to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree C is its_______?

Specific Heat

Stephen Hawking

Stephen Hawking predicts that black holes will radiate particles with a black-body spectrum which can cause black hole evaporation.

What is the process in which solid becomes a vapor?

Sublimation

ice changed to gas

Sublimation occurs when what changes to what?

kinetic

Temperature is a measure of the average ________ energy of the particles in an object.

The Average Kinetic Energy

Termperature is a measue of _______________ of the particles in an object.

Conduction, convection, radiation

The 3 modes of heat transfer

Who developed the Third Law of Thermo and what is it?

The 3rd law was developed by the chemist Walther Nernst during the years 1906-12, and is therefore often referred to as Nernst's theorem or Nernst's postulate. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system at absolute zero is a well-defined constant.

Only if Work is Done on the System

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that thermal energy can flow from colder objects to hotter objects. How?

thermal conductivity

The ability of an object to transfer heat

What is specific heat?

The amount of energy necessary to raise one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius or one unit kelvin

heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas

specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius

Specific Heat

The amount of energy that must be added to raise the temperature of a unit of mass one temperature unit.

What is one calorie (little c)?

The amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water one degree Celsius

What is one Calorie (big C)?

The amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius, equal to 1000 calories

area expansion

The change in the area of a solid as a result of temperature change; ΔA = Ao*γ*ΔT

vaporization

The change of state from a liquid to a gas

Heat

The energy that flows between two objects as a result of a temperature difference.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The entropy of any isolated system always increases

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

The father of thermodynamics 1796-1832

Temperature

The hotness of an object. It represents the average kinetic energy of particles in a object.

Low, low, high

The ideal gas law is valid for gases under ___________ densities, _______ pressures and ________ temperatures relative to critical point properties.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The natural direction of heat flow is from high-temperature reservoir to a low temperature reservoir, regardless of their respective heat contents. This fact is incorporated.

Thermal Energy

The overall energy of motion of the particles that make up an object.

What is a thermodynamic system?

The portion of the universe that we are interested in observing

Describe isobaric processes.

The pressure is held constant

3. isobaric processes

The pressure remains constant in this process. ΔP = 0

What is heat?

The process of energy transfer between two objects at different temperatures that occurs until the two objects come into thermal equilibrium (reach same temp)

Pressure. Volume

The specific heat at constant ___________ is always higher than the specific heat at constant __________.

1 kilogram of it by one degree Celsius

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat required to warm

What is the specific heat of water?

The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other common substance.

thermal equilibrium

The state of two or more objects or substances in thermal contact when they have reached a common temperature

Thermodynamics

The study of heat.

melting phase

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

Absolute zero

The temperature at which particles have zero kinetic energy. That is, particles stop moving. Its equal to -273 degrees Celsius.

fahrenheit

The temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees

convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid

Convection

The transfer of thermal energy in a fluid.

Radiation

The transfer of thermal energy through empty space.

conduction

The transfer of thermal energy when particles collide.

What is the minimum amount of air which will allow the complete combustion of the fuel is called?

Theoretical Air

According to the laws of thermodynamics, the amount of work done by heat engine equals the amount of ____?

Thermal energy added to the engine plus the waste heat

What is known as the science of energy, including energy storage and energy in transit?

Thermodynamics

Describe isolated systems.

They do not exchange matter or energy with the surroundings

Describe open systems.

They exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings

Describe closed systems.

They exchange energy but not matter with their surroundings

Describe objects in thermal equilibrium.

They experience no net exchange of heat energy

Which thermo law defines absolute zero?

Third Law

Nicolas Carnot

This person is often called the father of thermodynamics

Thomas Graham

Thomas Graham is known for his studies on the behaviour of gases, which resulted in his formulation of two relationships, both since becoming known as "Graham's Laws," the first regarding gas diffusion, and the second regarding gas effusion. In the former case, Graham deduced that when measured repeatedly under the same conditions of pressure and temperature, the rate of diffusive mixing of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density, and given the relationship between density and molar mass, also inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

Convection, Conduction and Radiation are what?

Three methods of heat transfer

What is the main purpose of combustion?

To produce heat through a change of enthalpy from the reactants to the products.

Josiah Willard Gibbs

Together with James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann, he created statistical mechanics (a term that he coined), explaining the laws of thermodynamics as consequences of the statistical properties of ensembles of the possible states of a physical system composed of many particles. Gibbs also worked on the application of Maxwell's equations to problems in physical optics. As a mathematician, he invented modern vector calculus.

