Soc 1 - Inquizitive Chapter 5 2017

Classify each person as a direct tie, an indirect tie, or neither.

direct tie: - your sibling indirect tie: - your cousin's friend - your friend's cousin neither: - the mayor

conflict theorist

might suggest that an individual may be treated preferentially or prejudicially based on her or his group membership

Which statements correctly describe "the strength of weak ties"?

- Weak ties provide access to valuable information. - Weak ties provide benefits that strong ties do not.

Quinn is on a high school volleyball team and has chemistry during first period. If Quinn wanted to assess the team's performance, which of the following could serve as a reference group and which could not?

- another school's volleyball team - the lacrosse team at Quinn's school

Results from the Twenty Statements Test (TST) over the past sixty years suggest that Americans' self-images have changed very little over time.

False In fact, there has been a great shift from self-image based on group affiliation in the 1950s and 1960s to self-image based on individual traits in the 1970s and 1980s.

internalization

the strongest kind of conformity and most long lasting, occurs when an individual adopts the beliefs of a leader or group as her own

Worries about the effects of social media on social engagement are an extension of whose earlier research?

Robert Putnam Putnam's Bowling Alone book came before the rise of websites like Facebook and Twitter. Putnam's work itself draws heavily upon Durkheim's theory of anomie.

The Burning Man festival challenges which norms and values of mainstream society?

- conformity - bureaucracy - capitalism

Match each scholar to one of his or her main ideas discussed in the textbook.

Emile Durkheim: Group membership prevents a state of normlessness. Robert Putnam: Americans have drastically reduced their levels of civic engagement over time. Sherry Turkle: Societies value technology over relationships.

Match each researcher to the correct description of his experiment on conformity.

Philip Zimbardo - assigned research subjects to play either a prisoner or a guard for a two-week mock-prison simulation Solomon Asch - examined how research subjects responded when multiple other individuals clearly answered a question incorrectly Stanley Milgram - led research subjects to believe they were shocking another individual in a different room when the person got a question incorrect

anomie

alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change.

Compliance

the mildest kind of conformity, means going along with something because you expect to gain rewards or avoid punishments.

Identify the two jobs for which an applicant's weak ties would be most useful in landing an interview.

- senior project manager at a large software development company - junior associate at a small law firm

Which international business chain is referenced by George Ritzer's theory of spreading bureaucratic rationalization and increased efficiency?

McDonald's

What principle focuses on the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns?

rationalization

contagion

refers to what flows through social ties

Identification

a somewhat stronger kind of conformity, is induced by a person's desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group.

Which concept refers to a state of normlessness that is kept in check by group membership?

anomie

legal-rational authority

authority based in laws, rules, and procedures

Which of the following are aspects of group dynamics?

Aspects: - how groups achieve goals - how groups disintegrate - how groups form - how groups change

Match each quality to the correct group category based on Robert Merton's theory of group classification.

Out-Group: - nitpicking - snobbish In-Group - precise - classy

The Facebook experiment conducted on nearly 700,000 users in 2012 suggested that ___________ enabled the transfer of emotional states.

emotional contagion

Which of the following are organizations that Robert Putnam's research might argue keep anomie at bay?

- Boy Scouts of America - Habitat for Humanity - Boys and Girls Clubs of America

Solomon Asch studied people's tendency to conform to group norms by staging gatherings where members of a group were asked to compare a straight line to a set of three reference lines. What did Asch find?

- Most people seek to align themselves with the group majority. - Many people are reluctant to be the sole dissenting voice in a group.

Which of the following principles were explained in Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's 2009 work on social networks?

- connection - contagion

Place each major study of social networks in order of its publication from first to last.

1. Mark Granovetter's "The Strength of Weak Ties" 2. Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres's article on gender, networks and employment 3. Duncan Watt's Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age 4. Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's article on networks and sexual health

Power is the ability to -the actions of others and if legitimated, provides -. Power can be - when it is backed by the threat of force, or - when it is supported by persuasion.

1. control 2. authority 3. coercive 4. influential

The differences between a group and a - is whether the members identify with one another and whether interaction is temporary or permanent. A primary group consists of people such as -, whereas a secondary group might consist of people such as -.

1. crowd 2. family members 3. students taking this course

How many relationships are possible in a group of 5?

10

How many people must make up a group to have three possible relationships?

3 - triad

Match each collection of people to the proper concept.

An aggregate: the audience at a taping of Saturday Night Live A category: all of the people watching Saturday Night Live on television last Saturday A primary group: a group of close friends and family members who get together to watch Saturday Night Live on television each week A secondary group: the cast members of Saturday Night Live

Who coined the term "anomie"?

Emile Durkheim

Melissa is a student studying biology at the University of Michigan. She grew up in Michigan, in a nearby town. Identify each person as either an in-group or out-group to Melissa.

In-Group: - a current community college student with whom Melissa went to high school - her sister, who is a student at Michigan State - a history major at the University of Michigan Out-Group: - an Ohio State student

Identify each example as either instrumental leadership or expressive leadership.

