Soc Test 1

What is the study of the social aspects of diseases called? a. pharmacology b. medicalization c. demography d. epidemiology e. entomology

epidemiology

"As a student radical in the early 1970s, I was continually being warned about the dangers of __________. Many on the left argued that the general public, specifically the working classes, did not understand what their real interests were. They pointed to certain areas of working-class behaviour, such as seeking solace in football or voting for conservatives, as proof of the widespread nature of __________________." a. false consciousness b. the protestant ethic c. manifest functions d. dialectics e. conflict theory

false consciousness

Television announcer Al Roker and singer Carnie Wilson have both undergone stomach stapling, or gastric bypass surgery, as a radical and invasive approach to weight loss. Previously, weight loss was not usually considered a medical problem that could be addressed through surgery. This is evidence of: a. an approach to an acute condition. b. medicalization and the social construction of health and illness. c. the de-commodification of health and illness. d. increases in psychiatric approaches to care. e. how people today tend to follow television stars' behavior.

medicalization and the social construction of health and illness.

A social research methods class wants to study smoking. First the professor asks how many people in the class are smokers. Two people say yes. Then she asks how many people have smoked a cigarette in the past week, and ten people say yes. From this the class decides that, for the purposes of its survey, a smoker will be anyone who has had a cigarette in the past week and currently owns a pack of cigarettes. This is a(n): a. ethical challenge. b. spurious correlation. c. hypothesis. d. ethnography. e. operational definition.

operational definition.

On any given day, within ten minutes of waking up, you probably depend on more than 100 strangers to provide electricity, water, natural gas, weather forecasts, and more. According to Durkheim, this interdependence gives rise to: a. mechanical solidarity. b. pragmatism. c. organic solidarity. d. class consciousness. e. conflict.

organic solidarity.

Peter Guralnick, one of the great American students of popular music, has written about the problems of the interview in terms of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, the way that "the examined object changes simply by virtue of coming under examination". Guralnick sees the interview as a "distorting lens, causing all attention to focus so exclusively on the subject that revelations are perhaps in order, things sum themselves up neatly in a way that denies the casual sprawl of real life". This is an issue that our textbook would call: a. Historical Materialism b. Reflexivity c. Objectivity d. Ethnography

Reflexivity

"There really is something beneath his "death of adulthood" premise, whether or not you like the prejudicial phrase. But to coin a phrase: It's the economy, stupid. Scott's essay appears to treat "culture" as a sealed and self-referential system, one that shapes and reflects human consciousness but has only an incidental relationship with economic, political and social factors that lie outside its purview." Which sociologist is gonne get name-checked in the next sentence?

Marx

"There really is something beneath his "death of adulthood" premise, whether or not you like the prejudicial phrase. But to coin a phrase: It's the economy, stupid. Scott's essay appears to treat "culture" as a sealed and self-referential system, one that shapes and reflects human consciousness but has only an incidental relationship with economic, political and social factors that lie outside its purview." Which sociologist is gonnea get name-checked in the next sentence??? a. Durkheim b. Goffman c. Weber d. Marx

Marx

In 2005 a commercial research firm carried out a study of hand washing in public restrooms. The researchers observed 6,336 individuals wash their hands, or not, in the public restrooms of major attractions in Atlanta, Chicago, New York City, and San Francisco. Ninety percent of the women observed washed their hands, compared with only 75 percent of the men. Interestingly enough, when asked via a telephone survey, 97 percent of women and 96 percent of men claimed they always washed their hands after using a public restroom. What disadvantage of survey research does this illustrate? a. Surveys suffer from a lack of replicability, meaning that it's hard for another researcher to repeat or replicate the study. b. It would be impossible to use these methods to gather data on a large population. c. In this case, as in many surveys, the respondents are self-selected, which makes it difficult to generalize from these results. d. Survey research generally lacks qualitative data that might better capture the social reality the researcher wishes to examine. e. Not all respondents provide honest self-reports, so survey research has comparatively less validity.

Not all respondents provide honest self-reports, so survey research has comparatively less validity.

