Soc of Sports Chapter 7

The Caster Semenya case demonstrated that a. widespread ideas about femininity are linked with ideas about race. b. being identified as a real woman is more biological than social. c. appearance is irrelevant when it comes to identifying a person's sex. d. estrogens are naturally present in female bodies but not male bodies.

a. widespread ideas about femininity are linked with ideas about race.

According to Title IX law in the U.S. a school may comply with the law by meeting one of three legal tests. Which of the following is NOT one of those tests? a. The history of progress test. b. The moral equality test. c. The proportional participation test. d. The accommodation of interest test.

b. The moral equality test.

The history of "fem testing" in the Olympics and other international sports shows that a. the Barr body test is the only reliable way to verify the sex of female athletes. b. human bodies don't fit neatly into two distinct sex categories. c. female athletes prefer physician inspections over lab tests to verify their sex. d. current IOC policy uses genetic testing to verify the sex of female athletes.

b. human bodies don't fit neatly into two distinct sex categories.

Research by Eric Anderson and his colleague indicate that a. gay men no longer face challenges when they come out on their teams. b. there is a more inclusive form of masculinity emerging among young men. c. male athletes in power and performance sports are no longer models of manhood. d. athletes are no longer care about maintaining orthodox gender ideology.

b. there is a more inclusive form of masculinity emerging among young men.

Dominant gender ideology in many societies today is organized around three ideas and beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas or beliefs? a. men are more naturally suited to possess power and be leaders than women are. b. women are destined by fate to be inferior to men in family structures. c. human beings are either male or female in terms of sex. d. forms of sexuality other than heterosexuality is considered abnormal or deviant.

b. women are destined by fate to be inferior to men in family structures.

Which of the following is NOT a reason for increased sport participation rates among girls and women? a. New publicly funded child care programs. b. New opportunities for sport participation. c. The global women's rights movement. d. The health and fitness movement.

a. New publicly funded child care programs.

Research shows that playing sports has the potential to create feelings of personal empowerment among women athletes, a. but those feelings don't automatically make one an activist for gender equity. b. and those feelings convert most younger women into active feminists. c. but those feelings disappear as soon as sport participation ceases. d. and those feelings lead them to reject sports organized around the values of men

a. but those feelings don't automatically make one an activist for gender equity.

When sport worlds are male-centered it means that a. men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories. b. men experience insecurities that make them very controlling. c. the actions of men are used as standards for defining what is right. d. the characteristics of men are used as standards for qualifications

a. men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories

After Ann Travers and her colleagues studied lesbian softball leagues in North America, they concluded that a. re-negotiating sexed boundaries is a deeply complicated process. b. lesbians reject all distinctions between males and females. c. trans athletes will always be accepted in lesbian teams and leagues. d. lesbians define sex more in terms of physical appearance than hormones.

a. re-negotiating sexed boundaries is a deeply complicated process.

Homophobia will continue to exist in some form in a society as long as a. the two sex system is widely accepted. b. people are concerned about their own sexuality. c. overpopulation remains a problem in the world. d. sports are popular activities.

a. the two sex system is widely accepted.

Research on alternative and action sports shows that a. they have been shaped by Title IX law. b. they are organized around the values and experiences of males. c. women competitors receive more media coverage than male competitors. d girls and women who succeed do so by avoiding risky tricks

b. they are organized around the values and experiences of males.

Which of the following characterizes the state of gender equity in US high schools and colleges? a. High schools have achieved equity but colleges have not. b. Colleges have achieved equity but high schools have not. c. Neither high schools nor colleges have achieved equity. d. Both high schools and colleges have achieved equity

c. Neither high schools nor colleges have achieved equity.

The author concludes that at this point in time the most effective strategy for achieving gender equity in sport is a. more government legislation that forces social inclusion in sports. b. creating new sports that are controlled by females. c. grass roots actions that identify inequities and support needed changes. d. eliminating sex segregation so that all sports are open to everyone.

c. grass roots actions that identify inequities and support needed changes.

Former Stanford atlete and current author Mariah Burton Nelso has hypothesized that as women gain more power in society, men a. tend to drop out of sports. b. seek out gender-mixed sports so they can compete against women. c. avoid heavy contact and collision sports as spectators. d. prefer manly sports such as football.

d. prefer manly sports such as football.

When gender activists talk about the "queering of sport," they are referring to a. a process of revising the two-sex system and making sports gender-inclusive. b. outing gay and lesbian athletes to force public discussions of sexuality. c. embarrassing homophobic coaches and administrators in public. d. creating new sports organized around the lived experiences of LGBTIs.

a. a process of revising the two-sex system and making sports gender-inclusive.

