Soc (chapter 15)

Demographic Transition Theory stages

1- high birthrates and death rates which balance each other out (most of human history) 2-still high birthrates but death rates decline (improvements in healthcare, increased availability of food) leads to HIGH population growth 3-population levels off because of increased contraception, wage increases, urbanization, increased eduction (characteristic of most industrial societies) 4-birthrates and death rates both low (birth rates is some Global North countries drop below replacement level, leading to declining population)

Population Replacement

?birthrate which just replaces the population (@ 2 children per woman)

Sex Ratio

ratio of males to females in the population

Dependency Ratio

the ratio of those in both the young and aged groups compared with the number of people in the productive age-group from age 15 through age 64

Demography

the study of human populations

How are baby boomers affecting the population pyramid in the US

they are increasing the number of over 64 age-dependent population presently has increased to 14% and is predicted to increase to 20% by 2035

Positive Checks (Malthus' theory)

things that lead to higher death rate such as war, disease, epidemics (Malthus)

Preventative Checks (Malthus' theory)

things that result in lower birthrates such as delaying marriage and abstinence (Malthus)

what do demographers focus on?

various aspects of a population - size, location, movement, concentration in certain geographical areas, changes in characteristics

megacity

city and surrounding metropolitan area with more than 10 million people

Immigrants

people who migrate

Gesellschaft

German term meaning "a modern society with impersonal relationships" -key elements are more formal relations, contracts, laws, and economies built on money -characteristic of urban societies Used in Tonnies theory

Gemeinschaft

German term meaning "small traditional community" -key elements are family, friendship, relations to the land, common values, and traditions -Used in Tonnies theory

Migration

in terms of demographic processes, refers to the movement of people from one place to another

Refugees

those who flee in search of refuge in times of war, political oppression, natural disaster, or religious persecution

organic solidarity

Durkheim's term for the glue that hold modern industrial and postindustrial societies and people together -based on a division of labor with each member playing a highly specialized role in the society and each person being dependent on others due to interrelated, interdependent tasks -this interdependence of specialized tasks is the key to unity in more complex societies

mechanical solidarity

Durkheim's term for the glue that holds a society together through shared beliefs, values, and tradition typical of rural areas and simple societies

Infant mortality rates

Global North - 5 Global South (less affluent) 40 Global South (least affluent) 62

which countries have the highest age dependency ratios?

Japan (@25% over 65yo), Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain (15-20%) -hard for the countries to support that large of an aging population

which countries have the highest youth dependency ratios?

Niger, Kenya, Congo, Afganistan -in these countries almost 50% of the people are under 15 -this makes it very difficult for the working age people to support them (especially if they are urban)

does the united states have a megacity?

Yes, New York (most are in Global South)

Infant Mortality

deaths of children under one year of age (number of death before age 1 per thousand live births)

4 major institutions which affect fertility rates

economy, politics, religion, education

three major processes which can change a population

fertility, mortality, migration

Antinatalist

government policies which discourage fertility (example: Singapore, China one-child policy)

Pronatalist

government policies which encourage fertility (such as incentives) example: Eastern Europe - gave time, cash incentives etc for children to increase childbearing

fertility rates in Global South countries

high

Malthus' Theory of Population

humans are driven to reproduce and will multiply excessively without checks imposed to slow population growth. -population growth must be controlled by "positive checks" and "negative checks"

Populations

identifiable categories of people such as people in particular societies, states, communities, adherents of a common religious faith, racial or ethnic groups, kinship or clan groups, professions, etc

Global South

less affluent nations (developing, poor countries mainly in the Southern Hemisphere)

Demographic Transition Theory

links trends in birthrates and death rates with patterns of economic and technological development

fertility rates in Global North countries

low

Global North

more developed or affluent countries (mainly in the Northern hemisphere)

Urbanization

movement from rural to urban areas

International Migration

movement of people across national boundaries

Internal Migration

movement of people within a country

Youth Dependency Ratio

number of children under 15 divided by the number from 15 to 64

Age Dependency Ratio

number of people older than 64 divided by those age 15-64

what is push-pull theory of migration

people are PUSHED to leave by war, famine, economic crises, etc people are PULLED by economic opportunities or political or religious tolerance

Babyboomers

people born in the post World War II baby boom (between 1946 - 1963)

asylum

protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.

Population Pyramids

pyramid-shaped diagrams that illustrate sex ratios and dependency ratios over time

Gentrification

refers to members of the middle and upper class, mostly young White professionals, buying and renovating rundown properties in central-city locations and displacing poor residents

how many refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in world today

refugees - asylum seekers internally displaced people

Population Momentum

skyrocketing growth rate caused by the large number of individuals of childbearing age having children (even if the # of births/person is going down, there is still a boom because there are so many people of childbearing age)

Asylees

someone who has been seeking or has been granted asylum

Internally Displaced Persons

someone who is forced to flee their home but remains within their country's borders

Life Expectancy

the average number of years a person in a particular society can expect to live

Fertility

the birth rate

Mortality

the death rate