SOC 101 FINAL
Intersectionality
A poor black female lesbian facing a complex of problems different from the problems faced by a poor person or a woman or a lesbian is an example of ________________.
Total institution
A prison is a good example of a ___________.
risk society
A society whose central issue is preventing, minimizing, and channeling risk
Scientific method
A structured way to find answers to questions about the world.
essentialism
In sociology, essentialism is a belief that people or events have behaviors that never change. The theory of essentialism states that human beings are not capable of changing their behavior regardless of their social or cultural background.
Play Stage
Mead's first stage in the socialization process where children learn to take on the attitudes of specific others toward themselves.
Game Stage
Mead's second stage in the socialization process in which a child develops a self in the full sense of the term, because it is then that the child begins to take on the role of a group of people simultaneously rather than the roles of discrete individuals.
global north
Nation-states located in the Northern hemisphere
racism
defining a group as a race and attributing negative characteristics of that group
reference groups
group that people take into consideration in evaluating themselves.
prejudice
negative attitudes, beliefs, and feelings towards minorities
Dysfunctions
observable consequences that negatively affect the ability of a given system to survive, adapt, or adjust.
gemeinschaft societies
traditional societies characterized by face-to-face relations
decline of labor unions
what is closely related to deindustrialization?
norms
Informal rules that guide what a member of a culture does in a given situation and how that person lives
Social Facts
Institutions, statuses, roles, laws, beliefs, are all examples of what?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Invented the theory of Double-consciousness
believe that society used sexuality and restrictions on it to gain access to the body to control, discipline, and govern it. urged people to focus on sexuality being about bodies and pleasure
Michel foucaults positon on sexuality
global south
Nation-states located in the southern hemisphere
Deviant Globalization
Negative global flows such as sex trafficking, terrorism and the black markets for human organs and drugs are called ______
Agency-structure continuum
A concept, used especially in Europe, where agency resembles the micro level and structure resembles the macro level.
Status
A dimension of the social stratification system that relates to the prestige attached to people's positions within society.
Feminist Theory
A set of ideas critical of the social situation confronting women and offering solutions for improving, if not revolutionizing, their situation.
Structural-functionalism
A set of ideas focused on social structures as well as the functions and dysfunctions that such structures perform.
Conflict Theory
A set of ideas focusing on the sources of conflict within society; this theory sees society as held together by coercion and focuses on its negative aspects.
Postmodern theory
A set of ideas oriented in opposition to modern theory by, for example, rejecting or deconstructing the grand narratives of modern social theory.
Exchange Theory
A set of ideas related to the rewards and costs associated with human behavior.
Sociological Imagination
A unique perspective that gives sociologists a distinctive way of looking at data and reflecting on the world around them.
global care chains
An older daughter from a poor family who cares for her siblings while her mother works as a nanny caring for the children of a migrating nanny who, in turn, cares for the child of a family in a rich country
functionalist perspective on education
Education serves several functions for society. These include (a) socialization, (b) social integration, (c) social placement, and (d) social and cultural innovation. Latent functions include child care, the establishment of peer relationships, and lowering unemployment by keeping high school students out of the full-time labor force.
Limitations of the human mind The structure within which the mind operates
Herbert Simon indicated that there were thus two major causes of bounded rationality:
Social stratification
Hierarchical differences and inequalities in economic positions, as well as in other important areas, especially political power and status, or social honor
Countercultures
Hippies, The KKK, and computer hackers are all examples of what?
True
T/F: the tendency toward ethnocentrism both among subcultures within the United States and in cultures throughout the world represents a huge barrier to greater cultural understanding
Social Structure, social process
The Internet as a whole and social networking sites particularly are _______, whereas the communication and social interaction can be seen as the _________.
Postmodern Theorists
These sociologists adopt a nonscientific or even antiscientific approach to the social world.
ideal type
This is an example of what: let's say a sociologist wants to understand the behavior and values of Baby Boomers. An ideal type of this generation would be applied to a sample of Baby Boomers to identify the similarities and differences, providing both real world commonalities as well as variations around them.
Intersectionality
This points to the fact that people are affected, often adversely, not only by their race, but also by their gender, sexual orientation, class, age, and global location.