Sport participation can empower girls and women as individuals, but a. as an institution, sport remains gendered so it reaffirms heterosexual male power. b. this empowerment is usually undermined by serious injuries. c. they lose that sense of empowerment if they promote feminist goals. d. their empowerment leads directly to the disempowerment of boys and men.

a. as an institution, sport remains gendered so it reaffirms heterosexual male power.

There are many problems with the current IOC "female fairness" policy. Which of the following is NOT one of those problems? The policy a. has requirements that are unfair to women who lack resources. b. is administered by male officials from the United Nations. c. ignores hormones as a source of unfairness in men's sports. d. assumes that testosterone is the only factor that identifies sex.

b. is administered by male officials from the United Nations

The diagram of the two-category classification model indicates that a. gender nonconformists have more power than heterosexuals. b. men have a better chance of gaining power in society than women have. c. women gain power only if they don't push gender boundaries. d. power is equally available to people regardless of gender or sexuality.

b. men have a better chance of gaining power in society than women have.

When Title IX became law in 1972 a. most girls and women did not want to play sports of any kind. b. men received about 99% of public school the resources devoted to sports. c. more than 10% of all women in college played varsity sports. d. most teams for boys and men were seriously under-funded

b. men received about 99% of public school the resources devoted to sports.

The myths surrounding women's participation in sports during the first half of the 20th century a. were inconsistent with orthodox gender ideology in the United States. b. forced women to play team sports more than individual sports. c. were widely accepted because they were seen to protect women's bodies. d. challenged the belief that women were frail and vulnerable.

c. were widely accepted because they were seen to protect women's bodies.

Sanctions for failing to achieve gender equity have been few and far between for U.S. high schools and colleges primarily because a. very few complaints are files with the U.S. Office for Civil Rights. b. most schools count cheerleaders as athletes for equity purposes. c. the percentage of female students in schools has fallen dramatically. d. The U.S. Office for Civil Rights lacks the resources to investigate complaints.

d. The U.S. Office for Civil Rights lacks the resources to investigate complaints.

When women in the United States began to overcome barriers to sport participation during the first half of the 20th, they a. rejected the advice to "act like ladies" in sports like tennis and golf. b. changed cultural norms that identified them as invaders. c. favored desegregated sports in which race was not socially relevant. d. first claimed participation spaces in "grace and beauty sports."

d. first claimed participation spaces in "grace and beauty sports."

In comparison with sport programs for girls and women, programs for boys and men are more likely to survive budget cuts because a. females are less likely than males to fight for the survival of their programs. b. coaches of the teams for girls and women are often uncommitted to sports. c. data show that males learn more from playing sports than females do. d. they've had more years to develop legitimacy, support, fans, and sponsorships.

d. they've had more years to develop legitimacy, support, fans, and sponsorships.

Research indicates that girls and women often feel certain things when they develop strength through sport participation. Which of the following is NOT one of the things? a. They feel that they are physically competent. b. They feel that they are more in control of their physical safety. c. They feel that their bodies will be perceived as attractive to others. d. They feel that they are less vulnerable.

c. They feel that their bodies will be perceived as attractive to others.

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why women are underrepresented in coaching and administrative positions in sports? a. The evaluative criteria used by search committees favor men. b. Women are not considered for half of all those positions. c. Women don't have the business experience needed to succeed in sport programs. d. Compared with men, women lack well developed professional networks.

c. Women don't have the business experience needed to succeed in sport programs.

In the discussion of gender issues in informal and alternative sports it is noted that a. ESPN's X Games have been praised for their commitment to gender equity. b. gender discrimination has gradually disappeared in these activities. c. boys and men generally control who plays in these settings. d. Title IX prohibits gender discrimination in these sports.

c. boys and men generally control who plays in these settings.

Acosta and Carpenter's 40-year longitudinal study of trends related to gender in intercollegiate sports indicates that women a. hold the majority of sports information jobs in athletic departments. b. hold more coaching jobs in men's programs than in women's programs. c. coach proportionately fewer women's sport teams today than in 1977. d. receive the majority of administrative jobs in women's sport programs

c. coach proportionately fewer women's sport teams today than in 1977.

If the body of a female athlete naturally produces testosterone that equals that of an average man, she can complete as a woman a. if she has been raised as a female and self-identifies as a female. b. if she does not compete in a sport in which strength is important. c. only if her body cannot process or use any amount of testosterone. d. only if she can prove that she ovulates monthly.

c. only if her body cannot process or use any amount of testosterone.

