Soc. Final ASUb

The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning Answers: "person of culture." "intelligent person." "one who walks upright." "person who evolves."

'intelligent person'

Which of the following statements represents an emerging value in our society? Answers: "What was good enough for my parents is good enough for me." "The present is better than the past." "Work is important, but I want more time for leisure and personal growth." "It's good to be free."

'work is important but i want more time for...'

About how many adults in the United States speak a language other than English at home? Answers: 6 million 16 million 26 million 60 million

60 million

Experts have documented almost _______ languages around the world. Answers: 70 700 7,000 7 million

7000

This language, which is the native tongue or official language in several world regions, has become the preferred second language in most of the world. Answers: Spanish Chinese English Hindi

English

Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte?Harriet Martineau Jane Addams Elizabeth Cady Stanton Dorothea Dix

Harriet

Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? Answers: Jane Addams Harriet Martineau W.E.B. Du Bois Herbert Spencer

WEB du bois

Multiculturalism is defined as Answers: efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture.

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting equality of all cultural traditions

Critical sociology can BEST be described as a(n) ________ approach. Answers: activist scientific qualitative value-free

activist

Which of the following statements about technology is true? Answers: Nations with more advanced technology are always superior to nations with less advanced technology. Advanced technology improves life in some ways, but it also threatens life in other ways. Access to technology is evenly distributed across any society's population. All of these are correct.

advanced technology improves life in some ways but it also threatens life in others

Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of Answers: only age, because college students tend to be young. only class, because college students tend to come from families with above-average incomes. only our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. age, class, and our place in history, because these are all ways in which society guides college attendance.

age class place in history

The fact that instant messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that Answers: today's young people are creating new symbols. there are many ways to use symbols to communicate. culture changes over time. All of these are correct.

all

Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations Answers: are not applied to all individuals in a category. are based on all available facts. are offered fair-mindedly with an interest in the truth. All of these are correct.

all

W.E.B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because Answers: most felt that, compared to white people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted. there is a double disadvantage in being both poor and black. black people have to work twice as hard as whites to get the same reward. they are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color.

americans who have second identity based on skin color

Sociologists define a symbol as Answers: anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. any material cultural trait. any gesture that conveys insult to others. social patterns that cause culture shock.

anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture

Cultural universals are elements of culture that Answers: have always been part of U.S. culture. have diffused from the United States to other countries. have come to the United States from elsewhere. are part of every known culture.

are part of every known culture

Core values of U.S. culture Answers: always fit together easily. change quickly, even from year to year. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. are sometimes in conflict with one another.

are sometimes in conflict with one another

Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as Answers: nonmaterial culture. artifacts. technology. values.

artifacts

Culture is a source of human freedom because Answers: culture does not guide behavior. all culture changes very quickly. as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. All of these are correct.

as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves

George Murdock pointed to many cultural universals. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural universal? Answers: belief in a heavenly afterlife funeral rites the family telling jokes

belief in a heavenly afterlife

The dominant values of U.S. culture include which of the following? Answers: a deep respect for the traditions of the past a belief in equality of condition for all a belief in individualism All of these are correct.

belief in individualism

All of the following are values, identified by Robin Williams, as being central to U.S. culture EXCEPT Answers: equal opportunity. material comfort. racism and group superiority. belief in tradition.

belief in tradition

Cultural integration refers to the fact that Answers: U.S. society has easily adopted many cultural patterns. European cultural patterns continue to dominate U.S. society. change in one dimension of a cultural system usually causes changes in others. everyone in the United States shares most cultural values.

change in one dimension of a cultural system usually causes changes in others

Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach. Answers: Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W.E.B. Du Bois

comte, spencer, durkheim

Counterculture refers to Answers: people who differ in some small way. popular culture. high culture. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held

Subculture refers to Answers: a part of the population lacking culture. people who embrace popular culture. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population. people who embrace high culture. Question 31

cultural patterns that set off a part of society's population

What is the term for the ways of thinking, ways of acting, and material objects that together form a people's way of life? Answers: social structure social system culture society

culture

If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? Answers: the wealthy disabled persons or people who are a racial minority politicians the middle class

disabled persons or people who are racial minority

Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population Answers: during times of peace and prosperity. among the very rich. among very religious people. during times of social crisis.

during times of social crisis

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was Answers: Robert K. Merton. Auguste Comte. Emile Durkheim. Karl Marx.

emile

Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to Answers: end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. accept what people in the United States call "common sense." assume that people's lives simply reflect the choices they make. gradually understand less and less about her own way of life.

end up with greater understanding of both new way of life and her own way of life

The claim that U.S. culture is wrongly dominated by European, and especially English, way of life characterizes our culture as Answers: ethnocentric. Afrocentric. Eurocentric. culturally relative.