If the only thing you remember about Max Weber is that he described modern people as being trapped in an "iron cage," which of the following quotes from the social theorist Marshall Berman would you think describes his work? a. "It is a voice that knows pain and dread, but believes in its power to come through." b. "a vision of modernism as an unending permanent revolution against the totality of modern existence" c. "Modern man as a subject—capable of response, judgment, and action in and on the world—has disappeared." d. "not only its breathless pace, its vibrant energy, its imaginative richness, but also its fast and drastic shifts in tone and inflection" e. "alive to its possibilities, affirmative even in their radical negations, playful and ironic"

"Modern man as a subject—capable of response, judgment, and action in and on the world—has disappeared."

What is the link between feminist theory and conflict theory?

Both seek not only to understand inequality, but also to remedy it.

Sociologists assert that there is a close relationship between the individual and society. How does Pam Fishman's research on gender and power in heterosexual couples characterize this relationship? a. Fishman's data show how macro-level phenomena like gender and power manifest themselves in everyday interactions. b It doesn't—Fishman's data only show how individuals act. c. Fishman's research shows that there is no relationship between the individual and society. d. Fishman's data show that micro-level phenomena have almost no relationship to macro-level phenomena, and seem to be largely independent. e. It doesn't—this research only shows macro-level phenomena.

Fishman's data show how macro-level phenomena like gender and power manifest themselves in everyday interactions.

The anthropologist Ruth Behar traveled to San Luis Potosí to learn more about the everyday lives of Mexican women. Instead, she ended up conducting one very long, very intensive interview with a woman named Esperanza and wrote a book based upon more than a year of interview data. Which disadvantage of the interview methodology does this book highlight? a. Interviews, although able to describe messages inherent in the media, do not illuminate how such messages are interpreted. b. Respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful. Sometimes they are difficult to talk to, and at other times they may try too hard to be helpful. c. Interviews sometimes distance the researcher from the messy realities of the social world. d. Face-to-face interviewing is time consuming, and interviews are rarely used with large numbers of people. Thus, their representativeness is sometimes questionable. e. Interviews generally lack qualitative data that might better capture the social reality the researcher wishes to examine.

Interviews, although able to describe messages inherent in the media, do not illuminate how such messages are interpreted.

"A full 15 percent of Trump supporters said his inauguration displayed more people, despite looking at direct photographic evidence to the contrary.In the analysis of the research, the authors suggest that Trump supporters don't actually believe the photo of his inauguration shows more people. "If there were no political controversy," they write, "any respondent would see more people" in the Obama inauguration picture. Instead, Trump supporters are engaging in "expressive signaling," where people purposely give the wrong answer as an ideological gesture."What disadvantage of survey research does this illustrate? a. In this case, as in many surveys, the respondents are self-selected, which makes it difficult to generalize from these results. b. Survey research generally lacks qualitative data that might better capture the social reality the researcher wishes to examine. c. Surveys suffer from a lack of replicability, meaning that it's hard for another researcher to repeat or replicate the study. d. Researchers do not always understand how or why respondents answer the way they do, so survey research has comparatively less validity. e. It would be impossible to use these methods to gather data on a large population.

Researchers do not always understand how or why respondents answer the way they do, so survey research has comparatively less validity

Barns packed with animals are good places to breed pathogens. Monocultures, in which all animals are genetically similar, offer few speed bumps to transmission. "You got fifty thousand chickens in a barn. They are all genetically the same and you are growing them for a turn-around time of six weeks. That is all food for flu." In the fast-paced world of an industrial hen house, where birds come and go quickly, pathogens select for the most virulent strains, no matter how deadly. This analysis would suggest that: a. Mystery In Wuhan: Recovered Coronavirus Patients Test Negative ... Then Positive b. The covid-19 pandemic is not a natural disaster c. The US is investigating the theory that the COVID-19 virus was accidentally released from a Chinese lab d. Coronavirus did not jump from Wuhan's seafood market: Here's the evidence

The covid-19 pandemic is not a natural disaster

If you possess a sociological imagination and someone asks you to study unemployment rates in a city of fifty million people where fifteen million are unemployed, what would you conclude? a. We should ask those who are unemployed how much they want to work. b. We should consider the work ethic of the average citizen. c. We should consider the economic and political structures of the society. d. We should teach people how to take better advantage of their opportunities. e. We should worry about the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs.

We should consider the economic and political structures of the society.

