SOC: 134 Final Exam

The collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation was called what?

a. Black Lives Matter B. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT c. second-wave feminism d. abolition

Some people have argued that the ideas of color-blindness and multiculturalism are not really that different from one another. Which of the following statements best explains this argument?

a. Both color-blindness and multiculturalism argue that racial identity should not be important in society. b. Both color-blindness and multiculturalism rely on a race-neutral reading of constitutional law. c. Both color-blindness and multiculturalism assert that emphasizing race holds America back from real racial progress. D. Both color-blindness and multiculturalism avoid difficult discussions of institutional racism and structural inequalities.

environmental racism

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards

Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986)

This act imposed even more mandatory minimum sentences. Most significantly, it set a five-year mandatory minimum sentence for offenses involving 100 grams of heroin, 500 grams of cocaine, or 5 grams of crack cocaine.

tracking

a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans

crack cocaine

drug war policy that deeply affected the black population was the 100-to-1 disparity in sentencing for crack vs. powder cocaine, in which possession of only five grams of crack cocaine triggered the same mandatory minimum sentence as possession of 500 grams of powder cocaine.

UC Davis v Bakke (1978)

ruled that the medical school's strict quota system denied Bakke the equal protection guaranteed by the 14th amendment, ruled that race could be used as one factor among others in the competition for available places

W.E.B. Du Bois sharply criticized Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise," arguing that it did not oppose white supremacy but instead perpetuated

a. civil rights b. intellectualism. C. SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE d. de jure segregation.

mass incarceration

extremely high rates of imprisonment, particularly of African American males

stop and frisk

to "pat down" or search the outer clothing of someone whom the police believe is acting suspiciously

racial profiling

singling out an individual as a suspect due to appearance of ethnicity

Prison Industrial Complex

the corporations and agencies with an economic stake in building and supplying correctional facilities and in providing services

NIMBY

"refers to the idea that, while people may be aware of the necessity of some unpleasant realities, such as prisons, landfills, or chemical plants, they insist theses place be located away from where they live"- NOT IN MY BACK YARD

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

*Who*: Dolores Huerta = activist & labor leader who co-founded what would become the United Farm Workers - Cesar Chavez dedicated his life to improving treatment, pay and working conditions for farm workers *What*: Dolores Huerta worked to improve social & econ. conditions for farm workers & to fight discrimination - To further her cause, she created the Agricultural Workers Association (AWA) in 1960 & co-founded what would become the United Farm Workers (UFW) - 1965, the AWA and the NFWA combined to become the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (later, simply the United Farm Workers). *Why*: wanted to help farm workers

"If Only He Hadn't Worn a Hoodie"

- 17 year old, Trayvon Martin, died at gunpoint by a neighborhood watchman, George Zimmerman, who believed he looked suspicious and followed him to Martin's dad's gf's apartment. There was an altercation between the two and Zimmerman shot him dead Zimmerman was arrested for questioning, but later released by Florida's Stand Your Ground law - The law allows one to use force if they feel their lives are in danger - Geraldo Rivera of Fox News said, "I am urging the parents of Black and Latino youngsters particularly not to let their children go out wearing hoodies. I think the hoodie is as much responsible for Trayvon Martin's death as George Zimmerman was...Trayvon Martin, God bless him, an innocent kid, a wonderful kid, a box of skittles in his hands. He didn't deserve to die. But I bet you money, if he didn't have that hoodie on, that nutty neighborhood water guy wouldn't have responded in that violent and aggressive way." - Individuals who perceive Black men with hoodies as a threat commit the ultimate attribution error - Out-group members who are perceived positively are viewed as exceptions to the norm of "bad" behavior from their group - Social media, TV, movies, and music are dominant forms of public discourse that often portray people of color in stereotypical ways

Wong "Asian Americans and Affirmative Action"

- Applicants are being rejected because of their race and the -even if they are qualified in every other department they can't get in - Colleges argue that they are trying to build a class of students with varied interests and backgrounds, which can mean quotas for the number of admitted people who want to go into engineering - Which some argue is not fair Negative action hurts Asian American students - eliminating affirmative action

Fisher v. Texas (2013, 2016)

Fisher sued the University and argued that the use of race as a consideration in the admissions process violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. It was ruled constitutional and satisfied strict scrutiny.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Freedom Riders, 1961

civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern U.S. in 1961. They wanted to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating and bus terminals and the non-enforcement of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, which ruled segregated public buses unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did not enforce them. Helped push Kennedy towards supporting civil rights.

