SOC 214 Final Exam

Steps in conflict resolution

1.Address recurring, disturbing issues 2.Identify new desired behaviors 3.Identify perceptions to change 4.Summarize your partners perspective 5.Generate alternative win-win solutions 6.Forgive 7.Aviod defense mechanisms

Factors to consider in deciding to end a relationship

1.Consider improving the relationship rather than ending it 2.Acknowledge and accept that terminating a relationship will be difficult and painful 3.Select your medium of breaking up 4.In talking with your partner, blame yourself for the breakup 5.Cut off the relationship completely 6.Learn from the terminated relationship 7.Allow time to grieve over the end of the relationship 8.Clean your Facebook page

Four factors involved in whether a person continues or ends a relationship

1.Dedication 2.Perceived constraints 3.Material constraints 4.Feeling trapped

9 types of Cohabitation

1.Here and now 2.Testers 3.Engaged 4.Money savers 5.Pension partners 6.Alimony maintenance 7.Security blanket cohabiters 8.Rebellious cohabiters 9.Marriage never(cohabitants forever)

Steps in the research process

1.Identify the topic or focus of research 2.Review the literature 3.Develop hypotheses 4.Decide on type of study and method of data collection 5.Get IRB approval 6.Collect and analyze data 7.Write up and publish results

Parenting Styles

1.Permissive parents are high on responsiveness and low on demandingness 2.Authoritarian parents are high on demandingness and low in responsiveness 3.Authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive 4.Uninvolved parents are low in responsiveness and demandingness

Challenges that single parents face

1.Responding to the demands of parenting with limited help 2.Resolving the issue of adult sexual needs 3.coping with lack of money 4.ensuring guardianship 5.obtaining prenatal care 6.coping with the absence of a father 7.Avoiding negative life outcome for the child in a single-parent family 8.Perpetuating a single-family structure

Advantages of LAT

1.Space and privacy 2.Career or work space 3.Variable sleep needs 4.Allergies 5.Variable social needs 6.Blended family needs 7.Keeping the relationship exciting 8.Self-expression and comfort 9.Cleanliness or orderliness 10.Elder care 11.Maintaining one's lifetime residence 12.Leaving inheritances to children from previous marriages

Disadvantages of LAT

1.Stigma or disapproval 2.Cost 3.Inconveinence 4.Lack of shared history 5.No legal protection

The 6 basic parenting choices

1.Whether or not to have a child 2.the number of children to have 3.the interval between children 4.the method of discipline 5.the degree to which they will invest time with their children 6.whether or not to coparent

What are the principles of effective communication?

1.prioritize communication 2.avoid negative and make positive statements to your partner 3.establish and maintaining eye contact 4.establish empathy 5.ask open-ended questions 6.use reflective listening 7.use I statements 8.touch 9.use soft emotions/take responsibility 10.identify specific new behavior you want 11.stay focused on the issue 12.make specific resolutions to disagreements 13.give congruent messages 14.share power 15.keep the process of communication going

Arranged Marriages Statistics

80% of marriages in China, India, and Indonesia

Alternatives to corporal punishment

Be a positive role model, set rules and consequences, encourage and reward good behavior, use charts, and use time-out

Requirements of a legal contract of marriage

Can't be already married to someone else, the age requirement varies by state and is usually from 16 to 18, and a legally empowered representative of the state has to perform the ceremony with 2 witnesses present.

The Agents of Socialization

Family, Peers, Religion, Education, Economy, Mass Media,

Reasons for remaining single

Freedom to do as one wishes, variety of lovers, spontaneous lifestyle, close friends of both sexes, responsible for one person only, spend money as one wishes, freedom to move as career dictates, avoid being controlled by spouse, avoid emotional and financial stress of divorce

Eagan et al.,2013

In a nationwide study of 165,743 undergraduates in 234 colleges and universities, almost three-fourths (73%) identified raising a family as an essential objective (82% chose financial success as their top goal)

What are the elements of marriage?

Legal contract, emotional relationship, sexual monogamy, legal responsibility for children, and an announcement/ceremony.

What are the five love styles?

Ludic, pragma, eros, mania, and storge

secondary infertility

The woman has previously conceived but is currently unable to do so even though she wants to and has had regular sexual relations for the past 12 months

pro-choice abortion

They believe that freedom of choice is a central value and the woman has a right to determine what happens to her own body, those who must personally bear the burden of their moral choices ought to have the right to make these choices, procreation choices must be free of governmental control

pro-life abortion

They believe that the unborn fetus has a right to live and that right should be protected, abortion is a violent and immoral solution to unintended pregnancy, and that the life of an unborn fetus is sacred and should be protected, even at the cost of individual difficulties for the pregnant woman

family

U.S. Census Bureau says its a group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Sex chromosomes for women