Thorstein Veblen
This sociologist invented the idea of Conspicuous Consumption
Public Sociologists
This type of sociologist engages with the public through blogs, books, and articles for a popular audience.
Agents
Those who have the power and capacity for creativity
Conflict theorists
To _____________________, society is held together by coercion. Those who are adversely affected by society, especially economically, would rebel were it not for coercive forces like the police, the courts, and the military.
Structural-functionalists
To the ______________, society is held together by consensus; virtually everyone accepts the social structure, its legitimacy, and its benefits.
aging technology in many american industries, rise of automation, increased efficiency made it possible to close unnecessary factories, cutting jobs globalization brought industrial competition from low wage workers rise of consumer society and increasing demand for goods of all types. foreign competition rise of the service sector in the United States. increase in goods and services of all types. more wealthier americans demanding services results in an expansion of the service industry
factors responsible for deindustrialization
landscapes
fluid, irregular, and variable global flows that produce different results throughout the world
values
general and abstract standards defining what a group or society as a whole considers good, desirable, right, or important-in short, its ideals
white racial frame
graduating from college, gaining a professional job, or living in the suburbs can be seen by black culture as "acting white". these stereotypes are a result of ____________.
Independent variable
in an experiment, a condition that can be independently manipulated by the researcher with the goal of producing a change in some other variable.
Strain theory
in the United States, strain is produced by the fact that although high value is placed on material success, the structure of society does not give everyone an equal chance of attaining that success. This is an example of what theory?
agency
individual social power and capacity for creativity; the potential to disrupt or destroy the structures in which one finds oneself.
moral entrepreneurs
individuals or groups who come to define an act as a moral outrage and who lead a campaign to have it defined as deviant and to have it made illegal and therefore subject to legal enforcement
innovators
individuals who accept cultural goals but reject conventional means of achieving success
Dangerous Giants
individuals who have Agency, or the potential to disrupt and destroy the structures in which they find themselves are called
ritualists
individuals who realize that they will not be able to achieve cultural goals, but who nonetheless continue to engage in the conventional behavior associated with such success
retreatists
individuals who reject both cultural goals and the traditional routes to their attainment; they have completely given up on attain success within the system
rebels
individuals who reject both traditional means and goals and instead substitute nontraditional goals and means to those goals
Alienation
instead of working harmoniously with their fellow workers, one might be in competition, or have little or no contact, with them, which can result in a sense of _______________.
Symbolic interactionism
is concerned with the interaction of two or more people through the use of symbols
post-modernity
is the economic or cultural state or condition of society which is said to exist after modernity.
medicalization
is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment.
real/ethnic differences in health care basic causes of health inequality by social class gender race linkage between stress and health relationship between patients and healthcare providers increased use of advanced medical technology astronomical and spiraling cost of medical care changing nature of the medical profession
issues that medical sociology addresses
imagined community
jews who have never been to Israel, or who many never even want to visit there, may still be part of an imagined community rooted in Israel.
ideoscapes
landscapes that involve images, largely political images, that are often in line with the ideologies of nation-states
technoscapes
landscapes that involve mechanical and informational technologies, as well as the material that moves quickly and freely through them
mediascapes
landscapes that involve the electronic capability to produce and transmit information and images around the world
ethnoscapes
landscapes that involve the movement, or fantasies about movement, of various individuals and groups
financescapes
landscapes that involve the use of various financial instruments to allow huge sums of money and other things of economic value to move into and across nations and around the world at great speed, almost instantaneously.
rebels
like retreatists in that they reject both traditional means and goals. "double deviant" ex. Ernesto guevara rejected success as it was defined in cuba in the '50's to assist Fidel Castro in overthrowing the country's dictatorial system. he chose unconventional means (gueriila warfare) to attain his goals
debunking
looking beneath and beyond the surface of social structures, which are seen as facades that conceal what is truly important.
norms
many ____________ are informal, that is, they are not formally codified or written down in any one place.