oppositional culture

collection of linguistic, behavioral, aesthetic, and spiritual attitudes and practices formed in direct opposition to mainstream white culture

attribution error

error made in attributing the causes for someone's behavior to their membership in a particular group, such as a racial group

National Indian Youth Council

in 1961, a more militant generation of Native Americans expressed growing discontent with the government and with the older Indian leadership by forming this council.

mandatory minimum sentences

legal requirements that persons found guilty of particular crimes must be sentenced to set minimum numbers of years in prison

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. "separate but equal"

American Indian Movement

a civil rights group organized to promote the interests of Native Americans

Asian American Movement

a social movement for racial justice, most active during the late 1960s through the mid-1970s, which brought together people of various Asian ancestries in the United States who protested against racism and U.S. neo-imperialism, demanded changes in institutions such as colleges and universities, organized workers, and sought to provide social services such as housing, food, and healthcare to poor people

voter suppression

a strategy to influence the outcome of an election by discouraging or preventing people from exercising the right to vote

meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

code switching

switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context

Sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

stereotype threat

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm an individual's racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group which can create high cognitive load and reduce academic focus and performance.

contact theory

the idea that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and racial-ethnic relations improve when people from different racial-ethnic backgrounds, who are of equal status, interact frequently

Criminalization

the inability to separate a person from criminality based on the person's group identity

subjective uncertainty

when there is minimal understanding about where individuals are categorized, individuals infer stereotypes and, in turn, exhibit some form of discrimination against those individuals

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Chicano Movement (1960s)

A movement that focused on particular issues such as: restoration of land grants, farm worker's rights, education, voting/political rights, etc...

affirmative action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Contemporary welfare programs tend to focus on changing individual behavior—teaching clients to be more responsible, productive workers—rather than on addressing systemic inequality. In what tradition do such programs follow?

A. DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN'S REPORT, THE NEGRO FAMILY b. the Southern Strategy c. nonviolent resistance d. affirmative action

Which best describes the relationship between the educational policies applied to African Americans and American Indians during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A. EXCLUSION/ASSIMILATION b. assimilation/reeducation c. exclusion/reeducation d. inclusion/exclusion

According to the textbook, what is one political consequence of being imprisoned?

A. In many states, felons lose the right to vote. (political consequence) b. People with criminal records are eliminated from job applicant pools. c. Incarcerated parents miss out on key events of their children's lives. d. Felons are more likely to vote than non-felons.

"How the Pandemic is Worsening America's Racial Gap"

- Black and Latino workers are more likely to have "frontline" jobs that put them at heightened risk of Covid infection. For many, it's a bind: You have less of a financial cushion to fall back on and need the work. - "When the pandemic translates into a disproportionate burden on low-wealth households, that is correlated with race." - Differences by race in the types of jobs people work have contributed to dramatic racial gaps in Covid infection rates. Higher rates of infection among communities of color has to do in part with their overrepresentation in "frontline" jobs - We found that people are sensitive to changes in their paychecks from month to month, and that's particularly true for Black and Latinx households and households with a low level of liquid assets - savings and other assets that are either cash or which can be quickly converted into cash

Poon "The Legal and Social Realities of the College Admissions Process"

- Opponents of race-conscious admissions argue that affirmative action represents "reverse discrimination" / Using discrimination to combat discrimination - Colorblind ideology maintains racism by ignoring persistent systemic racial injustices - Selective evaluation methods for admissions are constructed to fit the unique interests of diverse institutions in how they define what merits a student's admissions and to help them achieve their educational goals (Page 6 for criteria) - Admissions review methods - each item adds to the process and how it contributes to the evaluation of a student according to institutional criteria for determining merit - The inclusion criteria of race is legally justified in fulfilling institutional and public interests in racial diversity and equity

"Standing Rock - A New Movement for Native American Rights"

- Since midsummer, thousands of Native Americans have gathered at the confluence of the Missouri and CannonballRivers to protest the construction of the Dakota Access oil pipeline, which would cut just north of the reservation border, crossing sacred sites and imperiling Standing Rock's water supply in the event of a rupture - The shared history that brought these tribes together is, of course, more recent than the massacre at Wounded Knee. In "CusterDied for Your Sins," a manifesto of the Native American-rights movement from 1969, the Sioux historian Vine Deloria, Jr., observed that, although "people often feel guilty about their ancestors killing all those Indians years ago," the twentieth century had in fact "seen a more devious but hardly less successful war waged against Indian communities." - The protesters have taken to calling themselves "protectors," a semantic distinction that can sound a little hokey until you recall the historical stereotypes of savagery that they are laboring against.

