Soc Final

If we accept that criminal behavior is learned we can think of criminals as kinds of conformists 1. true 2. false

1. true

_____ is an act that breaks a law 1. deviance 2. a crime 3. differential association 4. internalization

2. a crime

A person whose life and identity are organized around the facts of deviance is 1. a primary deviant 2. a secondary deviant 3. the falsely accuse 4. a pure deviant

2. a secondary deviant

A student writes, "I use to sell drugs. I was very careful. I watched who I sold to and didn't take any new customers. I was never caught." this student can be classified as 1. a conformist 2. a secret deviant 3. falsely accused 4. a pure deviant

2. a secret deviant

______ is any behavior or appearance that adheres to the norms and expectations of the group 1. deviance 2. conformity 3. social control 4. corporate power

2. conformity

High rates of incarceration are the measure of a justice system's effectiveness 1. true 2. false

2. false

Hispanic males have the greatest chance of spending some time in prison 1. true 2. false

2. false

Structural strain exists when opportunities for reaching culturally valued goals are open to all 1. true 2. false

2. false

The response to structural strain known as ritualism involves people dropping out of the system that failed the. 1. true 2. false

2. false

White collar crime does not depend on an illegitimate opportunity structure 1. true 2. false

2. false

A person takes on a(n) ______ when his or her deviant status becomes more important than any other status he or she occupies 1. label of secret deviant 2. master status of deviant 3. informal status 4. label of confederate

2. mater status of deviant

Police officers employ ______ sanctions when they arrest people suspected of breaking the law. 1. positive formal 2. negative formal 3. negative informal 4. positive informal

2. negative formal

______ includes the corporations and agencies with an economic stake in building and supplying correctional facilities and in providing services 1. medicalization 2. prison-industrial complex 3. bureaucracy 4. institutionalization

2. prison-industrial complex

______ includes those whose rule breaking is considered so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away. 1. primary deviants 2. secondary deviants 3. falsely accused 4. pure deviants

2. secondary deviants

Informal sanctions are 1. backed by the force of law 2. spontaneous expressions of approval or disapproval 3. group-generated expressions of disapproval 4. laws, rules, and regulations

2. spontaneous expressions of approval or disapproval

Labeling theorists maintain that determining whether an act is deviant depends on all but which one of the following? 1. whether people notice it 2. whether people to it as a violation 3. whether a deviant act actually committed 4. whether sanctions are applied

2. whether people to it as a violation 3. whether a deviant act actually committed (she gave points to both)

Sutherland and Cressy wrote about "crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations." They were writing about 1. corporate crime 2. white-collar crime 3. deviance 4. the falsely accused

2. white-collar crime

When sociologists study crime, they ask question like, 1. "why do people commit crimes?" 2. "what are the law?" 3. "who avoids detection, who gets caught, and who goes to prison?" 4. "who commits crimes?"

3. "who avoids detection, who gets caught, and who goes to prison?"

Which one of the following is an informal sanction? 1. a trophy 2. a diploma 3. a frown 4. the death penalty

3. a frown

Which one of the following is an assumption underlying labeling theory? 1. definitions of deviance are consistent across cultural settings 2. rules are enforced uniformly and consistently 3. a person is not considered deviant until they are defined as deviant by someone with the power to do so 4. deviant behavior is learned in the same way conforming behavior is learned

3. a person is not considered deviant until they are defined as deviant by someone with the power to do so

In sociologist Terry Williams' study of teenagers working for drug suppliers, he learned that the justice system does not send juveniles to prison or treat as adults. The practice offers teens 1. a self-fulfilling prophecy 2. the chance to be white collar criminals 3. an illegitimate opportunity structures 4. situations characterized by structural strain

3. an illegitimate opportunity structures

In sociologist Terry Williams' study of teenagers recruited by drug suppliers, he found that teenagers were recruited because 1. they could be easily influenced 2. they generally obey orders 3. as minors they could not be sent to prison 4. they had a lot of free time on their hands

3. as minors they could not be sent to prison

From a sociological point of view, deviance is any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned because it 1. is unlawful activity 2. is criminal 3. departs from the norms and expectations of some group 4. hurts someone

3. departs from the norms and expectations of some group

The position of pharmacist offers the opportunity to steal prescription drugs. This possibility speaks to 1. structural strain 2. differential association 3. illegitimate opportunity structure 4. corporate crime

3. illegitimate opportunity structure

Ridicule, imprisonment, and withdrawal of affection are examples of __________ sanctions. 1. informal 2. positive 3. negative 4. formal