bounded rationality
many of our decisions are not fully thought through and we can only be rational within the limits of time and cognitive capability
birth of the clinic
michel foucault analysis of medicine prior to the 19th century prior, doctors focused on list of disease w associated symptoms seeing and touching dead bodies helped a lot
refugee
migrants who are forced to leave their homeland, or who leave involuntarily, because they fear for their safety
gesellschaft societies
modern societies characterized by impersonal, distant, and limited social relationships
structuralism
more interested in the social impact of hidden or underlying structures rather than visible structures studied in Structural-functionalism
transnational corporations
Wal-mart, IKEA, and McDonald's are all examples of transnational corporations
Iron cage
Weber saw rationalization leading an ________________, making it increasingly difficult to escape the process
Efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control
What are the 4 principles of the fast-food restaraunt that McDonaldization brings into other aspects of society?
Globalization
_______ is defined by increasingly fluid global flows and the structures that expedite and impede those flows.
Ethnography
observational research, often intensive and over lengthy periods, that leads to an account of what people do and how they live
conformists
people who accept both cultural goals and the traditional means of achieving those goals
intersex
people who have some combination of the genitalia of both males and females
impression management
people's use of a variety of techniques to control the image of themselves that they want to project during their social performances.
manifest functions
positive consequences that are brought about consciously and purposely.
sexual orientation
preferences based on whom one desires sexually, with whom one wants to engage in sexual relations, and to whom one feels connected- typically categorized as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual or asexual
Conflict theorists
___________ are critical of society in a variety of different ways, especially of the power that is exercised over less powerful members of society
assimilation
___________ occurs when immigrant groups choose to give up their native language for english or when they adopt mainstream American cultural values and customs.
Critical theory
_________________ is a social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it.
Postmodern theory
__________________ in sociology focuses on individual truths and stays away from information that is confined to cultures, races, traditions or groups, yet understands that individual experiences will always be relative and cannot yield universal truths. ____(same as first blank____ is a type of thought that does not believe in finite, unchanging, specific and certain principles for all and does not believe that there is a theory that can explain everything for every human being, such as a religious or philosophical truth.
Conflict theory
__________________ was designed to compete with and counteract Structural-functionalism
medical sociology
a Field concerned with the social causes and consequences of health and illness
stigma
a characteristic that others find, define, and often label as unusual, unpleasant, or deviant
total institution
a closed, all-encompassing place of residence and work set off from the rest of society that meets all of the needs of those enclosed within it.
organization
a collective purposely constructed to achieve particular ends.
cohabitation
a couple sharing a home and a bed without being legally married
meritocracy
a dominant ideology involving the widely shared belief that all people have an equal chance of succeeding economically based on their hard work and skills
Exploitation
a feature of capitalism in which the workers (proletariat) produce virtually everything but get few rewards, while capitalists, who do little, reap the vast majority of the rewards
monopoly capitalism
a form of capitalism in which huge corporations monopolize the market
competitive capitalism
a form of capitalism where there are a large number of relatively small firms with the result that no one, or no small subset, of them can completely dominate and control a given area of the economy
bureaucracy
a highly rational organization characterized by efficiency.
socialism
a historical stage following communism involving the effort by society to plan and organize production consciously and rationally so that all members of society can benefit from it
sex
a mainly biological distinction between males and females based on fundamental differences in their reproductive functions
authority
a particular type of domination; legitimate domination (the probability or likelihood that command will be obeyed by subordinates)
democracy
a political system in which people within a given state vote to choose their leaders and in some cases vote on legislation
Xenophobia
prejudices that cause people to reject, exclude, and vilify groups that are outsiders or foreigners to the dominant social group.
communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Modernization theory
a process that involves industrialization, urbanization, rationalization, bureaucracy, mass consumption, and the adoption of democracy. During this process pre-modern or traditional societies evolve into the contemporary Western societies that we know today.