What's the blacked out line? a. No, but my sociology class did b. Certainly did c. I'm confused by the question and I refuse to respond d. I love statistics e. Well, maybe

Well, maybe

A simple random sample is defined as: a. a sample in which one variable is weighted more than another. b. a sample in which every member of the population has a chance of being included. c. a sample that uses probability to determine who will be selected. d. a sample in which other demographic variables are taken into account. e. a sample with only one variable.

a sample in which every member of the population has a chance of being included.

What term did Karl Marx use to describe the fact that most of the population accepts the pervading ideology, even when it fails to tell the truth about their lives? a. existentialism b. class consciousness c. ethnomethodology d. false consciousness e. pragmatism

false consciousness

What term or concept from Chapter One was I searching when I found this image? a. mechanical solidarity b. false consciousness c. anomie d. sociological imagination e. symbolic interactionism

false consciousness

Although Karl Marx died long before anyone had used the word "postmodern," many postmodern theorists still draw on elements of his work to inform their own theories. Given what you know about postmodernism, which of the following quotes from Marx's writings reveals his "postmodern side"?

"Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. . . . All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned."

A research team is curious about the relationship between diet and exercise habits and academic performance among American college students. In order to get their data, the researchers randomly select seventeen colleges by pulling names out of a hat and travel to campuses, where they stand in prominent public places and ask for volunteers until they have ten people from each campus willing to be interviewed. What is the researchers' target population? a. American college students b. Americans c. students at the seventeen colleges they visited d. young people e. the ten students who were interviewed

American college students

When Laud Humphreys was a sociology graduate student at Washington University in St. Louis, he wrote his dissertation on the "tearoom trade," anonymous homosexual encounters in the men's rooms of public parks. To gather data, he acted as a lookout for his subjects, but he also surreptitiously noted license-plate numbers as the men left, so he could get their names and addresses. The next year, he picked about 50 men from the "tearooms" and interviewed them in their homes, claiming to be performing a health survey. His descriptions of the interviews made it possible for many of the men (and their families) to recognize themselves when the dissertation was published. Why do many sociologists consider this research method to be unethical? a. It harmed the reputation of the city of St. Louis. b. It failed to protect the biographical anonymity of his subjects. c. It put Humphreys at risk for arrest or retaliation. d. It used terminology that was confusing to the interview subjects. e. It investigated an extremely sensitive subject.

It failed to protect the biographical anonymity of his subjects.

Which of the following is true about a sample? a. It is always smaller than the group it is used to generalize about. b. It is always selected randomly. c. It is only used with quantitative methods. d. It must always contain a large number of people. e. It must be weighted to take into account the demographics of the target population.

It is always smaller than the group it is used to generalize about.

Which of the following best characterizes microsociology? a. It is an approach that examines interactions between individuals and the ways those interactions reflect larger patterns within a society. b. It is an approach that quantifies data about social structures so that they can be analyzed statistically. c. It is an approach that exclusively focuses on gender and power as they are enacted socially. d. It is an approach that examines institutional interactions that occur over time. e. It is an approach that examines large-scale social structures in order to see how they affect individual lives.

It is an approach that examines interactions between individuals and the ways those interactions reflect larger patterns within a society.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using ethnography as a method of social research? a. Participants are self-selected. b. It is very difficult to understand the meaning participants give to their own actions. c. It is very difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate any particular ethnography. d. Ethnographies tend to have ethical problems that are of central concern to most sociologists. e. Participants are usually not completely candid when asked to describe their attitudes and behaviors.

It is very difficult for another researcher to repeat or replicate any particular ethnography.

As Tom Ewing put it in the poptimist column we read: "As Eric Harvey's piece concluded, the fallout from the current shifts in music distribution and economics will need to involve a redefinition of music's value. The recorded music industry is waning, and we're passing through an inflection point as stressful and crucial as the 30s and 40s, when publishers and musicians took their stand against "canned music." As it wanes, the modes of thinking it's generated-- of individual engagement with its product as the default form of listening-- will also become less important." This analysis is most like historical materialism because: a. It sees musicians as a vanguard class who can shape the way that a culture thinks and behaves b. it understands the close emotional attachment that people have to their favorite songs and musicians c. it treats music as art, rather than as a commodity d. It sees changes in the mode of production as the source of ways of thinking about music

It sees changes in the mode of production as the source of ways of thinking about music

