SOC 384 Study Guide 2

In what three "domains" did Peter Kaufman and K. A. Feldman find that students in college were especially likely to acquire (or significantly modify) their felt identities (as given in their article, "Forming Identities in College")?

1. Intelligence and Knowledge 2. Occupation 3. Cosmopolitianism

What are the seven social indicators of adulthood according to Frank Furstenberg and associates:

1. completing education 2. attaining financial independence 3. working full time 4. being able to support a family 5. leaving parents' home 6. getting married 7. having a child

Describe the three ways that families and other groups of adults with children at zoos transmit socialization messages about gender differences?

1. project onto them masculine and feminine ideologies 2. mobilize zoo exhibits as props for modeling all gender normative displays 3. discipline differently- communicate socialization messages as how to behave in gendered ways.

According to Janet Lever, what are the six ways that the play patterns of 5th grade boys are different than that of 5th grade girls?

Boys- more complex 1. number of roles 2. interdependence 3. size of group 4. explicitness of goal 5. number of specificity and rules 6. team formation

Three parts of life cycle movement:

Certification and gatekeeping Personality, attitudinal and behavioral changes Labeling and changes in identity

How does the article, "Naturalizing Gender through Childhood Socialization Messages in a Zoo," explain the debate between the social construction and essentialism debate of gender?

Essentialism is that gender differences are inherent and innate as opposed to social construction which states that society and culture socially informs us what is important. Adults are reinforcing the idea of essentialism between male and females by putting down strict differences. We can see that the adults are socially constructing the meaning of "boy" and "girl."

In their study, did these authors take a psychological (developmental) approach or a sociological approach?

Focus on social pressures and not internal dynamics. This is a sociological approach

Explain how the social construction of adolescence as an age category in American society is linked to the compulsory public education in the late 19th and 20th centuries:

In the late nineteenth century, public compulsory education performed between six and sixteen became a law in order to reform. This meant that children had to spend time in school and working was illegal.

Is emerging adulthood a new developmental stage?

No- because not every individual goes through this. A developmental stage must be universal.

Working class school:

School work is often evaluated not according to whether it is right or wrong but according to whether children followed the right steps. Their school work is appropriate preparation for future wage labor that is mechanical and routine. Types of resistance prevents them from learning socially legitimated knowledge.

Describe working class poor families from Lareau's article:

Working class and poor children spent most their time in informal play, did not focus on developing their children's opinions, judgments and observations. These families were much less likely to include professionals in their social networks. This exclusion or professionals led to many of these children to be more distrustful of professionals as a whole, and the pattern of natural growth encourages an emerging sense of constraint.

Size of group:

amount of children playing at once- boys played in larger groups

What does Bennett Berger mean when he criticizes certain theorists for having an "excessively naturalistic concept of adolescence?"

assuming adolescence is a psycho-biological category rather than the fact that is was socially constructed.

According to Lever, what are the chief consequences of this play difference:

boys are better prepared for the corporate world.

Rites of passage:

ceremonies that publicly announce the passage of an individual from one social position to another.

Describe middle class families from Lareau's article:

children took part in many adult organized activities. Parents placed a tremendous emphasis on reasoning. Through concerted cultivation, these children often had an emerging sense of entitlement.

Executive elite school:

develop one's analytical powers with knowledge that is considered to be the most important kind of symbolic capital. Through learning intellectually prestigious mathematics, vocabularies and rules these children are preparing to become owners of physical capital.

Affluent professional school:

develop potential relationship to capital that is instrumental and expressive and involves substantial negotiation. They are acquiring symbolic capital.

Explain how the social construction of adolescence as an age category in American society is linked to the child labor laws in the late 19th and 20th centuries:

had the consequence of removing teenagers from the work world thus prolonging the period of their dependence on their parents.

Lengthening road to adulthood:

having all these benchmarks means it takes more time to achieve them, and therefore more time to become a full fledged adult.

Explicitness of goal:

how specific and clear goals are during play; boys are better at this

Explain how the social construction of adolescence as an age category in American society is linked to the separate legal procedures for the treatment of juveniles in the late 19th and 20th centuries:

in 1899, a process was set in motion that aimed at grouping offenders by age categories and thereby separated youthful from older offenders. Leads to an increased processing of youths in terms of membership in particular age categories that distinguish them.

Interdependence:

parallel vs. coordinated play boys were more interdependent

Number of roles:

role differentiation- boys had more than girls

Adolescence as a transition period:

socially and culturally structured and defined transition period between the statuses of childhood and adulthood.

Number and specificity of rules:

the amount and clarity given to rules; boys had clearer rules

Degree of status discontinuity:

the amount of differences in how society sees the position of childhood versus the position of adulthood; has grown over time.

Life cycle movement:

the impact of college is analyzed in terms of the movement of students within general social system in which college is a subsystem in interaction with other subsystems.

Team formation:

the size of groups competing against one another; boys had larger groups

Middle class school:

work tasks and relationships are appropriate for a future relation to capital that is bureaucratic. Their work is appropriate for white collar working class and middle class jobs.

What names does Jean Anyon give to the four types of schools she studied?

working class, middle class, affluent professional and executive elite