Heat

Total kinetic energy

What is an increase in total internal energy of a system caused by?

Transferring heat into the system or performing work ON the system

What does the zeroth law state?

Transitive property in thermal systems: If a = b and b = c, then a =c

Atmospheric Aire contains 21% oxygen by volume. The other 79% of "other gases" is mostly nitrogen.

True

Entropy in the universe can never decrease

True

Exothermic process is when heat is given off when the compound is formed.

True

If substance A has a higher specific heat than substance B, Substance B would heat of faster than substance A

True

The simplest combustion process is known as Stoichiometric Combustion.

True

True or False Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

True

True or False: A process is a change of state of a system from an initial to a final state due to an energy interaction (work or heat) with its surroundings.

True

True or False: Absolute temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules making up the system.

True

True or False: Boyle´s law states that the volume of the given amount of gas varies inversely as its pressure, provided its temperature is kept constant.

True

True or False: Compared to water most metals have low specific heats.

True

True or False: In equations, delta T = temperature change

True

True or False: Isovolumetric process and isometric process are both symptoms for isochoric process.

True

True or False: The change of entropy, when heat is removed from the gas, is negative

True

True or False: The weight of a body is the force acting on that body due to to acceleration.

True

True or False: When two bodies of different temperatures are in thermal contact, internal energy are transferred from the body of higher temperature to that of lower temperature.

True

True or False: When two containers at the same temperature are brought together, no heat is transferred

True

True or False: the weight of a small apple is approximately one Newton and the mass of a plastic bottle containing one liter of water is one kilogram.

True

True or False; R134a is not as stable as Freon 12, but is does not have ozone depletion characteristics

True

True or False? In equations, c = specific heat

True

True or false: An adiabatic expansion of a gas is one in which it neither gains or loses heat.

True

True

True or False: Heat is a form of energy and it is contained inside a body.

True

True or False: More energy is needed to melt lead than is needed to melt oxygen.

True

True or False: When two bodies of different temperature are in thermal contact, Internal energy are transferred from the body of highter temp to that of lower temperature.

What can be reversible? Explain.

Under highly controlled conditions, certain equilibrium processes such as phase changes can be treated as essentially reversible

J

Unit for heat

Q

Variable for heat

Delta T

Variable for temperature

What is the unit of power?

Watt

Intermolecular Force

Weak force between molecules

Reservoir

What do you call an object that does not significantly change in temperature and internal energy even when hear is removed or added to it.

Reservoir

What do you call an object that doesn't significantly change in temperature and internal energy even when heat is removed or added to it?

(C + 273) = K

What is the equation to change Celcius to Kelvin energy?

Law of conservation of energy

What law is the foundation of thermodynamics?

Sublimation

What occurs when ice changes to gaseous water?

PVn

What quantity is conserved in a polytropic process.

Latent

What type of energy is absorbed or released during a phase change process?

The Law of conservation of energy

Whcih law of physics is the foundatio of thermodynamics?

When would the total internal energy of a system decrease?

When heat is lost from the system or work is performed BY the system

Thermal equilibrium

When the rate of transfer of thermal energy between two objects is equal.

Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Kelvin)

Who are the two credited with developing the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Who came up with the name thermodynamics in 1854?

William Thomson

Ralph H. Fowler

With Arthur Milne, a comrade during the war, he wrote a seminal work on stellar spectra, temperatures, and pressures. In 1925 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He became research supervisor to Paul Dirac and, in 1926, worked with him on the statistical mechanics of white dwarf stars. In 1928 he published (with Lothar Nordheim) a seminal paper that explained the physical phenomenon now known as field electron emission, and helped to establish the validity of modern electron band theory. In 1931, he was the first to formulate and label the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

"Father of Thermodynamics?"

With his multiple scientific contributions, including the Carnot heat engine, Carnot theorem, and Carnot efficiency, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot is often described as the _______________?

Name two forms of energy in transit.

Work (W) and Heat (H)

Disorder in the universe increases because?

Work produces waste heat which leaves a system

Cp=Cv + R

Write an equation that relates the ideal gas constant, R; the specific heat at constant pressure, cp, and the specific heat at constant volume, cv.

Is Enthalpy spontaneous?

Yes

Is a closed system referred to as a system or control mass?

Yes, a closed system is referred to as a system or control mass.