As Tom Ewing put it in the poptimist column we read: "As Eric Harvey's piece concluded, the fallout from the current shifts in music distribution and economics will need to involve a redefinition of music's value. The recorded music industry is waning, and we're passing through an inflection point as stressful and crucial as the 30s and 40s, when publishers and musicians took their stand against "canned music." As it wanes, the modes of thinking it's generated-- of individual engagement with its product as the default form of listening-- will also become less important." This analysis is most like historical materialism because: a. it understands the close emotional attachment that people have to their favorite songs and musicians b. It sees changes in the mode of production as the source of ways of thinking about music c. it treats music as art, rather than as a commodity d. It sees musicians as a vanguard class who can shape the way that a culture thinks and behaves

It sees changes in the mode of production as the source of ways of thinking about music

We often look at an outbreak as a foreign problem — like Ebola and SARS and Zika are coming from outside and encroaching upon us. That's the traditional narrative: the germ invading from outside. But these are things that are happening right here in the United States. West Nile virus is a virus of migratory birds from Africa. They've been landing in North America for hundreds of years, but we never had West Nile virus here until 1999. Well, why is that? a. "This is mother nature versus human nature," said Bill Patzert, a renowned climatologist with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "It's about too much development and too much fire suppression building up fuel over the past 50 years... In some ways this is the great war that will be fought here in the 21st century." b. When you have a diversity of bird species, you don't get a lot of West Nile virus because birds like woodpeckers and rails are really bad carriers. But over the last 20 years we lost a lot of that avian biodiversity. Woodpeckers and rails became rare and instead, we have a lot of birds like crows and robins, generalist species that can live in any kind of degraded environment, and they're really good carriers of West Nile virus c. There is no return to the peaceful conditions of the Holocene, at least not for thousands of years; but to provoke it further, as we still are, is foolishness on an epic scale. d. Nature has given us life and resources to sustain that life, all the other animals have conform to this basic rule and living at harmony with nature. However, human beings, with a self-imposed supremacy, have plundered through the world in last few centuries ignoring all the rules of nature. We love to think that we will be spared by the nature, however, nature has never been forgetful, not is it sympathetic. Human beings have dug its own grave and it's mere matter of time, we will fall right there, to the oblivion.

When you have a diversity of bird species, you don't get a lot of West Nile virus because birds like woodpeckers and rails are really bad carriers. But over the last 20 years we lost a lot of that avian biodiversity. Woodpeckers and rails became rare and instead, we have a lot of birds like crows and robins, generalist species that can live in any kind of degraded environment, and they're really good carriers of West Nile virus

A sociologist uses a survey to study the attitudes of adults in the United States concerning premarital sex among teenagers. In this study, the target population consists of ____________, and the group that is asked the survey questions is called the ____________. a. all teenagers in the United States who have engaged in premarital sex; experimental group b. all adults in the United States; sample c. all adults in the United States who have teenage children; units of analysis d. all teenagers in the United States; reference group e. all teenagers and adults in the United States; control group

all adults in the United States; sample

But false positives aren't the only issue. It was also very likely that we'd discover real correlations that are scientifically useless, Vieland said. For instance, our experiment found that people who trim the fat from their steaks were more likely to be atheists than those who ate the fat that god had provided for them. It's possible that there's a real correlation between cutting the fat from meat and being an atheist, Vieland said, but that doesn't mean that it's a ______________ one. a. spurious b. reliable c. causal d. statistically significant one

casual

According to the theoretical position developed by Karl Marx, what is the engine of social change? a. shared moral values b. cooperation between social groups c. exploration beyond the boundaries of a given society d. conflict between social groups e. development of technology

conflict between social groups

why is the term "queer" used to describe queer theory? a. it has a long history of use within the gay and lesbian community b. it is controversial and helps to stimulate sales of books and articles written by queer theorists c. it is an easily definable category d. it emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects the idea of a single gay or lesbian identity e. it emphasizes that some people are born with a fixed orientation and cannot change

d. it emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects the idea of a single gay or lesbian identity

Emile Durkheim argued that even an action as seemingly individual as suicide has important social components. What social factors did he examine? a. geography and travel b. genetics c. religious affiliation and marital status d. war and international conflict e. race and ethnicity

eligious affiliation and marital status

A study showed a fairly high correlation between not smoking and having a high college grade point average. Although some people used this study as evidence that smoking is bad, if you accept that smoking doesn't cause someone to lose brain cells or study less, you would probably conclude that the study: a. employed a spurious correlation. b. had an invalid hypothesis. c. used basic research. d. was valid. e. misused a control group.

employed a spurious correlation.