PostFordism
a production environment associated with smaller production runs of more specialized products, especially those high in style and quality; more flexible machinery made possibly by advances in technology largely traceable to the computer; more skilled workers with greater flexibility and autonomy; less reliance on economies of scale; and more differentiated markets for those more specialized products.
pure relationship
a relationship entered into for its own sake or for what each partner can get from it, maintained only as long as each derives enough satisfaction from the other
Observation
a research method that involves systematically watching, listening to, and recording what takes places in a natural social setting over some period of time.
global care chains
a series of personal links between people across the globe based on the paid or unpaid work of caring
critical theory
a set of critical ideas derived from marxian theory but focusing on culture rather than the economy
hegemonic masculinity
a set of ideas about the characteristics of men that focuses on the interests and desires of men and is linked to patriarchy
conflict theory
a set of ideas focusing on the sources of conflict within society; this theory sees society as held together by coercion and focuses on its negative aspects
emphasized femininity
a set of socially constructed ideas that accommodates to the interests of men and to patriarchy and involves the compliance of females
hidden curriculum
a side effect of an education, "[lessons] which are learned but not openly intended" such as the transmission of norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment. Any learning experience may teach unintended lessons.
postindustrial society
a society that was at one time industrial, but where the focus on the manufacture of goods has been replaced by an increase, at least initially, in service work; that is, work in which people are involved in providing services for one another rather than producing goods
risk society
a society whose focus is to remain safe in the face of increasing risk
Symbolic Interactionism
a sociological perspective focusing on the role of symbols and how their meanings are shared and understood by those involved in human interaction.
Anomie
a state or condition of individuals or society characterized by a breakdown or absence of social norms and values, as in the case of uprooted people.
fundamentalism
a strongly held belief in the fundamental or foundational precepts of any religion, or a rejection of the modern secular world.
emergent norm theory
a theory arguing that in light of some precipitating event new norms emerge that guide the often nontraditonal actions that characterize collective behavior
labeling theory
a theory contending that a deviant is someone whom a deviant label has been successfully applied.
power elite theory
a theory holding that power is not dispersed throughout a stable society but is concentrated in a small number of people who control the major institutions of the state, the corporate economy, and the military
moral panic
a widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance
conformists
accept both cultural goals such as making lots of money and the traditional means of achieving those goals, including hard work. only one of merlons types who would not be considered deviant
innovators
accept same cultural goals as conformists, such as making lots of money, but reject conventional means of achieving them. ex. bernie madoff, highly successfully financier, before he illegally stole $65 billion from his clients. ex. shaun white, finically successful from the dangerous sport of snowboarding. legal but not traditional
affirmative action
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
resoruce mobilization theory
an approach to understanding social movements that focuses on what groups of people need to do to bring about social change
white racial frame
an array of racist ideas, racial stereotypes, radicalized stories and tales, racist images, powerful racial emotions, and various inclinations to discriminate against blacksq
rationalization
an assembly line in which raw materials entered the line and emerged as finished products is an early example of ___________ in capitalism
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
transnational capitalism
an economic system in which transitional economic practices predominate
ideal type
an exaggeratedly rational model that is used to study real-world phenomena
habitus
an internalized set of preferences and dispositions that are learned through experience and social interactions in specific social contexts
oligarchy
an organization led by a small group of people who illegitimately acquire and exercise far more power than they are entitled to have
transgender
an umbrella term describing individuals whose gender identity does not conform to the sex to which they were assigned at birth and whose behavior challenges gender norms.
world social forum
another world is possible an alternative to the free market capitalism that has dominated the world and economy
deviance
any action, belief, or human characteristic that members of a society or a social group consider a violation of group norms and for which the violator is likely to be censured or punished.
cosmopolitan
being open to a variety of external and global influences
credentialism
belief in or reliance on academic or other formal qualifications as the best measure of a person's intelligence or ability to do a particular job.
habitus
children raised in families with highly educated parents mat constantly be exposed to justification regarding the importance of education in adult life. this is an example of _______________.
structural mobility
china under communism offered people little mobility of any type. now that china has a booming capitalist economy, there has been a vast increase in _________________ since many more higher level positions are now available.
imagined community
communities that are socially constructed by those who see themselves as part of them
manifest, latent
tariffs imposed on goods imported into the United States from elsewhere in the world to make their prices higher compared with American made goods and to protect US based producers is the _________ function, while foreign products becoming more expensive and therefore less desirable, resulting in US manufacturers producing more and better goods in the US is a __________ function.
social mobility
the ability or inability to change one's position in the social hierarchy
generalized other
the attitude of the entire group or community adopted by individuals
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture- including its norms, values, customs and so on- is superior to, or better than, others.