XX

Sex chromosomes for men

XY

androgyny

a blend of traits that are stereotypically associated with masculinity and femininity

blended family

a family created when two individuals marry and at least one of them brings a child or children from a previous relationship or marriage. Also referred to as a step family

polygyny

a form of polygamy in which one husband has 2 or more wives

polyandry

a form of polygamy in which one wife has 2 or more husbands

transgender

a generic term for a person of one biological sex who displays characteristics of the opposite sex

polygamy

a generic term referring to a marriage involving more than 2 spouses

pantagamy

a group marriage in which each member of the group is "married" to the others

storage love style

a love consisting of friendship that is calm and nonsexual

Macro Factors of divorce

a result of various structural and cultural factors; increased economic independence of women, changing family functions and structure, liberal divorce laws/social acceptance, prenuptial agreements and the internet, fewer moral and religious sanctions, more divorce models, mobility and anonymity, and social class, ethnicity, and culture

theoretical framework

a set of interrelated principles designed to explain a particular phenomenon and to provide a point of view

gender postmodernism

abandons the notion of gender as natural and emphasizes that gender is socially constructed

What are the 3 sexual values?

absolutism-young, relativism-college, and hedonism-college

gay liberation

all 50 states recognize same sex marriages, has increased the visibility of gay individuals and relationships

transsexual

an individual who has the anatomical and genetic characteristics of one sex but the self-concept of the other

romantic love

an intense love whereby the lover believes in love at first sight, only one true love, and love conquers all

mania love style

an out-of-control love whereby the person "must have" the love object, obsessive jealousy and controlling behavior are symptoms of maniclove

absolutism

belief system based on unconditional allegiance to the authority of religion, law, or tradition

hedonism

belief that the ultimate value and motivation for human actions lie in the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

Roles of parents

caregiver, emotional resource, teacher, economic resource, protector, health promoter, and ritual bearer

agape love style

characterized by a focus on the well-being of the love object, with little regard for reciprocation; the love of parents for their children is agape love

eros love style

characterized by passion and romance

generation y

children of the baby boomers, typically born between 1979 and 1984. Also known as the Millennial or Internet Generation

urbanization

cities were built around factories and families moved to the city to work in the factories. living space in cities was crowded and expensive, which contributed to a decline in the birthrate and thus smaller families

Texting is used to

commence, advance, and maintain interpersonal relationships and is viewed as more constant and private than talking on a cell phone

Triangular view of love

consists of three basic elements: intimacy, commitment, and passion, the presence or absence of these three elements creates various types of love experienced between individuals

cons of online dating

deceptive, fall in love too quickly, can't assess "chemistry" through computer screen, can't assess nonverbal behavior

Oneida community of New York

embraced a form of polyamory in the mid 1800's. complex marriage- every man was married to every woman.

compassionate love

emotional feelings toward another that generate behaviors to promote the partners well-being

women's movement

emphasized equality in education, employment, and income for women

structure-function framework

emphasizes how marriage and family contribute to the larger society

attachment theory

emphasizes that a primary motivation in life is to be emotionally connected with other people

role theory of mate selection

emphasizes that a son or daughter models after the parent of the same sex by selecting a partner similar to the one the parent selected as a mate

learning theory

emphasizes that love feelings develop in response to certain behaviors engaged in by the partner

exchange theory

emphasizes that relations are formed and maintained between individuals offering the greatest rewards and least costs to each other

attachment theory of mate selection

emphasizes the drive toward psychological intimacy and a social and emotional connection

Bioecological Model

emphasizes the importance of understanding bidirectional influences between an individual's development and his or her surrounding environmental contexts

Biosocial theory

emphasizes the interaction of one's biological or genetic inheritance with one's social environment to explain and predict human behavior

Social learning

emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in explaining how a child learns gender role behavior

symbolic interactionism

examine the process of communication between two actors in terms of the meanings each attaches to the actions of the other, looking-glass self

nuclear family

family consisting of an individual, his or her spouse, and his or her children, or of an individual and his or her parents and siblings

binuclear family

family in which the members live in two households

single-parent family

family in which there is only one parent and the other parent is completely out of the child's life through death, sperm donation, or abandonment, and no contact is made with the other parent

Micro Factors contributing to divorce

focuses on individual decisions and interactions within a specific relationship that lead to a spouse choosing to divorce and initiate proceedings; growing apart/differences, falling out of love, limited time together, low frequency of positive behavior, having an affair, poor communication/ conflict resolution skills, changing values, onset of satiation, having the perception that one would be happier if divorced

primary advantage of remaining single

freedom and control over ones life

What are the five love languages?

gifts, quality time, words of affirmation, acts of service, and physical touch

control group

group used to compare with the experimental group that is not exposed to the independent variable being studied

pros of online dating

highly efficient, develop a relationship without visual distraction, avoid crowded, uncomfortable locations, like bars, and can disappear quickly if want too

romantic love

intimacy and passion without commitment

liking

intimacy without passion or commitment

sexual revolution

involved openness about sexuality and permitted intercourse outside the context of marriage

conjugal love

is also known as realistic love, and its the love between married people characterized by companionship, calmness, comfort, and security

pragma love style

is logical and rational, the love partner is evaluated in terms of assets and liabilities