In the section on Gender Equity and Sexuality, the author provides examples suggesting that a. homophobia remains a key part of the institutional fabric of mainstream sports. b. major sport organizations have failed to support LGBTI rights. c. sports in certain regions have become less supportive contexts for homophobia. d. women athletes have stopped coming out for fear of reprisals.

c. sports in certain regions have become less supportive contexts for homophobia.

Overall, the health and fitness movement has made many people aware of the tension between public health among women and the companies that a. that sell fitness equipment to commercial gyms. b. don't have social responsibility programs. c. use unreal body images to market products to girls and women. d. focus on the fitness of boys and men.

c. use unreal body images to market products to girls and women.

An emphasis on "cosmetic fitness" and thinness among women can have a negative effect on sport participation because it leads women to a. eat too much protein and not enough carbohydrates to maintain energy. b. wear clothes that are bulky and restrict movement. c. play only those sports that involve strength and speed. d. associate sport participation with losing weight

d. associate sport participation with losing weight

To avoid appease men and discourage men from seeing them as invaders of male spaces in sports, female athletes during the 20th century a. rejected common stereotypes of femininity so they would be seen as male-like. b. raised their own money and built their own facilities to play sports. c. usually had their fathers coach them in team sports. d. chose to call themselves "ladies" when they played sports

d. chose to call themselves "ladies" when they played sports

The author notes that in response to the masculinized cultures in most alternative sports, some women have a. competed directly against males in competitive alternative sports. b. become coaches for the male athletes when they go on tour. c. created their own version of the X Games with the help of ESPN. d. created or revised sports to fit their experiences and goals.

d. created or revised sports to fit their experiences and goals.

Opposition to Title IX remains strong today, and dozens of lawsuits have been filed against the law. Over the past 40 years, court decisions have a. have changed parts of Title IX so that gender equity will never be achieved. b. have almost always favored the interests of male athletes and coaches.. c. led to decreases in the number of men playing high school and college sports. d. have always upheld the legality of the law and its enforcement guidelines.

d. have always upheld the legality of the law and its enforcement guidelines.

A woman coach is hired in an all-male athletic department. The search committee concluded that she was qualified because she coached like a man. This shows that the athletic department is a. male-dominated. b. male-identified. c. male-oriented. d. male-centered.

a. male-dominated.

Transgender athletes have pushed gender boundaries to the point that a. trans athletes can play in men's sports but not women's sports. b. sex-segregation will soon disappear in sports. c. professional sports have banned teams from offering them contracts. d. the IOC and the NCAA have created policies to allow their participation.

d. the IOC and the NCAA have created policies to allow their participation.

In her book on lesbians and homophobia in sports, author Pat Griffin notes that myths about lesbians have a number of consequences in sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those consequences? a. A sense of loneliness among many lesbians in sports. b. Lesbians hiding their identities so they're not harassed or cut from sports. c. A widespread belief that lesbians can't play sports as well as heterosexuals. d. The existence of a "don't ask, don't tell" atmosphere in women's sports.

c. A widespread belief that lesbians can't play sports as well as heterosexuals.

Which of the following is NOT among the barriers that can restrict progress toward gender equity in sports? a. Budgets for women's athletics are often vulnerable to cuts. b. Some people resist government legislation calling for gender equity. c. Women, by nature, are less physically active than men are. d. There are too few women in coaching and power positions in sports.

c. Women, by nature, are less physically active than men are.

When women are hired in coaching and administrative positions in sport organizations, they may have low levels of job satisfaction due to a. pressures from spouses who want to help them do their jobs. b. too much publicity given to sexual harassment cases. c. an organizational culture that provides little support for them. d. their lack of experience in and knowledge about sports.

c. an organizational culture that provides little support for them.

The U.S. government law, Title IX, prohibits gender discrimination in a. all U.S. schools. b. public elementary and high schools, but not colleges and universities. c. any educational institution receiving federal money. d. in all sports offered in schools or community programs.

c. any educational institution receiving federal money.

Sports are culturally important in many societies, because they a. favor the interests of women over men. b. emphasize character development over the pursuit of excellence. c. celebrate masculine virility and power and reproduce hegemonic masculinity. d. challenge the idea that men have to be strong and aggressive to be manly

c. celebrate masculine virility and power and reproduce hegemonic masculinity.

Despite the influence of Title IX, it has been difficult to achieve gender equity in schools where a. football is the cultural centerpiece of school and community life. b. men outnumber women by more than 2-to-1. c. football teams have been dropped to save money. d. varsity soccer and basketball teams generate massive revenues.

a. football is the cultural centerpiece of school and community life.