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's wpm group or culture-including its norms, values, customs, and so on-is superior to, or better than, others
values
the broadest element of culture are ____________.
deindustrialization
the decline of manufacturing as well as a corresponding increase in various types of services
secularization
the declining significance of religion
reliability
the degree to which a given question (or another kind of measure) produces the same result time after time.
structural mobility
the effect of changes in the larger society on the position of individuals in the stratification system, especially the occupational structure
Tracking
the entire school population is assigned to classes according to whether the students' overall achievement is above average, normal, or below average. Students attend academic classes only with students whose overall academic achievement is the same as their own.
Fordism
the ideas, principles, and systems created by Henry Ford ( who is credited with the development of the modern mass production system) and his associates at the turn of the 20th century.
Cultural Imperialism
the imposition of one culture, more or less consciously, on other cultures.
Assimilation
the integration of minorities into the dominant culture
distinction
the need to distinguish oneself from others
"Me"
the organized set of others' attitudes assumed by the individual; it involves the adoption by the individual of the generalized other.
back stage
the part of the social world where people feel free to express themselves in ways that are suppressed in the front stage.
Front Stage
the part of the social world where the social performance is idealized and designed to define the situation for those who observe it.
gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality characteristics considered appropriate for one's sex
Domination
the probability or likelihood that command will be obeyed by subordinates
Consumption
the process by which people obtain goods and services
cumulative advantage
the process by which the most advantage individuals are awarded the best opportunities, which increases inequality over time.
deprofessionalization
the process whereby a profesions power and autonomy as well as high status and great wealth have declined, at least relative to the exalted position it once held
informationalism
the processing of knowledge
Conspicuous Consumption
the public demonstration of wealth, through consumption, that one is able to waste money- for example, by flaunting the use of expensive, high-status goods and services (mansions, yachts, personal assistants.)
feminization of poverty
the rise in the number of women falling below the poverty line
feminization of labor
the rise of female labor participation in all sectors and the movement of women into jobs traditionally held by men
demography
the scientific study of population, especially its growth and decline, as well as moment of peole
Looking-glass self
the self-image that reflects how others respond to person, particularly as a child
unemployment
the state of being economically active and in the labor force, being able and willing to work, and seeking employment, but being unable to find a job
hegemony
the subordination by one race (or other group) of another, more on the basis of dominant ideas, especially about cultural differences, than through material constraints
Social Construction of Reality
the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences. How we were raised and what we were raised to believe affect how we present ourselves, how we perceive others, and how others perceive us.
moral panic
the threat of immigrants in the US and Europe cause some to feel ___________
poverty line
the threshold, in terms of income, below which a household is considered poor
offshore outsourcing
the transfer of work to organizations in other countries
Discrimination
the unfavorable treatment of black americans and other minorities, either formally or informally, simply because of their race or some other such characteristic
Dramaturgy
the view that social life is a series of dramatic performances akin to those that take place in a theater or on a stage
Strain theory
theory based on the idea that the discrepancy between the larger structure of society and the means available to people to achieve that which the society considers to be of value produces strain that may cause an individual to undertake deviant acts
fundamentalism
these groups maintain strict interpretation of their respective religions and holy books, which encourages isolation and nonacceptance of other religious groups and their beliefs.
Agents of socialization
those who do the socializing
institutional racism
underfunding a school where the student body is disproportionately black or latino is an example of what?