"Racism, Not Genetics, Explains Why Black Americans Are Dying of COVID-19

- The conditions in which we develop—including limited access to healthy food, exposure to toxic pollutants, the threat of police violence or the injurious stress of racial discrimination—influence the likelihood that any one of us will suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes or serious complications from COVID-19 - Tang study - the study found no statistically significant relationship between African genetic ancestry and blood pressure. The suggestion of "genetic differences," then, clearly reaches beyond the data. Yet they did not test that assumption, nor did they pursue the alternative possibility that biological associations could be driven by sociocultural processes. - An ethical, scientific response to COVID-19 demands that we honor the highest standards of evidence in evaluating genetic guesswork, while measuring the biological costs of systemic racism and intervening to stop it.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

"Confronting Myths About Ethno Racial Health Disparities"

- The lower life expectancies of Blacks and Native Americans lead many to believe that these outcomes are due to poor lifestyle choices - Health represents a form of systematic inequality that disproportionately burdens people of color - Social gradient in health - the empirical finding that as socioeconomic status rises, health status improves - When one is constantly assailed by chronic stressors such as poverty and racial discrimination, the stress response remains activated, leading to wear and tear on the body, measured in part by biomarkers for accelerated aging - Achieving advanced education does not afford the same economic benefits for Blacks and Latinos as it does for Whites and Asians

"Modern Day Segregation in Public Schools"

- The students placed in advanced, honors, IB, AP classes are putting minority students at a disadvantage because they are taught at a lower level and assumed to not be able to compete at the highest level - They aren't privileged the same opportunities as a white students. Their families aren't going to fight for the best of the best in the same way that white parents do. - Tracking exists - Proponents of tracking and of ability-grouping a milder version that separates students within the same classroom based on ability say that the practices allow students to learn at their own levels and prevent a difficult situation for teachers: large classes where children with a wide range of different needs and skill levels mixed together. Keeps wealthier families from abandoning the public school system.

"A BLM Co-Founder Explains Why This Time Is Different"

- They are marked by a period that has been deeply personal to millions of Americans and residents of the United States, think they are very clearly in the streets for themselves and their family members because they don't know who is next, and they are also concerned about the economic realities that they are faced with. - And I think it is a slap in the face when local governments see what is happening with their police precincts and beyond and still say, "We are going to allocate even more money for this thing that is clearly not working." - They are watching how over a hundred thousand people have died so far, and they are also seeing the racial dimensions of it. Almost a third of the people dying have been black, and we are only thirteen per cent of the population.

Alexander "The New Jim Crow"

- White backlash to late 1960s social movements (Urban riots, Anti-War protests, etc.) Rising crime rate - Getting "tough on crime" was a successful strategy to win over white voters - By 1980s, this includes a "war on drugs: - The war on drugs targeted African American men - Three-strikes laws, mandatory minimum sentences - All this happened under the guise of "color blindness" - Mass incarceration DID impact blacks far more than any other group - The war on drugs WAS highly racialized - This WAS an updated system of (colorblind) racism

"A Sociologist Examines the 'White Fragility'"

- White people are sensationally bad at discussing racism because they were taught to treat everyone the same = color blind - She finds that the social costs for a black person in awakening the sleeping dragon of white fragility often prove so high that many black people don't risk pointing out discrimination when they see it - White fragility holds racism in place - The value in "White Fragility" lies in its methodical, irrefutable exposure of racism in thought and action, and its call for humility and vigilance.

13th Documentary

-The film explores the "intersection of race, justice, and mass incarceration in the United States;" it is titled after the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted in 1865, which abolished slavery throughout the United States and ended involuntary servitude except as a punishment for conviction of a crime. - Slavery has been perpetuated since the end of the American Civil War - Criminalizing behavior and enabling police to arrest poor freedmen and force them to work for the state under convict leasing - Suppression of African Americans by disenfranchisement, lynchings, and Jim Crow; politicians declaring a war on drugs that weighs more heavily on minority communities - By the late 20th century, mass incarceration affecting communities of color, especially American descendants of slavery, in the United States. - The prison-industrial complex and the emerging detention-industrial complex, discussing how much money is being made by corporations from such incarcerations.