Beyond treating symptoms associated with menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) was once hailed for potentially reducing coronary heart disease, thanks to a 1991 survey. But later randomized controlled experiments revealed either a negative relationship, or a statistically insignificant one. Why the difference? For one thing, women who use HRT tend to come from higher socioeconomic strata and receive better quality of diet and exercise - a hidden explanatory relationship for which the observational study failed to fully account. Our textbook would call socioeconomic status a: a. intervening variable b. ethical challenge c. random sample d. research method e. issues of reactivity

intervening variable

In her ethnography Wheeling & Dealing, Patricia Adler investigates the social and professional worlds of midlevel cocaine and marijuana smugglers. Her research started serendipitously when she discovered that her next-door neighbor and friend was a drug smuggler; this was a huge advantage for her because it meant that she already had ____________ with one of her informants a. thick description b. rapport c. causation d. sampling e. informed consent

rapport

The mathematician John Nash was a pioneer of "game theory," which in part describes mathematically how rational people interact, and tries to predict their decisions using math. Could game theory help explain the evolution of antibiotic resistance? Antibiotic resistance is not just a biological problem. Obviously there are biological procedures underlying the development of resistance, but when it comes to preserving antibiotic efficacy as a main resource, behaviour is a really important dimension as well. How can we ensure that people make better decisions when it comes to antibiotics, so to preserve the resource for future generations. So you can think of this as a game. The decision-makers in this game are the doctors who prescribe antibiotics for their patients. In this game the interest of the doctors are very closely aligned with those of the patients, you want them to survive and do well. So whenever a patient presents with symptoms of a infection, it is in the doctor's rational interest to prescribe antibiotics, even if there is uncertainty as to where the symptoms come from. Maybe it's really a viral infection. But if you don't know exactly what the cause is and if the patient is deteriorating, it is usually the rational choice to prescribe antibiotics just in case. But, if everybody acts in this way, then the outcome actually becomes a lot worse for overall society. If I was focusing on the bolded sentences in the first part of the passage, this question would be about: a. climate change b. epidemiology c. a public goods dilemma d. deprivation amplification e. medicalization f. mass media concentration

epidemiology

A recent sociological experiment sought to determine the exact role social support plays in the health of expectant mothers. To conduct the experiment, the researchers asked midwives to flip a coin each time they received a new client, and if it came up heads to try as hard as possible to put the client in contact with others who could provide social support. If the coin came up tails, the midwives would not discourage the woman from receiving social support but would not facilitate it either. Who is the control group in this experiment? a. midwives b. expectant mothers c. sociologists d. expectant mothers whose coin comes up heads e. expectant mothers whose coin comes up tails

expectant mothers whose coin comes up tails

"Bernie Sanders gave perhaps the most interesting answer of the night, responding to Donald Trump's call to bar Muslim immigrants. Trump's decision to exploit anxiety about terrorism is all a big diversion, Sanders said, designed to distract from anxieties about the economy. In short, Sanders was invoking the old Marxist idea of __________. It's easy to mock as a classic Sanders move, pivoting as quickly as possible from security to the economy. But it's an insightful analysis of Trump's campaign, in which a billionaire elitist has managed to marshal the support of working-class voters behind an ultimately vague and shifting platform papered over with xenophobic fear-mongering."

false consciousness

"Bernie Sanders gave perhaps the most interesting answer of the night, responding to Donald Trump's call to bar Muslim immigrants. Trump's decision to exploit anxiety about terrorism is all a big diversion, Sanders said, designed to distract from anxieties about the economy. In short, Sanders was invoking the old Marxist idea of __________. It's easy to mock as a classic Sanders move, pivoting as quickly as possible from security to the economy. But it's an insightful analysis of Trump's campaign, in which a billionaire elitist has managed to marshal the support of working-class voters behind an ultimately vague and shifting platform papered over with xenophobic fear-mongering." a. false consciousness b. pragmatism c. dialectics d. manifest functions e. historical materialism

false consciousness

A neighborhood where there is no grocery store but there are more liquor stores, convenience and drug stores, and fast food outlets than most other locations is referred to as a: a. locavore problem. b. fast food-dominated area. c. food desert. d. chain food center. e. total institution.