Sexual harassment
unwanted sexual attention that takes place in the workplace or other settings
deinstitutionalization
weakened social norms especially with regard to the institution of marriage.
debunking
while the United States seems to emphasize peace, sociologists have pointed out that it has a hidden and powerful military-industrial complex with a vested interest in war, or at least in preparations for war. this is an example of what
ritualists
will not achieve cultural goals, but still continue to engage in conventional behavior with such success. ex. low level employee continuing to work diligently even after realizing that such work is not going to lead to much economic success. no realizable goal makes them deviant
the beauty myth
written by niaomi wolf media confront the vast majority of people with an unattainable standard of beauty standard of beauty is called male gaze
deviance can be extended to many other acts on the basis of racial, sexual, gender, age-related and other social inequalities (ex. questionable acts committed by racial minorities are more likely to be labeled as deviance or crime than are the same acts when they are committed by majority group members) - overall conflict theorists think that those who rank low in the system of social stratification, are more likely to be labeled as deviant
conflict perspective on deviance
rise of scientific thinking encourages skepticism, challenging the certainty of religious belief development of industrial societies, thus encourages materialism and downplays otherworldly concerns rise of governments that do not mandate or promote an established religion encouragement or religious tolerance, leads to a watering down of religion in general existence of competing secular moral ideologies, such as humanism
contributors To secularization
believe those in power in society create the laws and rules that define certain things as deviant, while others are defined as normal. they do so in a self-serving way that advantages them and disadvantages those who lack power in society
critical perspective on deviance
world-system theory
developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, is an approach to world history and social change that suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited.
diaspora
dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area
sustainable development
economic and environmental changes that meet the needs of the present, especially of the worlds poor, without jeapoadizing the needs of the future.
underemployment
employment in jobs that are beneath one's training and ability, as a part-time worker when one is capable and serious of full-time work, or in jobs that are not fully occupying
medicalization
examples of what Obesity, alcoholism, childhood hyperactivity, and sexual abuse have all been defined as medical problems that are, as a result, increasingly referred to and treated by physicians.
Subcultures
the LGBT community and hip-hop fans are both examples of what?
Culture jamming
"joe chemo" rather than Joe Camel, shows an emaciated version of the camel character (who, of course, smokes camel cigarettes) in a hospital bed undergoing chemotherapy, presumably for lung cancer cause by smoking is an example of what?
Critical Theory
A set of critical ideas derived from Marxian theory but focusing on culture rather than the economy.
Dependent Variable
A characteristic or measurement that is the result of manipulating an independent variable.
Subculture
A group of people who accept much of the dominant culture but are set apart from it by one or more culturally significant characteristics.
Rationalization
A man buys a expensive car and then tells people his old car was very unreliable, very unsafe, etc. is an example of what?
Interviews
A research method in which information is sought from participants (respondents) who are asked a series of questions that have been spelled out, at least to some degree, before the research is conducted
Historical-comparative research
A research methodology that contrasts how different historical events and conditions in various societies (or components of societies) lead to different societal outcomes.
Survey Research
A research methodology that involves the collection of information from a population, or more usually a representative portion of a population, through the use of interviews and, more importantly, questionnaires.
Random Sample
A subset of a population in which every member of the group has an equal chance of being included.
Structural-functionalist
A theorist that starts out with a positive view of social structures (ex. military and the police). They also believe that those structures are desirable, necessary, and even impossible to do without.
Queer Theory
A theory based on the idea that there are no fixed and stable identities (such as "heterosexual" or "homosexual") that determine who we are.
Objectivity
Absence of personal preferences and judgments that bias research.
Collective Conscience
According to Durkheim, ______ is highly desirable not only for society but also for the individual
Double-consciousness
Among black Americans, the sense of "two-ness," of being both black and American
queer theory
Being homosexual doesn't mean that you have sexual relations only with those of the same sex, just as being heterosexual doesn't preclude other kids of sexual relationships. this explains the ___________ theory.
hegemonic masculinity
Being white, tall, athletic, protestant, young, married, northern, heterosexual, a father, college educated, and fully employed are all characteristics associated with _______________.
Emile Durkheim
Believed the major concern of the science of sociology was social facts
Exploit
Capitalists _________ the workers in a capitalist system.
-continuous series of offices, or positions within the organization -each office has official functions and is bound by a set of rules -those who occupy the position are responsible for specific tasks and have authority to handle them -vertical hierarchy -the organization provides officeholders with what -they need to get the job done (computers, desks, etc -positions have technical requirements -those who occupy a specific office cannot take the office as their own; it remains part of the organization -everything of formal importance, is in writing.