Equal Protection Clause

14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Strict Scrutiny

A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal

law and order movement

A coalition of victims, elected officials, and politically conservative organizations that since the 1960s has pressed for harsher punishments and an end to what they consider to be unwarranted leniency ("permissiveness").

For many decades, whites controlled how American Indian children were educated. Which event immediately precipitated the shift of full control over American Indian education from whites to American Indians?

A. Lewis Meriam's report, The Problem of Indian Administration (came first) b. the appointment of John Collier as the Commissioner on Indian Affairs (came second) c. the discovery of mass graves at boarding schools (comes last chronologically) d. the civil rights movement (came third)

Which of the following is true regarding the characteristics of the prison population in the United States?

A. MOST WOMEN IN STATE PRISONS ARE MOTHERS b. Most prisoners are women. c. The majority of state prisoners graduated high school. d. Most prisoners in the United States are white.

Though often forced to attend boarding schools run by Christian missionaries and later the federal government, American Indian students regularly resisted this "indoctrination into whiteness." Which of the following is an example of such resistance?

A. PERFORMING TRADITIONAL CEREMONIES IN SECRET b. organizing a walk-out c. starting a letter writing campaign d. using physical violence

Well into the mid-twentieth century, white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live (often in squalid shacks). In return, blacks gave white planters a portion of their crops. This process was called what?

A. SHARECROPPING b. unionizing c. indentured servitude d. grandfather clauses

What served as the institutional hub of the Civil Rights Movement?

A. THE CHURCH b. the town hall c. the home d. the library

What were the two goals of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer?

A. VOTER REGISTRATION AND QUALITY EDUCATION b. gender equality and sexual liberation c. religious freedom and economic opportunity d. immigrant rights and fair labor practices

The American Indian movement attempted to organize against federal "Indian Termination" policies. What was the effect of these policies?

A. WHEN TRIBES LOST FEDERAL RECOGNITION, THEY ALSO LOST FEDERAL AID AND LAND RIGHTS. b. The policies afforded Native Americans extensive federal benefits by lumping them together with other minorities. c. Federal administrators were allowed to jail Native Americans who politically organized. d. Ninety percent of tribes were relocated to North and South Dakota.

The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, with a jump from 15,118 to 111,387 individuals. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of ________ imprisoned.

A. WOMEN b. men c. illegal immigrants d. juveniles

According to Elijah Anderson, a "cosmopolitan canopy" is

A. a pluralistic space where people come to appreciate one another's differences and empathize with each other. b. a place that offers a "time-out" from normal life and social relationships. c. an environment where racial and ethnic differences don't matter. d. a natural evolution of a melting pot society.

When a person says that "character counts more than race" when competing for jobs or school admissions, they are relying on

A. the ideology of color-blindness. b. the universalism of racial bias. c. an application of the racial democracy model of integration. d. the ideology of the "cosmopolitan canopy."

Most people arrested in the United States are of what racial-ethnic background?

A. white b. black c. Asian d. Hispanic

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan

identity threat

Anything that makes someone less confident that they hold a desired ability or characteristic

reverse discrimination

Discrimination against the majority group

De jure vs. de facto segregation

De jure segregation is understood to be unconstitutional in the United States, requiring a proactive remedy. When segregation is deemed de facto, the state bears no burden of redress

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

social capital

Democratic and civic habits of discussion, compromise, and respect for differences, which grow out of participation in voluntary organizations.

"tough on crime" movement

During the 1960s, the nation's prison population had declined. But in the 1970s, with urban crime rates rising, politicians of both parties sought to convey the image of being tough on crime.

Ochoa "I'm Watching Your Group"

Exclusionary practices and the ideologies justifying them are normalized in a school. Institutionalized racism and classism ensures the replication of inequality. Students of minority groups are interviewed on how they feel at their public school. Many acknowledge a gap between the white students and the rest of them - can't afford to pay for tutors or seen as less smart because of their race.

War on Drugs

In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities.