food desert

According to your textbook, if you live in a(n) ______________ , you are at increased risk of obesity, diabetes, or heart disease. a. East Coast city b. violent environment c. food desert d. sparsely populated rural area e. densely populated urban area

food desert

Too many Americans are overweight and eat unhealthy food, a problem that falls disproportionately on poor and low-income people. For many urbanists, the main culprit has long been: a. epidemiology b. deprivation amplification c. poverty d. food deserts e. racism

food deserts

Epidemiologists take into account the role of global climate change and its relationship to the spread of disease. In rural areas of Cambodia, epidemiologists have noted that social patterns are linked to the spread of mosquito-borne illness. Which of the following would they NOT consider? a. increases in rainfall due to La Niña b. new migration and settlements c. increases in the use of antiretroviral drugs d. changes in use of the forests—logging or military use e. factory closures or economic shifts and changes

increases in the use of antiretroviral drugs

According to Emile Durkheim, industrialized societies display organic solidarity. What is the basis for organic solidarity? a. religion and tradition b. interdependence and individual rights c. shared experiences and similar beliefs d. bureaucracy and strong central government e. globalization and communications technology

interdependence and individual rights

Beyond treating symptoms associated with menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) was once hailed for potentially reducing coronary heart disease, thanks to a 1991 survey. But later randomized controlled experiments revealed either a negative relationship, or a statistically insignificant one. Why the difference? For one thing, women who use HRT tend to come from higher socioeconomic strata and receive better quality of diet and exercise - a hidden explanatory relationship for which the observational study failed to fully account.Our textbook would call socioeconomic status a: a. random sample b. research method c. issues of reactivity d. intervening variable e. ethical challenge

intervening variable

Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because: a. interviews are too time consuming. b. it is extremely difficult to guarantee confidentiality to large groups. c. it is impossible to find enough people through a random sample. d. it is hard to obtain informed consent from large numbers of people. e. researchers are only allowed to talk to people who are 18 and older.

interviews are too time consuming.

While appreciating the efficiency of the bureaucratic model, Weber was sensitive to its dark side. He observed that bureaucracies displayed self-reinforcing tendencies, ultimately resulting in a technically ordered ________, a dehumanized organization that suffocates individual freedom and potential.

iron cage

While appreciating the efficiency of the bureaucratic model, Weber was sensitive to its dark side. He observed that bureaucracies displayed self-reinforcing tendencies, ultimately resulting in a technically ordered ________, a dehumanized organization that suffocates individual freedom and potential. a. dialectic b. mechanical solidarity c. iron cage d. false consciousness e. macrosociology

iron cage

After researchers conduct a series of interviews, they usually transcribe the responses. The transcription process is fairly time consuming, but it is valuable in part because it allows researchers to: a. check for bias in how they asked questions. b. think up new questions they didn't ask. c. determine the average age of their interviewees. d. determine if their sample was representative of the larger population. e. look for patterns in their data.

look for patterns in their data.

Christine Williams looked at patterns of occupational sex segregation, examining the ways large-scale social structures created the constraints within which individuals lived their lives. Based on this information, her work would be characterized as what kind of sociology? a. comparative-historical sociology b. macrosociology c. microsociology d. transnational sociology e. the sociology of popular culture

macrosociology

Recording what you eat is harder than it might seem, said Tamara Melton, a registered dietitian and spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in Atlanta. Among other things, it's almost impossible to measure ingredients and portion sizes when you dine out. "It's cumbersome. If you're out at a business lunch, you can't whip out your measuring cup." In other words: a. measurement error b. selection bias c. sampling error d. non-response bias

measurement error

As the process of the _____________ develops, we will be less likely to treat someone who has a mental health issue as having something they should just "deal with" or "get over" individually. Instead, we will be more likely to think of the issue as having to do with a disease. a. hospitalization b. medicalization c. acute care d. epidemic e. the professionalization of doctors