LAT

living apart together a long-term committed couple who does not live in the same dwelling

psychosexual theory

love results from blocked biological sexual desires

polyamory

multiple loves and is a lifestyle in which lovers embrace the idea of having multiple emotional and sexual partners

no-fault divorce

neither party is identified as the guilty party or the cause of the divorce

Categories of singles

never-married singles, divorced singles, and widowed singles

What are the four various types of the triangular view of love?

non love, liking, infatuation, and romantic love

postmodern family

nontraditional families emphasizing that a healthy family need not be heterosexual or have two parents

biochemical theory

oxytocin and vasopressin are hormones involved in the development and maintenance of social bonding, the hormones are active in foraging emotional connections between adults and infants

infatuation

passion without intimacy or commitment

swinging

persons who exchange partners for the purpose of sex

Advantages of long-distance relationships

positive labeling, keeping the relationship high since constant togetherness nay result in the partners being less attentive to each other, having time to devote to school or a career, and having a lot of one's own personal time and space

4 characteristics of addiction in instant messaging

preoccupation with IM, loss of relationships due to overuse, loss of control, and escape

open-ended questions

questions that encourage answers that contain a great deal of information

wrong reasons for getting married

rebound, escape, unplanned pregnancy, psychological blackmail, insurance benefits, pity, and filling a void

physiological androgyny

refers to intersected individuals, discussed earlier in the chapter. The genitals are neither clearly male nor female, and there is a mixing of "female" and "male" chromosomes and hormones

behavioral androgyny

refers to the blending or reversal of traditional male and female behavior, so that a biological male may be very passive, gentle, and nurturing and a biological female may be very assertive, rough, and selfish

industrial revolution

refers to the social and economic changes that occurred when machines and factories, rather than human labor, became the dominant mode for the production of goods during the mid 1800s, one of the most profound influences on the family. The family was no longer a self-sufficient unit that determined its work hours.

random samples

sample in which each person in the population being studied has an equal chance of being included in the sample

relativism

sexual decisions are made in reference to the emotional, security, and commitment aspects of the relationship

What are the social movements?

sexual revolution, gay liberation, and women's movement

social exchange framework

spouses exchange resources, and decisions are made on the basis of perceived profit and loss

"I" statements

statements that focus on the feelings and thoughts of the communicator without making a judgement on others, they are likely to result in a positive change in the listeners behavior, they reflect being authentic

complementary-needs theory

tendency to select mates whose needs are opposite and complementary to one's own needs

nonlove

the absence of intimacy, passion, and commitment

Occupational Sex Segregation

the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

gender dysphoria

the condition in which one's gender identity does not match ones biological sex

modern family

the dual-earner family, in which both spouses work outside the home

family of procreation

the family a person begins by getting married and having children

family of origin

the family into which an individual is born or reared, usually including a mother, father, and children.

procreative liberty

the freedom to decide to have children or not

experimental group

the group exposed to the independent variable

extended family

the nuclear family or parts of it plus other relatives

social exchange

the partners communication can be described as a ratio of rewards to costs. Rewards are positive changes, such as compliments, compromises, and agreements. Costs refer to negative exchanges, such as critical remarks, complaints, and attacks

Gender role ideology

the proper role relationships between women and men in a society

gender identity

the psychological state of viewing oneself as a girl or a boy and later, as a woman or a man

family life course development framework

the stages and process of how families change over time

traditional family

the two-parent nuclear family with the husband as breadwinner and wife as homemaker

marriage-resilience perspective

the view that changes in the institution of marriage are not indicative of a decline and do not have negative effects

sociological theory

the wheel has four stages- rapport, self-reveatoin, mutual dependency, and fulfillment of personality needs that explain how love develops

pregnancy wastage

the woman has been able to conceive but has been unable to produce a live birth

primary infertility

the woman has never conceived even though she wants to and has had regular sexual relations for the past 12 months

evolutionary theory of love

theory that individuals are motivated to emotionally bond with a partner to ensure a stable relationship for producing rearing children

Twin Oaks Community

today in Louisa, Virginia half the members of their 100 member community are polyamorous in that each partner may have several emotional or physical relationships with others at the same time. view themselves as emotionally bonded to each other.

cohabitation

two unrelated adults involved in an emotional and sexual relationship who sleep in the same residence at least four nights a week for three months

conflict framework

view that individuals in relationships compete for valuable resources

family systems framework

views each member of the family as part of a system and the family as a unit that develops norms of interaction

ludic love style

views love as a game in which the love interest is one of several partners, is never seen too often, and is kept at an emotional distance

symbolic interaction framework

views marriage and families as symbolic worlds in which the various members give meaning to each others behavior

feminist framework

views marriage and the family as contexts for inequality and oppression