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Social Processes
Dynamic and changing aspects of the social world
conflict perspective on education
Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and standardized testing and the impact of its " hidden curriculum. " Schools differ widely in their funding and learning conditions, and this type of inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.
"Suicide"
Emile Durkhiem's book that showed suicide rates were not related to psychological and biological factors such as alcoholism or race and heredity, but social factors that exert negative pressure on the individual. (Rootlessness & normlessness)
Social Structures
Enduring and regular social arrangements., such as the family and the state, based on persistent pattern of interaction and social relationships
north, south
For centuries, the ___________ has dominated, controlled, exploited and oppressed the __________.
Social Structures
Generally not very dynamic; they change very slowly.
Consumption
Globalization and __________ are deeply intertwined.
Counterculture
Groups whose cultures not only differ in certain ways from the dominant culture, but whose norms and values may be incompatible with those of the dominant culture.
Alienation
In a capitalist system, being unconnected to one's work, products, fellow workers, and human nature.
Social Fact
Macro-level phenomena-social structures and cultural norms and values- that stand apart from and impose themselves on people.
Credit card debt
One indicator of the increase in consumption in the United States is the increase in _______.
Culture Industry
Produce or serve as an outlet for cultural elements that are administered by large organizations, lack spontaneity, and are phony. (mass culture)
Conflict/critical theory
Queer theory studies the dynamics of the relationship between heterosexuals and homosexuals, especially the exercise of power by heterosexuals over homosexuals. In this respect, queer theory is clearly a form of ____________ theory.
Secondary data analysis
Reanalysis of data, often survey data, collected by others, including other sociologists.
true
T/F: A high level of social reflexivity would be defined by an individual shaping their own norms, tastes, politics, desires, and so on.
true
T/F: A low level of reflexivity would result in an individual shaped largely by their environment (or "society")
True
T/F: To be objective means to allow personal preferences and judgments to bias research.
Culture Industry
Says that we, as people have become standardized because corporations produce standard products which fit our needs and demands.
true
T/F: risks to a society are far greater today than every before and no society is safe from them
structuralism
Social theory interested the social impact of hidden or underlying structures.
Public Sociology
Sociological work addressing a wide range of audiences, most of which are outside the academy, including a variety of local, national, and global groups.
Empiricism
Sociologists practice ____________, which helps them relate their speculations and theories to the scientific/ research aspect of sociology.
-because deviance and crime have existed in all societies at all times, they must have positive functions for the larger society and its structures -deviance allows societies, or groups to define and clarify their collective believes-their norms and values
Structural-functionalist theoretic perspective on deviance
National borders, passports, security checks/ customs
Structures that impede on various kinds of global flows
fundadickism
Terrorist attacks are a frequent news story, especially in the technological age where information and global events are easily shared. These attrocities, sadly, are rarely isolated events and are commonly motivated by religious extremism, which stems from fundamentalism.
Validity
The degree to which a question (or another kind of measure) gets an accurate response, or measures what it is supposed to measure
Social Structure
The United Nations is an example of a ____________.
World-system theory
The United States is an example of a core country -- it has vast amounts of capital and labor is relatively well compensated. India is an example of a semi-peripheral country -- it is largely dependent on foreign investors for capital, but has a growing technology industry and emerging middle class consumer market. Cape Verde is a peripheral country -- foreign investors allow for the extraction of raw materials and the production of cash crops, but all are for export to wealthier consumer markets.
i, me
The ________ might dispose you to introduce yourself to an attractive student in class, however, your __________ might counter that impulse by suggesting that such a self-introduction is not considered appropriate behavior in your social group (generalized other)
intersectionality
The confluence, or intersection, of various social statuses and the inequality and oppression associated with each in combination with others.
Social Construction of Reality
The continuous process of individual creation of structural realities and the constraint and coercion exercised by those structures.
multiculturalism
The encouragement of cultural differences within a given environment, both by the state and by the majority group.
Social Processes
The ever changing aspects of the social world.
Anomie
The feeling of not knowing what is expected of one in society or of being adrift in society without any clear, secure moorings.