Research on new media suggest that a. girls and women are creating their own sport coverage on their own terms. b. female athletes have resisted using hand held media devices. c. male athletes are creating media coverage that undermines female sports. d. corporations now pay female athletes to create their own media coverage

a. girls and women are creating their own sport coverage on their own terms.

The primary reason that there are fewer female athletes than male athletes at the summer Olympic Game is because a. there are fewer women's events in the summer games. b. television spectators refuse to watch women's events, apart from gymnastics. c. the women's swimming teams have fewer athletes than the men's teams. d. there are no team port events for women.

a. there are fewer women's events in the summer games.

The most dramatic change in the world of sport over the past two generations has been the increase in the number of a. lawsuits filed by men whose oppose gender equity. b. women who have become coaches in men's sport programs. c. mothers who now coach their daughters in sport programs. d. girls and women who play sports around the world.

d. girls and women who play sports around the world.

The images associated with dominant sports in most societies today tend to promote a manhood based on a. avoiding all relationships with women. b. cohesion and intimacy. c. brotherhood and teamwork. d. power and control.

d. power and control.

Which of the following is NOT among the key gender inequities that remain in U.S. sports and worldwide? a. Rulings in civil court decisions. b. Access to positions of power. c. Support for athletes. d. Participation inequities.

a. Rulings in civil court decisions.

Persistent gender inequities related to sport participation are due primarily to a. a lack of sports that reflect the lived experiences of girls and women. b. a general lack of interest among girls and women. c. sexual harassment by boys and men. d. male coaches who find it impossible to relate to female athletes.

a. a lack of sports that reflect the lived experiences of girls and women.

In male-dominated and male-identified sport cultures, women are hired only when they a. can show that they can do things as men have done them. b. have a spouse who is committed to providing needed support. c. think like men but have traits associated with traditional femininity. d. can impress members of the hiring committee with their feminine charms.

a. can show that they can do things as men have done them.

The dominant gender ideology associated with mainstream sports tends to a. celebrate traditional ideas about masculinity. b. understate the natural physical strength of men. c. promote the notion that women are intellectually superior to men. d. prevent men from wanting to dominate other men.

a. celebrate traditional ideas about masculinity.

In the chapter it is noted that full gender equity depends on developing alternative definitions of masculinity and femininity combined with a. changing the way many sports are organized and played. b. altering sports so men and women can compete against each other. c. increasing the number of women coaches in youth sports programs. d. passing new laws that go beyond Title IX.

a. changing the way many sports are organized and played.

Female athletes continue to receive, on average, less support than male athletes receive in connection with their sport participation. Inequalities in support are highest in a. community programs. b. high school programs. c. big-time college programs. d. low budget college programs.

a. community programs.

Information on gender equality and the Summer Olympic Games shows that a. fewer Olympic events are available to women than to men. b. women have more events than men, but fewer participants in those events. c. the proportion of women athletes in the games has declined since 1896. d. since 1980 about half the athletes in the summer games have been women.

a. fewer Olympic events are available to women than to men.

Most female athletes today manage gender issues by a. using a "reformed apologetic" to appear both tough and feminine. b. wearing the same clothing that male athletes wear. c. sharing sports equipment with men. d. erasing the boundaries between masculinity and femininity

a. using a "reformed apologetic" to appear both tough and feminine.

The International Olympic committee is probably the most powerful sport organization in the world. In terms of gender representation which of the following statements about the IOC is NOT correct as of 2013? a. The IOC had no women members for the first 85 years of its existence. b. Women make up 35% of its decision-making boards. c. The IOC has never had a woman as its president. d. Only 2 of 25 IOC Commissions are chaired by women.

b. Women make up 35% of its decision-making boards.

As sport programs become increasingly privatized, a. market forces will distract boys and men away from sports. . b. girls and women will lose participation opportunities. c. the number and proportion of female participants will increase. d. corporations will replace public support previous received by females.

b. girls and women will lose participation opportunities.

Data on participation and gender indicate that in comparison with the Olympic Games, the Paralympic games a. highlight women's events more than men's events. b. have far fewer females athletes than male athletes. c. exclude women from events involving strength. d. have equal numbers of male and female athletes.

b. have far fewer females athletes than male athletes.

The gender ideology used in many cultures assumes a two-category model for classifying sex and gender. When such a model is used, people a. classify all homosexuals as "like women." b. ignore real physiological variations among males and among females. c. conclude that men and women are physical equals. d. ignore physical differences between men and women.

b. ignore real physiological variations among males and among females.