Is an open system referred to as a Control Volume?

Yes, an open system is referred to as a control volume.

absolute

_______ zero is The coldest temperature, 0 Kelvin, that can be reached. It is the hypothetical temperature at which all molecular motion stops.

Isothermal

___________ processes occur at constant temperature.

Adiabatic

___________ processes occur when no heat is gained or lost.

Walther Hermann Nernst

a German chemist known for his work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid state physics. His formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

thermal insulator

a material that conducts thermal energy poorly

thermal conductor

a material that conducts thermal energy well

Isochoric

a process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant.

Isobaric

a process in which the pressure remains constant. ... The term isobaric comes from Greek iso, meaning equal, and baros, meaning weight. In an isobaric process, there are typically internal energy changes

caloric theory

a theory that defined thermal energy as a substance that flowed from hot bodies into cold bodies

Fourth process of the Carnot cycle--a reversible...

adiabatic gas compression

Second process of the Carnot cycle--a reversible...

adiabatic gas expansion

What two refrigerants were in common use during the early days of refrigeration?

ammonia and carbon dioxide

Edward Armand Guggenheim

an English physical chemist, noted for his contributions to thermodynamics

calorimeter

an insulated device used to measure the absorption or release of heat in chemical or physical processes

Temperature is the measure of what in the particles of an object?

average kinetic energy

The walls of which thermo system allow for transfer of energy as heat and as work, but not as matter, between it and its surroundings. What system is this?

closed system

What are the three heat transfer methods?

conduction, convection, radiation

Rudolf clasius

considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics. 1822-1888

An increase in heat does what to entropy?

decreases entropy

In the fourth process of the Carnot cycle, the surroundings continue to _____________ to the gas

do work

In the third process of the Carnot cycle, the surroundings

do work

An ideal gas is compressed isobarically to one-third of its initial volume. The resulting pressure will be?

equal to the initial value

A liquid thermometer works, because when it is warm, it_____?

expands

True or False: Heat is a form of energy, contained outside the body

false

In order for thermal energy to be transferred between two iron blocks, they must what?

have different temperatures

A change of internal energy is the ________ deposited plus the ______ done on the object

heat and work

law of heat exchange

in nature, heat flows from one body at higher temperature to another body at lower temperature

Isochoric or Isometric or Isovolumetric

is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant.

Third process of the Carnot cycle--a reversible...

isothermal gas compression

First process of the Carnot cycle--a reversible...

isothermal gas expansion

An adiabatic expansion of a gas is one in which:

it neither loses nor gains heat.

In the third process of the Carnot cycle, the there is a

loss of heat

All real refrigerators require work to get heat to flow from a cold area to a warm area. Which of the following parts of the refrigerator does work for this purpose?

motor

If a glass of water was thrown across the room, the microscopic energy would...

not be changed

What is the equation to describe heat gained or lost (phase change)?

q = mL

What is the equation to describe heat gained or lost (with temperature change)?

q = mcΔT

Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the...

random, disordered motion of molecules

A fluid that vaporizes and condenses inside the tubing of a heat pump is called the

refrigerant

When ice changes to gaseous water

sublimation

What property of an object is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in that object?

temperature

In the second process of the Carnot cycle, the ________

temperature lowers to Tl

In the fourth process, the ___________

temperature rises to TH

heat capacity

the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of an object exactly 1°C

coefficient of linear expansion

the change in length divided by the original length and the change in temperature

heat transfer

the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object

thermometry

the study of the science, methodology, and practice of temperature measurement

heat flow

the transfer of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object

heat conduction

the transfer of heat by the direct contact of particles of matter.

In the second process of the Carnot cycle, the system is

thermally insulated

Just like the second process of the Carnot cycle, in the fourth process, the system is

thermally insulated

When an object is in thermal equilibrium, it is observed that a higher temperature object in contact with a lower temperature object will...

transfer the heat to make them equal

True or False: When two bodies at different temperatures are in thermal contact, internal energy is transferred from the body with the higher temperature to that of the lower.

true

True or false: More energy is needed to melt lead than needed to melt oxygen

true

linear expansion

when an object stretches due to heat

James Joule

who discovered the universality of the conversion between electrical and thermal energy led directly to the 1st law of thermodynamics

Daniel Farrenheit

who was a glass blower who is best known for inventing the alcohol thermometer and the mercury thermometer

How is the first law of thermodynamics calculated?

ΔU = Q - W