Empiricism
The gathering of information and evidence using ones senses, especially ones eyes and ears, to experience the social world.
cultural relativism
The idea that aspects of culture such as norms and values need to be understood within the context of a person's own culture and that there are no universally accepted norms and values.
"I"
The immediate response of an individual to others; the part of the self that is incalculable, unpredictable, and creative.
Cultural Imperialism
The long tradition in India of professional letter writers being rendered obsolete by the spread from the west of cell phones, and text messaging, is an example of what?
Experiment
The manipulation of a characteristic under study ( the independent variable) to examine its effects on another characteristic ( the dependent variable)
Social Process
The migration of people across national borders is an example of ________.
Rationalization
The process by which social structures are increasingly characterized by the most direct and efficient means to their ends.
McDonaldization
The process by which the rational principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of society and more societies throughout the world.
gentrification
The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces earlier usually poorer residents.
Culture jamming
The radical transformation of an intended message in popular culture, especially one associated with mass media, to protest underlying realties of which consumers may be unaware
Culture Industry
The rationalized and bureaucratized structures that control modern culture
Collective Conscience
The set of beliefs shared by people throughout society
latent functions
Unintended positive consequences.
Role
What is generally expected of a person who occupies a given status
Collect data
What is the fifth step in the scientific method?
Uncover questions in need of answers
What is the first step of the scientific method?
chose a research method
What is the fourth step in the scientific method?
Review the relevant literature
What is the second step in the scientific method
Conduct an analysis of the data
What is the sixth step in the scientific method?
develop a hypothesis
What is the third step in the scientific method?
Alienation
When a worker has little or no connection to the finished product of their work, they might feel ____________________.
generalized other
When one looks at themselves and what they do from the perspective of the group or community.
Erving Goffman
Which Sociologist referred to individuals with agency as "Dangerous Giants"?
George Herbert Mead
Which sociologist developed the ideas of play/game self, generalized other and the looking-glass self?
Erving Goffman
Which sociologist is responsible for the notion of dramaturgy, front stage, and back stage?
George Ritzer
Who defined Globalization as " A transplanetary process or set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows"?
C. Wright Mills
Who first proposed the idea of a unique perspective that gave sociologists a distinctive way of looking at data or reflecting on the world around them (Sociological Imagination.)
Max Weber
Who is the preeminent historical-comparative sociologist?
George Ritzer
Who wrote the book, "The McDonaldization of Society" and first coined the term "McDonaldization"?
Status, Role
Within the university, a key __________ would be a student or professor, showing up for class, paying attention and participating would be the students __________.
Alienation
Work consisting of repetitively and mechanically inserting wicks into candles or hubcaps on cars-something that is not a natural expression of human skills, abilities, and creativity the proletariat experiences ______________.
proletariat
Workers as a group, or those in the capitalist system who own little or nothing except for their capacity for work (labor), which they must sell to the capitalists to survive.
"Deviance is not a consequence of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an 'offender'"
quote explaining deviance and labeling theory
Institutional racism
race-based discrimination that results from the day-to-day operation of social institutions and social structures and their rules, policies, and practices.
bounded rationality
rationality limited by, among other things, instabilities and conflicts within most, if not all, organizations, as well as by the limited human capacity to think and act in a rational manner
modernity
refers to a period marked by a questioning or rejection of tradition; the prioritization of individualism, freedom and formal equality; faith in inevitable social, scientific and technological progress and human perfectibility; rationalization and professionalization; a movement from feudalism (or agrarianism) toward capitalism and the market economy; industrialization, urbanization and secularization; the development of the nation-state and its constituent institutions
reflexivity
refers to circular relationships between cause and effect. A reflexive relationship is bidirectional with both the cause and the effect affecting one another in a relationship in which neither can be assigned as causes or effects
retreatists
reject both cultural goals and traditional means of attaining them. ex. Theodore Kaczynski (the unibomber) lived in a remote cabin without water or electricity for 20 years before mailing over a dozen bombs to random people to express his hatred for modern society's "industrial-technological system"
Exchange theory
rewarding someone who does you a favor with a tangible gift or with more intangible words of praise.
welfare states
states that seek both to run their economic markets efficiently, as capitalism does, and to do some more equitably, which capitalism does not.