A network TV sport announcer refers to "The World Cup" and The Women's World Cup." This vocabulary suggests that the announcer views sport in terms that are a. male-dominated. b. male-identified. c. male-oriented. d. male-centered.

b. male-identified.

Most people around the world agree that girls and women should have opportunities t play sport, but they often disagree on a. how women should train. b. what sports they should play and the resources they should receive. c. the ways that girls should be socialized into sports. d. the kinds of equipment girls and women should use while playing.

b. what sports they should play and the resources they should receive.

The author claims that achieving full gender equity in sports requires a. more regulations about how money is used to fund sports. b. a commitment among men to respect women as human beings. c. changes in orthodox gender ideology. d. the elimination of all men from women's programs

c. changes in orthodox gender ideology.

During times when there are struggles between gender defenders and gender benders, most people a. struggle to make sense of their own sexuality. b. abandon hope of coming to term with their own sexuality. c. find it difficult to give up ideas and beliefs they use to make sense of the world. d. seek relationships in which sexuality is irrelevant to identity.

c. find it difficult to give up ideas and beliefs they use to make sense of the world.

The diagram of the two-category classification model indicates that a. men have more latitude in what they can do without being labelled as deviant. b. normative boundaries for gender are determined by nature and biology. c. gays and lesbians are considered out of normative bounds. d. normative boundaries for femininity are seldom questioned or pushed

c. gays and lesbians are considered out of normative bounds.

Data show that sport participation opportunities for girls and women are a. now equal to opportunities for men in most nations around the world. b. the same as they are for men, but women still receive fewer resources. c. generally scarce at the professional level. d. highest in countries that have fundamentalist religious beliefs.

c. generally scarce at the professional level.

The celebrity feminism that is so often portrayed in the media clearly emphasizes a. the everyday struggles of women in society as a whole. b. the need to support men who are leaders in society. c. individualism and consumption. d. the importance of community development and political action.

c. individualism and consumption.

Among the equity producing actions identified in the chapter is a. working "behind the scenes" and avoiding confrontation. b. supporting men in power positions so they will treat women fairly. c. inform the media of policies or practices that decrease opportunities for women. d. keeping equity data secret so athletic departments are not embarrassed.

c. inform the media of policies or practices that decrease opportunities for women.

People maintain a silence about gay men in sports primarily because a. there are so few gay men who play sports. b. gay men don't want to live publicly as gay. c. men have much to lose if gender boundaries are blurred. d. most men who play sports are latent homosexuals

c. men have much to lose if gender boundaries are blurred.

When sport worlds are male-identified it means that a. men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories. b. men experience insecurities that make them very controlling. c. people assume that it involves men and is about men. d. power and qualifications are associated with manhood and men.

c. people assume that it involves men and is about men.

The most glaring gender inequality with respect to sport participation occurs at the a. youth level. b. elite amateur level. c. professional level. d. big-time college level.

c. professional level.

When sport worlds are male-dominated it means that a. men and men's lives are the expected focus of attention and stories. b. men experience insecurities that make them very controlling. c. people assume that it involves men and is about men. d. ability and qualifications are associated with manhood and men.

d. ability and qualifications are associated with manhood and men.

Boys and men have a stake in gender equity because progress toward gender equity will a. create new jobs for them in sport programs for women. b. increase their salaries for jobs in all sports at all levels of competition. c. force them to be more assertive so they can regain power in sports. d. create social and cultural space for inclusive forms of masculinity.

d. create social and cultural space for inclusive forms of masculinity.

In the discussion of increased media coverage of women in sports, the author notes that seeing women athletes on television a. shows girls that you should not play sports unless you are very good. b. causes men to be less supportive of sport opportunities for women. c. turns many girls off to sports because they don't like how the athletes look. d. is useful because it provides alternatives to sexually objectified women.

d. is useful because it provides alternatives to sexually objectified women.

One of the problems with a two-category classification model is that it a. assumes that men do not police their gender boundaries very well. b. people who use it most are younger people with few life experiences. c. fails to clarify that there are differences between males and females. d. leaves no normative space for those who don't fit into either category.

d. leaves no normative space for those who don't fit into either category.

Gay men and lesbians in sports may be ignored, marginalized, or harassed because a. they have strange ideas about how sports should be played. b. they force their teammates to discuss issues of sexuality. c. they do not get along with heterosexual coaches. d. they challenge assumptions that underlie dominant ideas about gender.

d. they challenge assumptions that underlie dominant ideas about gender.