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942; upheld by Korematsu v. US

quotas

Racial quotas in employment and education are numerical requirements for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group

SFFA v. Harvard (2019)

Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard is a lawsuit concerning affirmative action in student admissions.

homework gap

Students that are lower class have less access to resources like devices or internet to keep up with the homework expectations. Also, who is around to help with the homework or to hold you accountable for completion.

political realignment

The civil rights and war protests of the 1960s and 1970s led to a conservative political backlash in the Eighties; Southern whites and northern blue collar union workers left the Democratic Party for the Republican Party; leading to a solid "Red" South, along with the religious conservatives in many western states. Reagan's 1980 election and 1984 re=election showed the permanence of this realignment.

selective perception

The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions.

red guard

The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.

cultural capital

Understanding the unwritten rules of the dominant society: how to be a student, come off as well educated through email, studying, etc. The cultural expectations for the dominant society. Symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations.

When George Wallace, Democratic governor of Alabama, stood in 1963 on the steps of the University of Alabama to block the entrance of two black students to the all-white university, he taught politicians two strategic lessons. The first was that politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters. What was the second?

a. Integration will never garner widespread approval. b. Catering to women voters is key to success. C. POLITICIANS CAN SUPPORT WHITE SUPREMACY AS LONG AS THEY DO NOT DO SO EXPLICITLY d. Electoral politics relies on bipartisan cooperation, especially regarding racial policies.

Which of the following best describes the legal strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP's) campaign to end school segregation?

a. It challenged that segregated schools were in fact separate. B. IT CHALLENGED THAT SEGREGATED SCHOOLS WERE IN FACT NOT EQUAL c. It challenged that segregated schools caused employment discrimination for teachers. d. It challenged that integrated schools were discriminatory.

How did the white public justify the existence of lynch mobs?

a. Lynch mobs were not seen as justifiable by the general public. b. Lynch mobs were justifiable because they supposedly did not kill many people. c. Black lynch mobs attacked whites in equal numbers as white lynch mobs attacked blacks. D. LYNCH MOBS SUPPOSEDLY KEPT WHITE WOMEN SAFE FROM BLACK MALE RAPISTS

Beginning in the late 1960s and into the 1970s, politicians began focusing on crime as the main problem plaguing America, even though most Americans did not view it as a major problem. Why did they do this?

a. Politicians focusing on crime started experiencing more crime in their own neighborhoods. B. Politicians wanted to take the energy out of the Civil Rights Movement. c. Politicians were responding to demands from the Civil Rights Movement to get tougher on crime. d. Legal experts promoted expanding the "war on crime" to make the United States safer.

Child psychologists Betty Hart and Todd Risley examined speech patterns across families of different social class backgrounds. Which of the following best describes their findings?

a. Poor children are more likely to be spoken to in high-pitched voices. b. Middle-class children are more likely to receive explicit instructions. C. MIDDLE-CLASS CHILDREN RECEIVE MORE PRAISE AND HEAR MORE UTTERANCES THAN POOR CHILDREN d. Poor children hear more praise than middle-class children, but hear fewer utterances at home.

Critics of the color-blind ideal make which of the following arguments?

a. Racial prejudices are not viewed as problematic in the color-blind ideal. b. Color-blindness is not based on a vision of a moral or just society. C. Forms of everyday racism cannot be addressed by the color-blind framework and may actually derive from it. d. It reinforces racial boundaries.

Consider what might have happened if Mendez lost the Mendez v. Westminster SchoolDistrict court case. If the case had been decided differently, which of the following is likely to have happened?

a. Segregation would be lower between whites and Asian Americans. B. THERE WOULD BEEN LESS SUPPORT FOR THE RULING OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION c. Desegregation would likely have happened sooner. d. People would have recognized that "separate" schools were not necessarily "equal" schools.

Which is a central reason that America's prison population multiplied so quickly?

a. Sentences for crimes grew much more severe over time. b. The U.S. population is skeptical that prison is an effective way to fight crime. c. Most people are incarcerated for violent crimes, which have increased sharply. d. The U.S. has very high crime rates compared to other industrialized countries.

