SOC 240 Final Exam

Allen Li argues the best way to look at the impact of divorce on children is to compare A) Children before and after divorce B) Children soon after divorce and then much later after divorce C) Children of divorced parents and children of non-divorced children D) Countries with different divorced rates

A

Since the early 1980s, the U.S. divorce rate A) Has declined B) Has increased C) Has stabilized D) Is unpredictable

A

Women are the victims of approximately what percentage of spousal homicides? A) 30% B) 50% C) 80% D) 90%

A) 30%

According to research cited in the text, a major consequence of delaying marriages is A) A reduction in the number of children a woman will have B) Dramatically increased economic opportunities for black women C) Lessened flexibility in making life choices after age 40 D) All of the above

A) A reduction in the number of children a woman will have

According to your textbook, the boundaries between family and work have A) Become less and less clear B) Not changed in recent decades C) Become sharper and sharper

A) Become less and less clear

Victims of battering often stay in abusive situations because they A) Blame themselves for the condition B) Like the attention they are receiving from their husbands C) Are alcoholics D) Exhibit masochistic traits

A) Blame themselves for the condition

Since 2000, teen participation in the labor force has A) Declined sharply B) Declined slightly C) Increased slightly D) Increased sharply

A) Declined sharply

The modern family form A) Emerged primarily in white middle and upper-class families B) Emerged essentially the same in both working-class and middle-class families C) Emerged in African American and Native American as well as white families D) Was essentially an images, not widely embraced by any class or race

A) Emerged primarily in white middle and upper-class families

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 is the only national legislation concerned with family leave A) Employers of 50 or more persons must provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave B) Employers of 50 or more persons must provide 12 weeks of paid leave C) All employers must provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave D) All employers must provide 12 weeks of paid leave

A) Employers of 50 or more persons must provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave

Love and protection are the two distinct themes in which of the following images of family? A) Family as a haven B)Family as anxiety C) Family as encumbrance D) Family as fulfillment

A) Family as a haven

Your text uses all except which of the following as a central theme in understanding the social history of American families? A) Family breakdown B) Uneven change C) Diversity D) Human agency

A) Family breakdown

According to Hochschild, which of these factors is the most significant predictor of who will perform the work of the "second shift"? A) Gender B) Social class C) Religious affiliation D) Race and ethnicity

A) Gender

Globalization A) Increases the control of nation-states over the welfare of their families B) Decreases the control families have over their own members C) Decreases the mobility of workers D) All of the above

A) Increases the control of nation-states over the welfare of their families

Which of the following statements exemplifies the myth of a stable and harmonious family of the past? A) Marital failure and illegitimacy are modern phenomena which did not exist in pre-industrial families B) Families are self-sufficient units relatively free from outside pressures C) Contemporary families are not better or worse than families of the past, only different D) We expect less from the family

A) Marital failure and illegitimacy are modern phenomena which did not exist in pre-industrial families

Marital success is measured sociologically by analyzing marital stability and A) Marital quality B) Economic resources C) Marital communication D) All of the above

A) Marital quality

Research on work-related geographical mobility among families finds that A) Married couples usually move in response to husbands' job opportunities B) Large corporations often expect their managers and executives to move frequently C) While moving is difficult for all family members, spouses and children usually manage quite well D) All of the above

A) Married couples usually move in response to husbands' job opportunities

The family economies of the middle class are distinguished from those of the lower and working classes by A) Middle class links with non-familial institutions, such as banks B) The higher likelihood of two-earner families C) The middle class tendency to depend on families for financial help D) None of the above

A) Middle class links with non-familial institutions, such as banks

Research on the division of domestic labor in lesbian and gay families finds A) Patterns that resemble those in heterosexual families B) Patterns that are the opposite of heterosexual families C) Gay and lesbian couples tend to hire outside help to do housework D) That a single member of the relationship does all the housework

A) Patterns that resemble those in heterosexual families

In 2009, as the Great Recession worsened, unemployment A) Rose sharply B) Rose more for women than for men C) Was lower in construction and manufacturing than most other areas D) All of the above

A) Rose sharply

The most prevalent form of domestic violence is A) Spouse battering B) Child abuse by parents C) Elder abuse D) Marital rape

A) Spouse battering

The family-based economic system characterized life during A) The colonial period of the United States B) The Industrial Revolution C) The early 20th century D) The emergence of the household as a private sphere

