SOC 105 FINAL

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

"leisure gap"

The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as:

"second shift"

According to data in Chapter 12, US women earn about how much for every dollar that US men earn:

$0.76

According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate?

14%

What is the current rate of unionization in the US?

15%

In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?

1967

Today, what fraction of all mothers, married or not, works outside of the home in the United States?

2/3rds

What percent of working mothers with children age 17 and under say that full-time work is the ideal situation for them?

21%

According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is innumerate?

22%

In 2010, approximately what percent of American adults over 25 had a college degree?

29%

Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages end in divorce?

40%

In 2010 women earned what percent of graduate degrees?

60%

What percentage of today's U.S. families consists of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?

7%

Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?

90%

What does the Coleman report show?

Achievement differences between schools could be explained best by family background and peers with whom children attended school.

Why was the traditional family depicted in the The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?

African American women have always had to combine work and family.

Which group has the highest rate of out-marriage?

Asian Americans

If affirmative action programs were eliminated, which group would most likely see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities?

Asian students

The rise of large-scale production, the influx of peasants to urban areas to find work, and the rise of a system of wage labor caused the ________ system to become obsolete, in favor of a new system of legal currency

Barter

Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?

Betty Friedan

Money that working women earned was not expected to provide for a family. What group did this assumption harm the most?

Black women, who were eight times as likely to live without the support of a male partner

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the US was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the US government, what happened?

Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

What was the name of the landmark court ruling that mandated desegregation of American schools?

Brown vs. Board of Education

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

Cult of Domesticity

Who argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause of racial oppression and poverty?

Dubois

Feminist sociologists claim that the family wage is a patriarchal bargain because it implies

It is a living wage that provides a male breadwinner but at the cost of women's autonomy and freedom

Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?

It separated work and home, and created new roles for men and women.

Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have risen without Protestant Reformation?

Max Weber

What is the relationship between birth weight and education?

Siblings who weigh less at birth exhibit lower educational attainment than their heavier siblings.

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time that women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?

Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected

Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?

The Personal Work, Opportunity and Responsibility Act

Which countries have marriage equality for same-sex couples?

The US and half of Europe

What is social capital?

The information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks; any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others

Broadly defined, education is

The process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed

What is stereotype threat?

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individuals racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group

What might a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?

Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school.

Union membership has been declining since the 1950s. What is NOT been suggested as a reason?

Theres a common perception that unions are outdated, corrupt, and a drag on business

Serfs were the lowest class in the feudal system and were bound to the land they worked, yet they were not slaves. Why were they different from slaves?

They could own property

What happened to many serfs as a result of the enclosure movement?

They were evicted

In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because:

We start using the language of worth to describe the moral qualities of individuals. time becomes monetized in a wage labor system. people who do not make money are viewed by others as forsaking the sale of their time on the wage labor market and thus are morally suspect

What are the findings of research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes?

When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.

Georg Simmel saw the development of monetary payment systems as part of a historical evolution leading to:

a depersonalization of exchange

What best describes the notion of traditional family in the US history?

aberration

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the US?

about 2 years

Adam Smith argues that money is inherently social because:

any and all economic exchange requires two partners

Research has shown that the __________ the family, the _____________ the children's achievement on the test scores and grades.

bigger, lower

During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move cities in search of work and led to the rise of:

both the city and wage system

What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe?

capitalism

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

cohabitation

According to the textbook, in a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what?

competition

The agricultural revolution was brought on by new innovations such as

crop rotation

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:

cult of domesticity

The "typical" American family today is:

dual-income

The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

during the post WWII economic boom

According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:

embodied, objectified, and institutional

Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:

emerges of new markets, new means of exchanges, new players, ad new rules. It also has this world wide interdependency.

When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within one's own social group, such as within their social class, or religion, this is known as:

endogamy

Monetization refers to:

establishment of a widely accepted currency for exchange

According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, many workers avoid taking full advantage of ___________ because they want to advance in their careers.

family-friendly office policies

What is the correct term describing an economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, and serfs?

feudalism

Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres. She calls the family a:

gender factory

Arlie Hochschild argued that many workers seek refuge from the ____________ in the ____________.

home; workplace

Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:

human capital

What are the arguments in favor of school vouchers?

in order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their kids go, regardless of ability to pay

If you are a salaried worker and you miss a day of work, how does your salary change?

it doesn't

The Obama White House tends to differ from the previous one because:

it has turned into the traditional African American three generation household

Attitudes about gender and work became self-confirming myths and enforced women's dependence. The unfair family wage pushed an incentive on women to:

marry in order to survive economically

Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as:

monogamy

A traditional family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a/an:

nuclear family

It is difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the US because:

of their diverse origins and geography

Adam Smith showed how specialization and division of labor lead to greater productivity with the example of:

pin factory

What is affirmative action?

policies that grant preferential treatment to subgroups within a population

In some rural areas of Asia, women can have several husbands at one time. This practice is known as:

polyandry

Some societies allow a person to have several spouses at the same time in an arrangement known as:

polygamy

What term describes the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage?

service sector

At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, a massive transition was propelled by the development of new technologies. Examples of this new technology are:

steam engine, steam powered pumps

Cultural capital refers to:

symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to __________________ than girls.

take math and science AP classes, and score higher

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can be best described as:

the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

Marx described workers as being alienated from:

the product, the process, other people, and one's self

Aries wrote that children of pre-industrial families were

thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing

One of the major reasons why Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:

to socialize them to become "civilized" Americans.

When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it's called:

tracking

A system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the basis of a wage not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process refers to:

wage labor