eurocentric

If you were to conduct sociological research that closely follows the logic of science, which research method would you MOST likely use? Answers: interviews the experiment questionnaires participant observation

experiment

A theory that understands culture as a reflection of male domination is the Answers: feminist approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. sociobiology approach.

feminist approach

Which of the following statements is a good example of cultural lag? Answers: gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry older people trying to make younger people respect tradition virtual culture replacing traditional culture

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so

Lois Benjamin's investigation of racism may be criticized because Answers: her sample included as many white people as African Americans. she conducted her interviews over the telephone. her sample may not be representative of all African Americans. people cannot respond to questions they find painful.

her sample may not represent of all african americans

If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing Answers: high culture. popular culture. cultural transmission. virtual culture.

high culture

Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be Answers: higher in urban areas. higher in rural areas. high in both urban and rural areas. low in both urban and rural areas.

higher in rural areas

Learning more sociology can help you to do all of the following EXCEPT Answers: assess the truth of "common sense" assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives be more active participants in society see how individuals guide their own lives through "free will"

how individuals guide their own lives through 'free will'

Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on Answers: what the ideal society should be. human nature. the place of God in shaping human events. how society actually operates.

how society actually operates

Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports? Answers: the way in which sports help encourage competition the importance of physical ability in success how sports reflect social inequality the different meanings people attach to games

how sports reflect social inequality

Which of the following statements might be made by a sociologist using the gender-conflict approach? Answers: Men and women share in the joys of family life. In many ways, men are in positions of power over women. Gender functions in an important way to keep society operating. All of these are correct.

in many ways men are in positions of power over women

A theory states that increasing a person's formal higher education results in increased earnings over the individual's lifetime. In this theory, "higher education" is the Answers: independent variable. dependent variable. correlation. effect.

independent variable

Sociologists use the term "empirical evidence" to refer to Answers: information that is based on a society's traditions. information that squares with common sense. information we can verify with our senses. information that most people agree is true.

info we can verify with our senses

Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? Answers: invention, discovery, and diffusion invasion, invention, and experiment immigration, imagination, and innovation adaptation, integration, and immigration

invention, discovery, and diffusion

Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach? Answers: It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. It focuses too much on social dysfunction. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. It is a politically liberal view of society.

it ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict

Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? Answers: Jane Addams Harriet Martineau W.E.B. Du Bois Herbert Spencer

jane addams

Ethnocentrism refers to Answers: people taking pride in their ethnicity. claiming that another culture is better than your own. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. understanding another culture using its own standards and values.

judging another culture using the standards of your own culture

A researcher doing participant observation may often "break in" to a setting more easily with the help of a Answers: key informant. research assistant. bigger budget. longer questionnaire.

key informant

1 out of 1 points Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called Answers: latent functions. manifest functions. eufunctions. dysfunctions.

latent functions

The chapter's opening story of the diversity initiative at Charles Schwab & Co. shows us that Answers: various minorities respond to the same advertising in exactly the same way. Asian American immigrants prefer English to their native language when they are doing business. learning more about cultural diversity can help a company boost sales. All of these are correct.

learning more about cultural diversity can help a company boost sales

As our society has entered a postindustrial, computer-based phase, which of the following has become more important? Answers: learning to work with symbols by speaking, writing, and computing gaining mechanical skills using industrial machinery knowing more about the past All of these are correct.

learning to work with symbols by speaking, writing, and computing

Using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports becomes Answers: a structure that contributes to the functioning of society. a matter of social inequality. less a system than an ongoing process. just a game without any meaning.

less a system than ongoing process

Compared to college students of the late 1960s, more of today's college students are concerned with Answers: developing a philosophy of life. making money. seeking justice in the world. being involved in political affairs.

making money

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as Answers: latent functions. manifest functions. eufunctions. dysfunctions.

manifest functions

The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be "value-free" in the conduct of their research was Answers: Karl Marx. Emile Durkheim. Herbert Spencer. Max Weber.

max weber

Thomas Hobbes's idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte's historical stages? Answers: theological stage metaphysical stage scientific stage None of these is correct.

metaphysical

Which of the following categories contains countries in which average income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area? Answers: low-income nations middle-income nations high-income nations None of these is correct.

middle

What is the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers? Answers: the mean the mode the median the standard deviation

mode

Wrongdoing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural Answers: mores. symbols. folkways. control.

mores

culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because Answers: much culture is habit that drives members of a society to repeat troubling patterns humans cannot create new culture for themselves. culture always discourages change. All of these are correct.

much culture is habit that drives members of a society to repeat troubling patterns

The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as Answers: high culture. material culture. norms. nonmaterial culture.

nonmaterial culture

Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional approach? Answers: doesn't focus on social stability and unity not critical of inequalities based on social class, race, ethnicity, and gender not concerned with society's dysfunctions doesn't focus on the consequences of patterns for society as a whole

not critical of inequalities based on class, race, ethnicity, gender

If you read a study that draws conclusions about all of humanity based on research using only males as subjects, you would correctly point to the problem called Answers: androcentricity. overgeneralization. gender blindness. using double standards.

overgeneralization

Which sociological research method is likely to be the MOST difficult to replicate (repeat)? Answers: the experiment the survey participant observation secondary analysis

particpant observation

Cultural transmission refers to the process of Answers: cultural patterns moving from one society to another. using the oral tradition. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns.