3. negative

Which one of the following statements about norms is considered false? 1. norms exist to prevent harm to self and others 2. norms vary by group 3. norms exist to prevent harm to self and others 4. norms are not enforced uniformly

3. norms exist to prevent harm to self and others

Which of the following statements best describes the situation of those in prison? 1. the true criminals are imprisoned 2. minorities tend to go to prison because they commit crimes 3. only a small portion of those who commit crimes are in prison 4. most people in prison are amoung the falsely accused

3. only a small portion of those who commit crimes are in prison

Which one of the following statements is most closely associated with differential association theory? 1. it is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance 2. behavior that is unthinkable in an individual who is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders 3. people learn criminal behavior from closely interacting with those who engage in and approve of law-breaking activities 4. deviance is a consequence not of a particular behavior but of the application of rules and sanctions

3. people learn criminal behavior from closely interacting with those who engage in and approve of law-breaking activities

Jane knows that she is expected to go to college after high schools. She decides that she values experiential learning and instead of enrolling in college she enrolls in the Peace Corp. According Merton's typology of responses to structural strain this response qualifies as 1. innovation 2. retreatism 3. rebellion 4. ritualism

3. rebellion

According to Merton's typology of responses associated with structural strains, a college graduates who takes a job bagging groceries would be classified as a 1. secret deviant 2. conformist 3. ritualist 4. retreatist

3. ritualist

A US bureau of Justice survey of crime victims documented that almost 50 percent of violent crimes go unreported. This fact suggests that there are large numbers of ______ in the US society 1. conformists 2. pure deviants 3. secret deviants 4. falsely accused

3. secret deviants

______ are people who have broken the rules but whose violations goes unnoticed 1. pure deviants 2. the falsely accused 3. secret deviants 4. conformists

3. secret deviants

Ideally conformity should be 1. imposed 2. established through informal negative sanctions 3. something people want to do 4. encouraged by offering rewards

3. something people want to do

There are many behaviors, such as couples living together before marriage, that were once considered deviant and are no longer widely perceived as such. The shifting nature of what is considered deviant suggests that it is 1. something that is located in the person 2. inherent to a particular behavior appearance 3. something that a group has defined as such 4. consistent across time and place

3. something that a group has defined as such

The sociological contribution to understanding deviant behavior is the emphasis on 1. the individual 2. universal ideas about what is deviance 3. the context under which deviant behavior takes place 4. obedience to authority

3. the context under which deviant behavior takes place

Under which of the following circumstances is a person least likely to be falsely accused of committing a crime? 1. times of economic crisis 2. during a health crisis or epidemic 3. times of rapid economic growth 4. when an important institution is threatened

3. times of rapid economic growth

The repeal of the Don't Ask Don't Tell reveals an important fact about the nature of deviance. The fact is 1. there are some societies in which deviance does not exist 2. deviance is present in all societies 3. what is considered deviant varies across time and place 4. deviance is learned

3. what is considered deviant varies across time and place

Which demographic has the lowest chance of being involved with the US correctional system? 1. blacks 2. men 3. women 4. hispanics

3. women

Durkheim argued that the ritual of identifying and exposing a wrongdoing is an emotional experience that gives a sense of order to the community. The idea suggest 1. it is possible for a society to be entirely free of deviance 2. behavior that is unthinkable when an individual is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders 3. when people become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and because of isolation from non-criminal patterns 4. a group that went too long without noticing deviance would lose its identity

4. a group that went too long without noticing deviance would lose its identity

Durkheim argued that, even among groups considered exemplary, some seemingly insignificant act or appearance will be treated as deviant. This argument explains why Durkheim believed that 1. deviance and crime are distinct concepts 2. those in power define what is deviant 3. there are some societies in which deviance does not exist 4. deviance is present in all societies

4. deviance is present in all societies

Durkheim argued that deviance would be present, even in a "community of saints." This statement suggests that 1. deviance and crime are distinct concepts 2. those in power define what is deviant 3. there are some societies in which deviance does not exist 4. deviance serves an important purpose

4. deviance serves an important purpose

An 80 year old woman shoplifts regularly but seems to avoid detection. This is because of her age 1. possesses the expected auxiliary statuses 2. is a secondary deviant 3. is a primary deviant 4. is not an expected auxiliary status

4. is not an expected auxiliary status

Six year old Martha picks up her toys and puts them away. Her father smiles and pats her on the back. The smile and pat represent a _____ sanction. 1. positive formal 2. negative formal 3. negative informal 4. positive informal

