Soc 101 Exam 2 (Ch 4-8)

A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is

White and non-Hispanic

A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal is referred to as

a coalition

Which of the following is an example of absolute poverty? Select one: a. A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food. b. A dual-career couple lives in a suburban community and struggles to pay their monthly bills. c. A family owns only two luxury automobiles, although their friends and neighbors own three such vehicles. d. None of these answers is correct.

a. A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food.

Which of the following statements is true regarding women living in poverty? Select one: a. About half of all women living in poverty in the United States are in transition. b. About half of all women living in poverty in the United States are employed at least part-time. c. The other half tend to be economically independent from friends or the welfare system. d. The death of a husband does not impact a women's poverty status.

a. About half of all women living in poverty in the United States are in transition

Which of the following statements is true of child care in the United States? Select one: a. Children under the age of five are more likely to be cared for by their grandparents or other relatives. b. High-quality child care centers do adversely affect the socialization of children. c. The majority of infants in the United States are cared for by their parents. d. The federal government does not support child care.

a. Children under the age of five are more likely to be cared for by their grandparents or other relatives

In an effort to better understand and combat a malaria outbreak in Kenya, public health researchers monitored the content of ________ to map the spread of the disease. Select one: a. television reports b. text messages c. emails d. health surveys

b. text messages

Which of the following is the third stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development? Select one: a. the preoperational stage b. the concrete operational stage c. the formal operational stage d. the sensorimotor stage

b. the concrete operational stage

Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of postmodern societies? Select one: a. Workplaces moved from the family cottage to centralized locations. b. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent. c. Formal educational institutions developed. d. Mass consumption of consumer goods and media images.

d. Mass consumption of consumer goods and media images.

Which sociological perspective emphasizes how societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues?

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would likely contend that the role of the mass media is to provide socialization, enforce social norms through public events, and create social stability and cohesion through collective experiences?

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with manipulation of "photo ops" to create an image of self-serving reality?

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective's approach explains why rule violation continues to exist in societies despite pressures to conform and obey, but fails to indicate how a given person comes to commit a deviant act or why on some occasions crimes do or do not occur?

functionalist perspective

The child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions, but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the

game stage

Early in life, a person learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. This process is known as

impression management

Sociological research that maps sexual relationships amongst high school students is an example of research on

social networks

Every evening at a neighborhood bar, the clientele—which consists of construction workers, police officers, plumbers, and factory workers—watches sports events on the big screen television set and play pool. The people who hang out in this bar are an example of a

status group

Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns home, she "plays school" with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day. According to George Herbert Mead, Debbie is in which stage of development?

the play stage

Bureaucratization is

the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic

Social interaction is

the ways in which people respond to one another

An inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, and he receives a college scholarship and then signs a lucrative contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of

vertical mobility

Deviance is behavior that Select one: a. always violates the laws of a society. b. is always illegal. c. violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. d. is always anomic.

violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Karl Marx used the term proletariat to refer to the

working class

Which of the following is true of mass media in the United States? a. New technologies have changed people's viewing and listening habits. b. People do not spend a lot of time with the new forms of media. c. Media consumers continue to prefer television, as opposed to portable devices. d. New forms of media only provide information on celebrities.

a. New technologies have changed people's viewing and listening habits

Which sociologist first made the distinction between vertical and horizontal mobility?

Pitirim Sorokin

Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-group. Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of "in-group virtues" into

"out-group vices."

Higher loan balances are typically held by

Black and Latino students

Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach, impression management, and face-work?

Erving Goffman

Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?

George Herbert Mead

Significant others is

George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self.

______ is often blamed for this growing inequality, because it has forced less skilled workers to complete with lower-paid foreign-born workers.

Globalization

An achieved status is a social position Select one: a. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. b. "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. c. that is assigned to an individual at birth. d. that is given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

a. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts

Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole? Select one: a. generalized other b. significant other c. impression management d. symbolic other

a. generalized other

Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?

anomie

Which of the following statements regarding parental monitoring of the digital world is true? Select one: a. Parents profess that they have a large amount of knowledge pertaining to their children's online behavior. b. Mothers are more likely to monitor online activity than are fathers. c. Parents who have higher incomes tend to discuss online activity more than those with lower incomes. d. All parents know their children's passwords for e-mail and cell phones.

b. Mothers are more likely to monitor online activity than are fathers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary group? Select one: a. They are generally small. b. Relationships are generally superficial. c. The dynamic is cooperative and friendly. d. The interaction is intimate and usually a face-to-face association.

b. Relationships are generally superficial.

Control theory states that we Select one: a. are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behavior, we use them as role models and act in the same manner. b. are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society. c. are "convinced" to act in a law-abiding manner because of the "control" that law enforcement agencies have over our lives. d. act in a conforming manner because of self-control.

b. are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society

One shortcoming of Karl Marx's work is that he failed to anticipate the Select one: a. end of feudalism. b. extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to a false consciousness. c. effects of alienated labor on the working class. d. conflict between various capitalist nations.

b. extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to a false consciousness.

Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory? Select one: a. too much focus on larger forces b. seems to "blame the victim" c. that there are no viable organizations d. that troubled areas are hopeless

b. seems to "blame the victim"

Which of these comments about a bureaucracy is correct? Select one: a. The division of labor does not really produce any positive consequences. b. The hierarchy of authority has the negative consequence for the individual of depriving employees a voice in decision making. c. An organization's written rules and regulations have the positive consequence of leading to goal displacement. d. Hiring is based on technical qualifications rather than on favoritism.

c. An organization's written rules and regulations have the positive consequence of leading to goal displacement.

The personalized approach to news information gathering was referred to by Cass Sunstein (2002) as a. cultural lag. b. global torrent. c. ego casting. d. global village.

c. ego casting

According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that Select one: a. the reality of humans is shaped only by our perceptions. b. humans respond to behavior in a negative fashion. c. humans interpret or define each other's actions. d. humans will only react to each other's actions.

c. humans interpret or define each other's actions.

Which medium experiences the least amount of gatekeeping? Select one: a. television b. radio c. the Internet d. publishing

c. the Internet

Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on

class differentiation

Obedience refers to

compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

Which perspective would look to the disproportionate economic and lobbying power wielded by groups such as the National Rifle Association in the debate over gun violence in U.S. society?

conflict

Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?

conflict perspective

Which of the following would have the greatest impact in terms of reaffirming social norms of proper behavior? Select one: a. watching a televised funeral procession b. watching and listening to a Celine Dion video c. watching and listening to a televised cable newscast d. watching a televised execution of a mass murderer

d. watching a televised execution of a mass murderer

A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection is known as a(n)

estate system

Which sociological perspective is most likely to be concerned with television distorting gender roles and stereotyping, often rooted in the media's willingness to promote more traditional views?

feminist perspective

As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

functionalist perspective

Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a(n)

informal sanction

Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule, is known as

informal social control

In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of self represents the views of which sociological perspective?

interactionist perspective

Which sociological perspective is more likely to study the media's influence on society from the micro level to determine how social behavior is shaped?

interactionist perspective

The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other sociological explanation of deviance?

labeling theory

Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon whereby massive amounts of coverage result in the audience becoming numb and failing to act on the information regardless of how compellingly the issue was presented? a. narcotizing dysfunction b. surveillance function c. gatekeeping d. hyper-consumerism

narcotizing dysfunction

The function of media advertising is to support the economy, provide information about products, and underwrite media costs associated with

promotion of consumption

Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's

race, gender, and age

Transitioning from high school to college is an example of

role exit