medicalization

For decades, non-U.S. psychologists have used the World Health Organization's "International Classification of Diseases" (ICD) manual for diagnosing psychological conditions and illnesses. Recently many have been persuaded to use the American-based "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual" (DSM) manual instead. The DSM includes many more symptoms of hyperactivity (including "blurting out answers" and "difficulty waiting one's turn") than does the ICD. The DSM also allows a diagnosis if symptoms occur in only one setting (either at school or at home, for example), while the ICD requires that symptoms occur in at least two settings. Under the DSM, therefore, many more children — and adults — are likely to be diagnosed with hyperactivity. What term or concept from Chapter 14 is being discussed here? a. epidemiology b. medicalization c. psychiatric fraud d. deprivation amplification

medicalization

In the early 1900s, just under 50 percent of births took place at home. Today, around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals. This is an example of: a. free loading. b. chronic care. c. medicalization. d. the tragedy of the commons. e. palliative care.

medicalization

When an epidemic spreads across national borders, across continents, or around the world, it is referred to as a(n) ________________. a. post pandemic b. epidemiology c. sick wave d. pandemic e. epidemiological force

pandemic

When he was writing The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture, the ethnographer Walter Williams was always very open about his own sexual orientation because he believed that being open with the people he was studying was the only way to establish a trusting and sharing interaction with them. What was Williams concerned with? a. reactivity b. thick description c. validity d. rapport e. replicability

rapport

"The bottom line here is that doing dietary assessment is difficult," said Torin Block, CEO of NutritionQuest, "You can't get away from it — there's error involved." However, food diaries are relatively accurate, compared to other types of surveys. However, the sheer act of keeping track can change what you eat. When I knew I had to write it down, I paid far greater attention to how much I ate, and that sometimes meant that I opted not to eat something because I felt too lazy to write it down or else realized, nah, I didn't really want a second doughnut (or else didn't want to admit to eating it). Our book would talk about this in terms of: a. correlations b. reactivity c. reliability d. thick description e. intervening variables

reactivity

The sociologist Mitch Duneier wrote his ethnography Sidewalk about street vendors in New York City's Greenwich Village. While writing the book, Duneier was particularly concerned that the people he was studying would alter their behavior when he was present, especially since his background was very different from theirs, causing him to think critically about his action and role as a researcher. What do sociologists call this? a. validity b. thick description c. bias d. response rate e. reflexivity

reflexivity

"By the standards of traditional market research, HappyOrNot's analysis was simplistic in the extreme. There were no comment cards, customer surveys, focus groups, or reports from incognito "mystery shoppers." There was just crude data collected by customer-operated devices that looked almost like Fisher-Price toys: freestanding battery-powered terminals with four big push buttons—dark green and smiley, light green and less smiley, light red and sort of frowny, dark red and very frowny. As customers left a store, a small sign asked them to rate their experience by pressing one of the buttons ... What HappyOrNot's data lacked in substance, though, they made up for in volume. A perennial challenge in polling is gathering responses from enough people to support meaningful conclusions. The challenge grows as the questions become more probing, since people who have the time and the inclination to fill out long, boring surveys aren't necessarily ____________ customers." a. good b. valuable c. representative d. nice

representative

Many in the media have seen the presidential race as see-sawing back and forth all summer: "Two weeks ago, Hillary Clinton was consistently beating Donald Trump by around 5 points in the polls. Last week, after the Republican National Convention, Trump took the lead, and the LA Times put him up by 7 points. But after the Democratic National Convention concluded Thursday, the pendulum swung back. Clinton is now leading by 6 points" Some argue these apparent swings in vote intention represent mostly changes in sample composition, not actual swings. These are phantom swings arising from _______. Previous studies have tended to assume that campaign events cause changes in vote intentions, while ignoring the possibility that they may cause changes in survey participation." a. selection bias or non-response bias b. poor ethics c. correlation not equalling causation d. reflexivity e. reactivity

selection bias or non-response bias

According to queer theorists, how should we think about sexual identity?

sexual identity is the fluid and can change over an individual's lifetime

Someone on yahoo answers asked a for help in understanding a term we read about in this section of the class. The best answer included this bit: The way I explain this to my class is to think of a clock. What makes a clock a clock? First, you have to have certain parts, such as hands, gears, springs, and a power source. But this is not enough. You have to put the parts together, of course. Still, however, you may not have a clock because you cannot put the parts together in any way you choose. Rather, you must put the parts together IN A SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIP TO THE OTHER PARTS. Then, and only then, do you have a clock what was the term being defined here? a. symbolic interactionism b. verstehen c. structural functionalism d. false consciousness e. conflict theory

structural functionalism

What is the sociological imagination? a. the ability to understand the connections between biography and history, or the interplay of the self and the world b. the sociological approach that assumes that large-scale social institutions structure individual interactions c. the sociological approach that assumes that individual decisions and interactions create larger social institutions d. a particular way of understanding the criminal mind, such as that of a serial killer e. a property of society that ensures that people remain ignorant of the connections between their lives and social change

the ability to understand the connections between biography and history, or the interplay of the self and the world