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere are Answers: the same ideas about what is right. people enjoying the same sports. people creating diverse cultural systems. the same standards that define what is beautiful and ugly.

people creating diverse cultural systems

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as Answers: high culture. popular culture. elite culture. established culture.

popular culture

_____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. Answers: Tradition Positivism Metaphysics Free will

positivism

Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in Answers: the positions typically played by white and black players. the exclusion of African American players from professional sports. the fact that most managers and team owners are African American. the fact that women's sports attract less attention than men's sports.

posittions typically played

By stating that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists Answers: focus on the bizarre elements of society. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. believe that people often behave in strange ways. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits.

reject the familiar idea

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that Answers: relies on culture to ensure survival. has patterned ways of living. has biological instincts. makes use of tools.

relies on cultura to ensure survival

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the Answers: structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. sociobiology approach.

social conflict approach

Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? Answers: the structural-functional approach the social-conflict approach the symbolic-interaction approach the sociobiology approach

social conflict approach

The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on Answers: how advanced the cultural pattern is. how long the cultural pattern has existed. the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern. All of these are correct.

social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern

Which theoretical approach gives an evolutionary explanation of why the sexual "double standard" is found around the world? Answers: the structural-functional approach the social-conflict approach the symbolic-interaction approach the sociobiology approach

sociobiology approach

Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"? Answers: sociology psychology economics history

sociology

The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that Answers: the rate of cultural change has been slowing. some societies advance faster than others do. some people are more cultured than others. some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

some cultural elements change more quickly than others

The region of the United States where the largest percentage of people speak a language other than English at home is the Southwest. South. Northeast. Northwest.

southwest

Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? Answers: French Spanish German Chinese

spanish

Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? Answers: the structural-functional approach the social-conflict approach the symbolic-interaction approach the sociobiology approach

structural functional

The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the Answers: structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. tradition-based approach.

structural functional approach

Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display _____ patterns. Answers: high cultural popular cultural virtual cultural subcultural

subcultural

The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was Answers: Emile Durkheim. William Graham Sumner. Harriett Martineau. George Herbert Mead.

sumner

Low-income countries have cultures that value which of the following? Answers: survival equal standing for women and men self-expression All of these are correct.

survival

Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior? Answers: structural-functional approach social-conflict approach symbolic-interaction approach social-exchange approach

symbolic interation approach

Qualitative research has special appeal to investigators who favor the _________ approach. Answers: structural-functional symbolic-interaction social-conflict social-exchange

symbolic-interaction

Knowledge that people use to make a way o . f life in their surroundings is called Answers: real culture. ideal culture. cultural transmission. technology.

technology

Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical development? Answers: theological stage metaphysical stage scientific stage post-scientific stage

theological stage

The ancient Romans saw the stars as being gods. Auguste Comte would classify Roman society as which of the following stages of history? Answers: scientific stage metaphysical stage theological stage post-scientific stage

theological stage

If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a(n)_____ of family life. Answers: approach precept concept theory

theory

A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect Answers: the values of the "founding fathers." trends in Western European history. this nation's capitalist economy. this nation's family system.

this nation's capitalist economy

Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was Answers: to understand how society really operates. to compare U.S. society to others. to foster support for a nation's government. to bring about greater social justice.

to bring about greater social justice

The major goal of sociology's pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was Answers: to serve the powerful. to help build an "ideal society." to discover how society actually operates. to prevent disruptive social change.

to discover how society really operates

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher must Answers: not personally care about the topic being studied. try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research. study issues that have no value to society as a whole. carry out research that will encourage desirable social change.

try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research

Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus? Answers: the operation of the U.S. economy patterns of global terrorism two people on an airplane getting to know one another class inequality in the armed forces

two people on an airplane getting to know one another

Which of the concepts listed below refers to measuring exactly what you intend to measure? congruence validity repeatability reliability

validity

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called Answers: folkways. norms. mores. values.

values

Using the structural-functional approach, which of the following questions might you ask about marriage? Answers: What do people think marriage means? How does marriage benefit women and men in different ways? What are the consequences of marriage for the operation of society? How can we help people find more happiness in their marriages?

what are the consequences of marriage for operation of society