4. positive informal

______ are people that have broken the rules and are caught, punished , and labeled as outsiders 1. conformists 2. secret deviants 3. the falsely accused 4. pure deviants

4. pure deviants

Retreatism is a response to structural strain that involves 1. creating new goals and the means to achieving them 2. accepting both cultural goals and legitimate means to achieving them 3. accepting cultural goals but rejecting the means to achieving them 4. rejecting both cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieving them

4. rejecting both cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieving them

Sammy finds that he cannot get a promotion at work unless he has a college education. Sammy does not value college but decides to get the degree because he feels he has to choice but to go. He even does quite well, but he still resents that he has to do this. According to Merton's typology of structural strain this response qualifies as 1. innovation 2. retreatism 3. rebellion 4. ritualism

4. ritualism

The only characteristic common to all forms of deviance is the fact that 1. they invoke formal sanctions 2. everyone in the society is offended by the act considered deviant 3 it is uniform across time and place 4. some social audience regards the act or appearance as deviant

4. some social audience regards the act or appearance as deviant

An employee who uses a company cells phone to make personal calls is likely to be labeled 1. primary deviant 2. secondary deviant 3. falsely accused 4. pure deviant

1. primary deviant

Howard Becker wrote, "No one really knows how much this phenomenon exists, but the amount is very sizable, much more than we are apt to think." Becker was writing about 1. secret deviants 2. innovators 3. conformists 4. witch-hunts

1. secret deviants

Facial hair or chin strap slightly off angle is treated as a "crime" in military boot camps. This situation suggests that something is "criminal" because 1. the group has defined it as such 2. it causes harm to others 3. deviance exists in every social setting 4. there are no exceptions to the rule

1. the group has defined it as such

An imbalance between valued goals and legitimate means occur when the 1. the sole focus is on achieving valued goals by any means necessary 2. people are sure there are enough legitimate means to go around 3. opportunities to reach valued goals are open to everyone 4. there are many opportunities to satisfy demand

1. the sole focus is on achieving valued goals by any means necessary

As a response to structural strain, the innovator seeks to achieve a desired goal by any means necessary. 1. true 2. false

1. true

Compared to male counterparts, American women have a lower chance of being involved with the US correctional system 1. true 2. false

1. true

Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate? 1. US 2.Nigeria 3. Sudan 4. India

1. US

Structural strain induces a state of culture chaos known as 1. anomie 2. ritualism 3. differential association 4. medicalization

1. anomie

Which demographic category has the greatest chance of being involved with the US correctional system? 1. blacks 2. men 3. women 4. hispanics

1. blacks

______ are people that have not violated rules of a group and are treated accordingly 1. conformists 2. secret deviants 3. the falsely accused 4. pure deviants

1. conformists

Probation, home incarceration, jail, and residential facilities are all tools of 1. correctional control 2. deviance 3. medicalization 4. internalization

1. correctional control

Someone makes a resolution to go to college with the plan to take internet courses and pay people to complete the course work. According to Merton's typology of responses to structural strain this response qualifies as 1. innovation 2. retreatism 3. rebellion 4. ritualism

1. innovation

The strategy "change the rules to the game" best applies to which response to structural strain? 1. innovation 2. ritualism 3. retreatism 4. rebellion

1. innovation

Which one of the following statements best corresponds with Durkheim's perspective on deviance 1. it is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance. 2. behavior that is unthinkable in an individual who is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders 3. when people become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns 4. deviance results from the application of rules and sanctions

1. it is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance.

______ include(s) the methods used to teach, persuade, or force people to comply with norms and expectations 1. mechanisms of social control 2. deviance 3. conformity 4. context

1. mechanisms of social control

For sociologists, it is the group's response to a behavior or appearance that ultimately determines whether it is considered deviant 1. true 2. false

1. true

In the US white collar crime and corporate crimes are typically handled by regulatory agencies 1. true 2. false

1. true

Local, county, state, and federal governments have come to rely on prison labor for road work and other routine maintenance work 1. true 2. false

1. true

Most victims do not report crimes to the police. 1. ture 2. false

1. true

Rebellion is a response to structural strain that rejects both culturally valued goals and means of attaining them. 1. true 2. false

1. true

The US has the highest incarceration rate in the world 1. true 2. false

1. true

In the case of _____, offenders occupy positions in the organization that permits them to carry out illegal activities discreetly 1. white-collar crime 2. the falsely accused 3. deviance 4. witch hunts

1. white-collar crime