A) The colonial period of the United States

According to the text, the distinction between the terms "household" and "family" is useful for analyzing A) The relationship between the economy and the organization of adaptive residential arrangements B) The multiple residences of the elite C) Downward mobility D) Nuclear middle-class families

A) The relationship between the economy and the organization of adaptive residential arrangements

An explanation for the high divorce rate among young couples offered in the text is A) Sexual dysfunction B) Premarital pregnancy as the precipitator or marriage C) Infidelity D) Poor cooking ability among wives

B

In which of the following areas are the post-divorce experiences of men more negative than those of women? A) Financial B) Maintaining relationships with children C) Loss of social status D) Loss of marital friends

B

The differences in Black-White divorce rates are best explained sociologically as a function of A) Cultural differences in the expectations of marriage across races B) Significant differences in occupation and income across racial groups C) Religious differences across groups D) All of the above

B

What percent of U.S. households fit the model of the father as the sole breadwinner? A) 2% B) 7% C) 10% D) 25%

B) 7%

What percentage of the U.S. population will eventually marry? A) 50% B) 90% C) 75% D) 45%

B) 90%

Spouse abuse would be most likely to occur in which of the following situations? A) A couple has just gotten married B) A husband has been laid off from his job C) A husband has been promoted D) A death in the family has occurred

B) A husband has been laid off from his job

Scholars who use a gendered institutions approach to explaining gender in the family A) Contend that expressive and instrumental roles are complimentary B) Cite research that frames family activities in terms of power and domination C) Contend that families have a single, unified interest D) Hold an image of "family as fulfillment"

B) Cite research that frames family activities in terms of power and domination

Most research on family life among Chicanos suggests that A) Familism is a function of strict patriarchal control in Chicano families B) Familism is, in part, a strategy for surviving difficult economic circumstances C) The spirit of familism has been a negative influence in the lives of most Chicanos D) Familism is important to immigrant families, but over time, extended family ties become less important

B) Familism is, in part, a strategy for surviving difficult economic circumstances

All of the following are distinct family images that have emerged in American culture except A) Family as a haven B) Family as anxiety C) Family as encumbrance D) Family as fulfillment

B) Family as anxiety

The power advantage of middle-class husbands over wives A) Is neutralized by egalitarian gender role ideology B) Is enhanced by their resources and occupational status C) Is less than that of working-class husbands, who tend to embrace traditional gender role ideology D) None of the above

B) Is enhanced by their resources and occupational status

The Social Breakdown Perspective offers a flawed explanation of immigration because A) It views immigrant families as complex and varied B) It focuses on alienation and family instability while ignoring endurance and resilience C) It contends that immigrants should not relinquish their "cultural baggage" D) It focuses on the broad diversity of immigrant experience

B) It focuses on alienation and family instability while ignoring endurance and resilience

According to the text, under the "Cult of True Womanhood" women's power in the household relative to men was A) Absolute B) Largely symbolic C) Equally distributed D) Mixed; there was no real pattern in power relations

B) Largely symbolic

Contemporary research on the benefits of marriage finds that A) Full-time housewives are happier than women who juggle family and paid employment B) Marriage has a greater positive effect on men's health than it does on women's health C) Single men are healthier than single women D) All of the above

B) Marriage has a greater positive effect on men's health than it does on women's health

The relationship between men's occupations and domestic violence is A) Nonexistent B) Men in occupations involving the use of violence are not more likely to engage in domestic violence C) Much stronger now than it was in the past D) Men in occupations involving the use of violence are more likely to engage in domestic violence

B) Men in occupations involving the use of violence are not more likely to engage in domestic violence

Which of the following is not identified in the text as one of the macro structures that stratifies society? A) Race B) Religion C) Gender D) Class

B) Religion

According to Gerson and Jacobs, between 1970 and 2000 dual-earner couples A) Increased from 10% to 25% of married couples B) Saw their average number of hours worked increase C) Saw their average number of hours worked stay the same D) Worked fewer hours and teens worked more hours

B) Saw their average number of hours worked increase

Patriarchy refers to A) A religion in which God is male B) Social relations in which men are dominant over women C) How men inherit property D) Violence committed by men against women

B) Social relations in which men are dominant over women

The most important reason for the increase in labor force participation among wives is A) The rising cost of sending children to college B) The growth in the service economy C) The increased availability of child care D) The feminist movement