Instrumental Leadership: - Your boss does not care that forcing employees to work through the weekend may hurt morale. The project must be done by Monday. - The CEO of McDonald's knows that laying off 500 workers will bring discord among other employees but knows they must do so to meet quarterly goals. Expressive Leadership: - The CEO of Starbucks considers requiring all stores to begin opening at 4:30a.m. but after considering the undue stress it may add to employees, decides not to implement the change.

Match each example to one of the three kinds of conformity.

Internalization: attending class because you think that the material in the class is worth learning Identification: attending class because you think your professor and classmates are smart and have interesting ideas Compliance: attending class so that you can pass and get a degree

Match each scholar to one of their main research findings discussed in the textbook.

Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler: - Social networks can influence not only an individual's health but also can spread everything from obesity to smoking and substance abuse. Duncan Watts: - Social networks can shape our actions, such as voting behavior, because of which individuals make up those social networks. Joseph Conti: - The United States is one of the most powerful members of the WTO not because of its outcome in disputes but because of its centrality Mark Granovetter: - Social ties follow social-class lines and link high socioeconomic status (SES) individuals with a vast array of high-SES contacts who can provide job leads.

In the context of Charles Horton Cooley's theory of groups, classify each attribute as belonging to either primary groups or secondary groups.

Primary Groups: - ends in themselves - enduring membership Secondary Groups: - contingent membership - instrumental in purpose - impersonal

Which of the following are kinds of conformity produced by social influence and which are not?

Produced by Social Influence - internalization - identification - compliance

According to statistics in the textbook, identify which statements about social media sites are either true or false.

True: - 75 percent of all adults who use the Internet use a social networking site. - More than 20 billion photos have been uploaded to Instagram. False: - More than 8 billion people use Facebook on mobile devices. -More than 2 billion tweets are sent on Twitter every day. -- Users send about 500 million tweets each day.

Group cohesion is likely to be highest among which group?

a secret society at an Ivy League University

Lana was always spoiled during her youth. As an only child, she was lavished with praise and gifts from her parents. Unfortunately, they died when Lana was in college, and since then, Lana has remained single and has made no close friends. Her contact with other family members is limited. By virtue of her limited group membership, which of these concepts is Lana is more likely to experience?

anomie

traditional authority

authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right

charismatic authority

authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader

Which theoretical perspective would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization?

conflict theory

Mark just bought a brand new Subaru hybrid after driving a twenty-year-old car for a long time. He is really impressed with his new car and takes every opportunity to drive his friends around in it. Over the next year, three of his friends buy new Subarus and three others are seriously considering doing so. Which concept best describes what is happening in Mark's network?

contagion

In their research, Matt Hoffman and Lisa Torres found that the number of women in a person's network did not affect the quality of job information that the person received from his or her network.

false

How did Stanley Milgram test participants' obedience to authority?

he had "experimenters" coax "teachers" into shocking "learners" The "experimenters" and "learners" were research confederates, not subjects. No one was actually shocked during the experiment, but "teachers" were led to believe that "learners" were receiving real shocks.

Match each aspect of bureaucracy to the correct definition.

hierarchy: Bureaucracies always feature the supervision of subordinates by higher-ranking managers and bosses. impersonality: In a bureaucracy, rules come before people; no individual receives special treatment. Ex: No matter how deserving, you are just a number according to your university (Student ID number). technical competence:All members are expressly trained and qualified for their specific roles within the organization. Ex: Campus police officers are specially qualified to do their jobs. formal written communication: Documents such as memos (or e-mails) are the heart of the organization and the most effective way to communicate. Ex: The entire campus can receive the same important information with one e-mail blast. specialization: All members of a bureaucracy are assigned specific roles and tasks. Ex: Your sociology instructor would never be assigned to teach a math or natural science class. rules and regulations: These are meant to make all operations as predictable as possible.

Jennifer's soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and knows the most people throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer's situation?

high centrality - has the most ties in this network

Larry is a computer programmer at an office downtown. His manager has assigned him to a team in charge of creating a new website application for the company. After Larry's team turns in a prototype, his manager is unsatisfied and adds five more people to the team. The new team has a total of seven different computer programmers, so Larry sees little need to work hard on this project. Larry's situation is an example of what teamwork phenomenon?

loafing

How many relationships are possible in a dyad?

one relationship - only one relationship is possible

social loafing

the phenomenon whereby as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; it is thus a source of inefficiency when working in teams.

People who play games such as World of Warcraft, Second Life, or Clash of Clans, make up virtual communities.

true

When leadership styles do not match with traditional gender roles, the disconnect can lead to feelings of surprise or upset.

true

Katie, Tara, and Shanice are three African American women who just started college. The three of them make up a(n) -. Katie and Tara often have friction in their friendship, so Shanice must referee between the two of them and adds - in the group. These three friends are also members of a sorority and compete with a neighboring sorority over who throws the best parties. They see the neighboring sorority as a(n) -

1. triad 2. stability 3. out-group

Identify the following as either a primary group or secondary group.

Primary: - a close-knit group of adult friends who have been together since middle school - a married couple Secondary: - a tailoring shop that makes bespoke (fully custom) suits for men - a professional football team

An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?

interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies

The phrase "keeping up with the Joneses" is an example of what group concept?

reference group