"Scott's essay appears to treat "culture" as a sealed and self-referential system, one that shapes and reflects human consciousness but has only an incidental relationship with economic, political and social factors that lie outside it. We have moved so far from the old Marxist view of _________________ that we now pretend it's an entirely autonomous force..." a. the economy as an ideological "superstructure" erected upon the cultural base of society b. culture as an ideological "superstructure" erected upon the economic base of society c. sexism as a manifest function of the social order d. religion as the driving force behind most cultural change

the economy as an ideological "superstructure" erected upon the cultural base of society

Any time a social researcher is going to use sampling, they must first identify their target population. What is this target population? a. the group of people who wish to be studied b. the group of people from whom they will gather data c. the larger group of people they wish to generalize about d. the group of people least often studied in the past e. the group of people whose behavior they wish to change

the larger group of people they wish to generalize about

Ethnographers using participant observation must always be aware of reflexivity, which occurs because: a. ethnographers' conclusions may not be applicable to any larger group. b. ethnographers' prejudices or biases may slip into their work. c. participants may not consider their own motivations and act out of reflex. d. the presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing. e. ethnographers intervene in the lives of the people they're studying.

the presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing

If a piece of sociological research is representative, it means that: a. the research has been conducted systematically with the scientific method. b. the smaller group of people studied can tell us something about a larger group. c. the researcher has avoided any overt bias. d. the researcher avoided using any double-barreled questions. e. the researcher found patterns of similarities and differences.

the smaller group of people studied can tell us something about a larger group.

What is reactivity? a. the way the experimental group reacts to the independent variable b. the independent variable in an experiment c. when researchers react to data by over-reporting the results d. the tendency of research subjects to change their behavior in response to being studied e. the goal of applied research, to create a reaction

the tendency of research subjects to change their behavior in response to being studied

Given what we've said about research methods this semester, which explanation for the extreme position occupied by Kansas seems most plausible to you? a. the way they measured location was inaccurate in a way that inflated the total viewers for Kansas b. The people of Kansas really are just extraordinarily sex-crazed c. Kansas is home to several small cult-like religious communities that consume porn at rates so high they throw the whole states numbers off d. There is so little to do in some small towns that porn consumption is higher there

the way they measured location was inaccurate in a way that inflated the total viewers for Kansas

MARRIED VOTERS DON'T ALWAYS KNOW WHO THEIR SPOUSE IS BACKING - Will Jordan, via Twitter: "I may have cracked the code of the gender gap and how American families are not ripping themselves apart...Married WOMEN who say they are voting for Hillary Clinton: 45%.Married MEN who think their SPOUSE is voting for Hillary Clinton: 33%.Married MEN who say they are voting for Hillary Clinton: 31%.Married WOMEN who think their SPOUSE is voting for Hillary Clinton: 37%." a. the way that ethnographic research can reshape assumptions and stereotypes b. the way bureaucracy shapes our lives c. the ways people "lie" on surveys because they simply don't know the truth d. the sociological imagination is supposed to work

the ways people "lie" on surveys because they simply don't know the truth

What are the goals of ethnography? a. to conduct interviews with people who have very different ways of life b. to develop ethics and standards for sociological research c. to develop quantitative data sets that allow researchers to discover correlations d. to explain ethnic differences using qualitative methods e. to describe activities sociologists observe and to understand what those activities mean to the people involved

to describe activities sociologists observe and to understand what those activities mean to the people involved

A second line of criticism concerns the ___________ of the scale. When links between NEP scale results and behavior are weak, some researchers suggest that the scale fails to measure a world view accurately. Tests of the NEP scale as a predictor of environmental behavior are part of extensive social-psychological research to explain the root causes of environmental behavior a. validity b. reactivity c. reliability d. reflexivity e. ethics

validity