B) The growth in the service economy

In which class are the spheres of work and family likely to be merged, with social lives oriented toward occupational concerns? A) The elite B) The professional class C) The middle class D) The working class

B) The professional class

The largest group of families in the United States is the A) Lower class B) Working class C) Middle class D) Professional class

B) Working class

A leading predictor of divorce within the first five years of marriage is A) The presence of children B) Educational attainment of spouses C) Age at first marriage D) Religiosity

C

A plausible explanation for the relationship between family size and marital stability is A) Couples with many children have extra help with stressful domestic chores B) Solo children often cause parents to take sides against each other in arguments C) Unhappy couples may decide to stay together while children are in the home D) All of the above

C

Approximately what percentage of divorced men remarry? A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 90%

C

All of the following were functional roles of the colonial family except A) Family as a school B) Family as a church C) Family as encumbrance D) Family as house of correction

C) Family as encumbrance

The "Marriage Movement" A) Has received very little support from federal government B) Focuses on the problems associated with bad marriages C) Is often supported by those associated with the Family Decline perspective D) Is often supported by those associated with the Family Resilience perspective

C) Is often supported by those associated with the Family Decline perspective

As the family ceased to be a center of production during industrialization, A) An increasing number of young children were sent away from home to work B) It ceased to function efficiently C) It took on specialized functions of procreation, child-rearing, and consumption D) Its educational function increased

C) It took on specialized functions of procreation, child-rearing, and consumption

According to the "culture of poverty" thesis, A) Lower-class individuals never succeed B) With the exception of having substantially less money, life among the poor is similar to the rest of society C) Poverty is more a function of people's values and attitudes than of their physical environment D) Alternative family structure among the poor are adaptive mechanisms

C) Poverty is more a function of people's values and attitudes than of their physical environment

Research on marital communication finds that A) Quality is important, not quantity B) Quality and quantity always go together C) Quality and quantity are important D) Quantity is more important than quality

C) Quality and quantity are important

Racial categories are A) Inflexible historical constructs B) Meaningful to people of color but do not really apply to whites C) Socially defined and change over time D) Determined by strict biological criteria

C) Socially defined and change over time

Research on the organization of families suggests that A) Middle-class families are essentially egalitarian, and thus, less prone to exhibit violence B) Violence is less likely to occur in extended families than in nuclear families C) The family is a power system in which the greater the inequality, the greater the risk of violence D) Contemporary families are actually less violent than those of the past

C) The family is a power system in which the greater the inequality, the greater the risk of violence

According to the text, a key factor responsible for the changing role expectations for women and men in U.S. society is A) Men's willingness to share in housework B) The decline in the fertility rate C) The massive entry of women into the paid labor force D) Feminism

C) The massive entry of women into the paid labor force

Social production refers to A) The work of caring for family members in the home B) Women's responsibilities according to the "Cult of True Womanhood" C) The work that people do to earn a living D) The development of educational materials, such as child-rearing literature in the 19th century

C) The work that people do to earn a living

Which of the following does not describe hierarchies of stratification? A) They produce different life chances for groups placed in different locations B) They distribute rewards unequally C) They are highly flexible, allowing for the easy improvement of life chances D) They are systems of power and domination

C) They are highly flexible, allowing for the easy improvement of life changes

In general, workers whose jobs paid a "family wage" were A) Men of diverse racial and ethnic groups B) White men and white women C) White men only D) Individuals of all groups; race and gender differences were insignificant

C) White men only

Dorothy Smith refers to the Standard North American Family (SNAF) as A) An idealized image B) An insulated two-parent final C) A distortion of reality D) All of the above E) None of the above

D) All of above

According to the text, the strong propensity for divorced people to remarry suggests that A) Disillusionment is with a partner, rather than with the institution of marriage B) Conformity is more important in the United States than personal happiness C) Individuals in the United States think family values require a marital context D) All of the above

D) All of the above

An obstacle to objectivity in studying families is A) Secrecy B) Mystification C) Sacredness D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Over 50% of which group of U.S. women is in the labor force? A) White B) African American C) Latina D) All of the above