Which dominant black protest organization—which preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement and was founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals—primarily battled racial domination in the courts?

a. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) B. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP) c. Black Panther Party (BPP) d. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

What do Emmett Till, Charlie Lang, Ernest Green, and Henry Bedford all have in common?

a. They all were involved the Democratic Party. b. They all went to desegregated schools. c. They all lobbied for the right to vote. D. THEY WERE ALL VICTIMS OF WHITE TERRORISM

What was the purpose of "grandfather clauses"?

a. They ensured that all children, white or black, had proper caregivers. When parents weren't available, these clauses granted grandparents legal custody of children. b. They prevented any black household from having more than two generations living in it at any given time, thereby breaking up black families. C. THEY EXTENDED THE RIGHT TO VOTE TO THOSE WHOSE RELATIVES WERE ENFRANCHISED BEFORE THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR, NAMELY WHITES d. They required black public workers to refer to white public workers as "grandfather."

Which of the following did Annette Lareau find in her study on class and parenting styles?

a. When middle-class children are taught to treat adults as superiors, it helps give them a sense of entitlement. B. WITH LESS REGIMENTED ACTIVITIES, WORKING-CLASS CHILDREN DEVELOP LESS CULTURAL CAPITAL c. With long stretches of child-initiated play, middle-class children learn to be proactive. d. When parents establish clear boundaries between adults and children, it helps children build confidence.

In contrast to the models of color-blindness and multiculturalism, racial democracy envisions an "ideal America" as

a. a place where people's racial and ethnic differences are respected but that respect is secondary to the respect given to each person's individual accomplishments and abilities to succeed in society. b. a place where empathy, mutuality, and common respect between people has created a pattern of cultural respect, where all groups are given equal social merit. C. a place where people are liberated beyond the structural restraints of the legacies associated with their racial and ethnic groups through a systematic redress of racial injustices. d. a place where people don't need to acknowledge race and ethnicity because the ideals of race equality finally match the reality of the society.

What is one thing that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed?

a. anti-miscegenation laws in southern states b. the funding of public schools with local property taxes C. DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF RACE IN RESTAURANTS d. discrimination on the basis of physical disability in schools

Sociologist Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods, argues that class differences in parenting

a. are more about race than class. b. are mostly related to differences in material goods. C. ARE MOSTLY ABOUT LANGUAGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS d.relate to the geographic location of the child's upbringing.

Between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children whom we know of. Which of the following was not a justification given for the lynching of black men?

a. being too "uppity" b. winking at a white woman c. sexually assaulting a white woman D. TAKING A WHITE MAN'S JOB

An elementary school that recognizes holidays of various groups during the fall and winter by having children make crafts relating to the African-American celebration of Kwanzaa, the Christian celebration of Christmas, the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah, and the American civic celebration of Thanksgiving is most likely adopting which of the following frameworks?

a. color-blindness B. multiculturalism c. assimilation d. abstract liberalism

Familism is a variant of _______ having to do with one's attachment to, and reliance on, family-based relationships.

a. cultural capital B. SOCIAL CAPITAL c. economic capital d. symbolic capital

What was the primary objective of boarding schools for American Indians?

a. educate them on the cultural practices of their ancestors b. expose them to a variety of social norms and values C. FORCE THEM TO ASSIMILATE INTO ANGLO-AMERICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE d. provide them space to explore both Anglo-American and their ancestral cultural practices.

According to sociologist Bruce Western, what are the three ways that prisons might possibly reduce crime?

a. habituation, incapacitation, and conditioning b. prevention, governance, and rehabilitation C. rehabilitation, incapacitation, and deterrence d. medication, conditioning, and control

Which of the following are examples of cultural capital?

a. having a high-paying job b. having a lot of workplace authority c. personally knowing many doctors and lawyers D. UNDERSTANDING THE RIGHT WAY TO EMAIL YOUR PROFESSOR

A researcher is interested in testing why incarceration rates have gone up in her state and why there is such a racial disparity in the prison population, with African American and Latino men especially likely to be incarcerated. Using findings from past work, she should expect which factor to be a central explanation?

a. increased parole rates, which usually involved subsequent returns to prison B. the increase in drug arrests that were more prevalent for blacks and Latinos c. the higher rates of drug use for blacks and Latinos d. the higher rates of selling drugs for blacks and Latinos

Which industry that exploits the economic plight of the poor and racial minorities does Chapter 11 note as having more stores across the United States than McDonald's restaurants?

a. pawn shops B. payday lenders c. used car lots d. street vendors

In the mid-1950s, civil rights movements shifted away from ________ organizations and toward a focus on ________ groups.

a. religious; secular b. grassroots; political C. BUREACRATIC; COMMUNITY-BASED d. loose; hierarchical