D) All of the above

The gender ratio in the colonial United States was such that there was A) A shortage of women B) A great need for women's economic participation C) Frequent remarriage among women D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Viewing violence in the media A) Is not associated with more aggressive behavior among children B) Tends to desensitize people to real violence C) Tends to decrease one's fear of real violence D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following factors is strongly associated with wife abuse? A) Verbally aggressive interaction patterns B) Alcohol abuse C) Inadequacy of husbands D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to the abuse of the elderly? A) The ageism found in U.S. society B) The stress that is generated by the responsibilities of caregiving C) The financial burden of providing for the needs of an elderly family member D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Recent research suggests poor women A) Do not realize marriage is likely to help them escape poverty B) Are not interested in marriage C) Prioritize marriage above children D) Are concerned about the disadvantages of marrying the wrong man

D) Are concerned about the disadvantages of marrying the wrong man

Cuber and Haroff refer to marriages that revolve around argumentation as A) Passive-aggressive B) Vital C) Devitalized D) Conflict-habituated

D) Conflict-habituated

Contemporary scholars describe the size of colonial families as A) Smaller than the contemporary families B) Unknown, because historic documents are unreliable on this subject C) Much larger than previously thought D) Smaller than many have assumed

D) Smaller than many have assumed

The term "intimate partner violence" arose in response to A) The rise in concern about emotional abuse B) The increasing attention to incest C) Seeing violence as a criminal problem rather than a health problem D) The increasing attention to violence among cohabitors, dating couples, and same-sex couples

D) The increasing attention to violence among cohabitors, dating couples, and same-sex couples

During the 19th century, childhood A) Assumed a single "modern" form B) Changed as most children began to work outside the home C) Was unaffected by the separation of home and workplace D) Took many forms, depending on class, ethnicity, gender, and religion

D) Took many forms, depending on class, ethnicity, gender, and religion

T or F: A decline in the U.S. birthrate was largely responsible for the migration of Europeans to the United States in the late 19th century.

False

T or F: According to the U.S. Census, a household is two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live together.

False

T or F: According to the text, "kin work" refers to the labor of extended kin in family-owned businesses.

False

T or F: Current trends in household and family patterns in the United States are not limited to the United States, but represent global trends.

False

T or F: Experts believe most parents who abuse their children have severe personality disorders.

False

T or F: Teen workers are primarily low-income youth who contribute their earnings to improve their families' financial status.

False

T or F: The hierarchies of race, class, and gender operate completely independently of each other.

False

T or F: The myth of a unified family experience refers to the belief that the middle-class and upper-class families differ very little.

False

T or F: There are no significant differences in the divorce rate across racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

False

T or F: 3. A gender-roles approach to gender and family emphasizes inequality and power.

True

T or F: 4. Less than ten percent of U.S. families have a breadwinner husband and a homemaker wife.

True

T or F: A "family wage" is a wage paid to men that is sufficient to support his family at a decent standard of living.

True

T or F: According to the test, divorce and single parenthood are better viewed as the consequences of social problems rather than the cause.

True

T or F: Among industrial nations, the United States has both a high marriage rate and a high divorce rate.

True

T or F: Cohabitation is almost always viewed as a prelude to marriage by the individuals involved in cohabiting relationships.

True

T or F: Commuter marriages are largely the result of women's increased entry into professional employment.

True

T or F: Divorced men remarry at a higher rate than divorced women.

True

T or F: Evidence suggests that colonial children in New England were more sternly reared than those in other regions.

True

T or F: Family history has only recently emerged as a subfield in the discipline of history.

True

T or F: Gay and lesbian couples are more likely to share decision making and household duties than are heterosexual couples.

True

T or F: Gender-based inequality creates different conditions for women and men even within the same family.

True

T or F: In the colonial United States, neighbors and other community members frequently intervened in family matters.

True

T or F: Myths and images about families influence our expectations and assumptions about family life.

True

T or F: One of the major problems with the family and Medical Leave Act is that job protected leaves provided by the law are unpaid.

True

T or F: Social reproduction refers to the work of caring for families in the home.

True

T or F: The probability of divorce is negatively correlated with income.

True

T or F: The risk of family violence is far greater in homes in which men have been laid off from their jobs.

True

T or F: The younger children are when their parents divorce, the more likely they are to have adjustment problems.

True

T or F: Victims of incest often suffer serious effects well into adulthood.

True

T or F: Fewer than 10 percent of American families consist of a breadwinner husband, stay-at-home wife, and their dependent children.

True - 7%

The most important themes to emerge from historical studies of the family are all except which of the following? A) The diversity in family types B) The uneven change in family patterns C) An ever-increasing divorce rate D) The social agency of family members

c) An ever-increasing divorce rate