In the late 1960s, Richard Nixon and the Republican Party used language that indirectly placed blame for social problems on African Americans. This was meant to draw white voters in the South, who traditionally aligned with the Democratic Party, to the Republican Party. This political approach was referred to as ________.

a. reverse racism b. the Civil Rights Act repeal c. using the "race card" D. THE SOUTHERN STRATEGY

What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular?

a. slavery and marriage B. THE LYNCH MOB AND THE PRISON c. voting and indentured servitude d. schooling and the military

Bartholomew Whitehouse, a former slave, was arrested for panhandling in 1898 and imprisoned for six months without trial. Which of the following laws allowed this to occur?

a. stop and frisk b. Three-Fifths Compromise C. VAGABOND LAWS d. three strikes laws

With the weakening of the NAACP, the Civil Rights Movement shifted its focus from legal action to which kind of action?

a. subversive action b. apolitical action c. religious action D. DIRECT ACTION

Since when have poor, nonwhite urban neighborhoods have been subjected to heightened surveillance and police repression?

a. the beginning of the Mexican drug war. B. the racial uprisings of the 1960s. c. WW2. d. the cold war

Some social scientists have argued that a sizable proportion of the crime drop that occurred in the 1990s can be attributed to

a. the decrease in the immigrant population. b. the decrease in non-marital births. c. the dramatic improvement in high school graduation rates. D. the growing immigrant population.

To argue that schools should adjust their curriculum so that African, Asian, and indigenous accounts of history be incorporated with equal weight alongside European accounts is to advocate for

a. the melting pot. B. RACIAL JUSTICE AND DEMOCRACY c. civic engagement. d. color-blind education.

What is the relationship between social capital and educational success?

a. the more social capital you have the more educational success you will have. b. The more social capital you have, the less educational success you will have. C. Having more of the "right" kind of social capital can result in educational success, while having more of the "wrong" kind can hold you back. d. Social capital and educational success are not related to each other.

In 2015, thirteen students were arrested at the University of Minnesota when they conducted a sit-in at the president's office in an attempt to protest the lack of diversity in the faculty. These protestors most clearly followed in the tradition of which group?

a. third world liberation front b. American Indian movement C. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People d. United Farm Workers

In American history, assimilation

a. took into account the diversity of people in American society, including descendants of African slaves, Asian immigrants, European immigrants, Native Americans, and Latinos. b. was a dialogue of interactions where the "melting pot" of American society produced a transformation to both the new people in society and those already established. c. was most pronounced in the South. D. led to out-groups losing their distinctive identities over time and gradually becoming absorbed into preexisting, overarching American identity.

To move toward racial democracy and take into account the realities of race privilege means that

a. we have moved beyond discussing color-blindness as an ideal that cemented the ways that society is structured. b. we must abandon any commitment to the ideals of color-blindness and the diversity of multiculturalism. C. we must begin with people's actual experiences, where racial injustices are a reality. d. we resolve to cut through the tensions of racial avoidance by confronting the limits of people's experiences with color-blindness.

Despite relative similarities in drug use between blacks and whites, drug arrests are higher in nonwhite than white communities because

a. white drug users buy their drugs in nonwhite neighborhoods. b. more attention. c. whites are more likely to go to private prisons, which house few drug offenders. D. there is more focus on nonwhite drug transactions due to stereotypes linking nonwhites with drug use.

Which group is most likely to drop out of high school?

a. whites b. Asian Americans c. hispanics D. NATIVE AMERICANS

Standing Rock/Dakota Access Pipeline

are grassroots movements that began in early 2016 in reaction to the approved construction of Energy Transfer Partners' Dakota Access Pipeline in the northern United States. The pipeline was projected to run from the Bakken oil fields in western North Dakota to southern Illinois, crossing beneath the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, as well as under part of Lake Oahe near the Standing Rock Indian Reservation. Many in the Standing Rock tribe consider the pipeline and its intended crossing of the Missouri River to constitute a threat to the region's clean water and to ancient burial grounds

discipline gap

disparity in suspension rates / punishment based on group membership, primarily ethnicity, but also gender, SES, and disability

achievement gap

disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

prohibits discrimination in employment based on five criteria: race, color, religion, gender, or national origin

Academic Profiling

racial profiling in education

cognitive dissonance

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

negative action

typically seen against Asian Americans is in force if a university denies admission to an Asian American who would have been admitted had that person been White