SOC101 QUIZ 1 (CH.1-Ch.3)

Which of the following is NOT a basic step of the scientific method?

Defining goals, The basic steps of the scientific method include (a) formulating (b) measuring and gathering data to test the hypothesis a hypothesis, (b) measuring and gathering data to test the hypothesis, (c) analyzing, and (d) drawing appropriate conclusions.

_____ refers to the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of our own, and the belief that our own culture is superior to another culture.

Ethnocentrism

Informal norms are called mores while formal norms are called folkways.

False, Informal norms are called folkways while formal norms are called mores.

Values are

criteria of what is good or bad.

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A(n) _____ is a conclusion drawn from sociological research that is meant to apply to broad categories of people but for which many exceptions will always exist.

A generalization in sociology is a general statement regarding a trend between various dimensions of our lives: gender and suicide rate, race and voting choice, and so forth.

When _____ sets in, people become more unclear about how to deal with problems in their life.

Anomie, or normlessness, results from situations such as periods of rapid social change, when social norms are weak and unclear or social ties are weak.

_____ are the material objects that constitute a society's material culture.

Artifacts

By emphasizing inequality and dissensus in society, _____ overlooks the large degree of consensus on many important issues.

Conflict theory

Anthropologists have discovered several societies in which men who are about to become fathers experience nausea and labor pains, similar to their wives. According to sociologists, which of the following factors is responsible for this phenomenon?

Culture

_____ is a theme of sociology in which the aim is to go beyond superficial understandings of social reality.

Debunking motif, Peter L. Berger,

_____ are the primary form of research in the natural and physical sciences, but in the social sciences they are for the most part found only in psychology.

Experiment

Rituals do not reflect and transmit a culture's norms and other elements from one generation to the next.

False

Sociology often reinforces conventional understandings of social reality.

False

Sociologists generally favor biology over culture, because most behaviors do not differ dramatically among societies.

False Sociologists generally favor culture over biology. One of the reasons for this is that many behaviors differ dramatically among societies in ways that show the strong impact of culture.

A spurious relationship is a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable that exists only because the effects of a third variable have been taken into account.

False, A relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable is spurious if a third variable accounts for the relationship because it affects both the independent and dependent variables.

Compared with face-to-face surveys, mailed questionnaires are more expensive and time consuming and have higher response rates.

False, Compared with face-to-face surveys, mailed questionnaires are less expensive and time consuming but have lower response rates.

A random sample is a subset drawn from the smaller population in which most units in the population have the same chance of being included in the subset.

False, In a random sample, everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the survey.

The Gallup Poll typically includes a large range of variables.

False, The Gallup Poll is an example of a survey conducted by a private organization, but it typically includes only a small range of variables.

According to utilitarianism, society's social institutions perform important functions to help ensure social stability.

False, Utilitarianism is a general view of human behavior that says people act to maximize their pleasure and to reduce their pain.

The sociological perspective that draws an analogy to the human body is called

Functionalism uses the human body as a model for understanding society.

_____ refers to the social relationships and the social and physical characteristics of communities to which individuals belong.

Horizontal social structure

A(n) _____ form summarizes the aims of the study and the possible risks of being a subject.

Informed consent

_____ refers to the degree to which people succeed in life in such areas as education, income, and health

Life chances

According to _____, social reality is made up of "many layers of meaning," and a goal of sociology is to help people discover these multiple meanings.

Peter Berger

Data obtained by which of the following methods is usually quantitative?

Questionnaires

Because sociology is a social science, socioloigsts follow the rules of the _____ method in their research.

Scientific

_____ refers to ways in which a society or group ranks people in a hierarchy.

Social inequality/Vertical social structure

Which of the following is a microsociologist more likely to focus on?

Social interaction

Advocating a view called _____, some scholars say that several important human behaviors and emotions, such as competition, aggression, and altruism, stem from our biological makeup.

Sociobiology

_____ refers to the realization that personal troubles are rooted in public issues.

Sociological imagination, according to C. Wright Mills

_____ is the belief that people's social backgrounds influence their attitudes, behaviors, and life chances.

Sociological perspective

_____ is the most common method by which sociologists gather their data.

Survey

According to _____, people do not merely learn the roles that society has set out for them; instead they construct these roles as they interact.

Symbolic interactionists feel that people do not merely learn the roles that society has set out for them; instead they construct these roles as they interact.

Which of the following is the major sociology professional society in the United States?

The American Sociological Association

Which of the following is a criterion that must be satisfied to be able to conclude that an independent variable affects a dependent variable?

The independent variable and dependent variable must be statistically related

Which of the following best defines sociology?

The scientific study of social behavior and social institutions

Which of the following correlates with the American value system?

Things are the valuables and people are all too often treated as disposable.

A hypothesis is a statement of the nature of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Triue

A contemporary example of a U.S. counterculture is the survivalists.

True

A counterculture is a group whose values and beliefs directly oppose those of the larger culture and even reject it

True

A typical experiment consists of an experimental group and a control group, with subjects randomly assigned to either group.

True

Cultural diversity does not occur within a single society.

True

If researchers want to study minors (under age 18), they normally must obtain a signature from a parent or legal guardian.

True

Norms are the socially acceptable ways of behaving.

True

One criterion in concluding that an independent variable affects a dependent variable is called the causal order problem, which reflects the familiar saying that "correlation does not mean causation."

True

Socialization and social integration help establish a strong collective conscience.

True

The advantage of secondary data analysis to sociologists is that someone else has already spent the time and money to gather the data.

True

The secret ballot is one of the most cherished principles of American democracy.

True

Tradition influences our understanding of social reality.

True

Teachers are a source that influences our understanding of social reality.

True, Expert authorities, such as teachers, parents, and government officials, are a source that influences our understanding of social reality.

All of the following are ethical guidelines to be used in sociological and other human subject research EXCEPT:

aliases should normally not be used when the researcher reports what he/she has been observing.

Although many different experimental designs exist, the typical experiment consists of an experimental group and a _____ group, with subjects randomly assigned to either group.

control

The view that all cultures are important in their own way and none is superior to the other is called _____.

cultural relativism

The _____ movement in the United States emerged as a result of a belief that certain kinds of people were biologically inferior and must not be allowed to reproduce.

eugenics

Table manners and other everyday behaviors such as how we interact with a cashier and how we ride in an elevator are examples of

folkways

Studies of areas such as social structure and social institutions may be classified under a subdivision of sociology called _____.

macrosociology

Values, beliefs, symbols, and language that define a society are categorized as _____ culture.

nonmaterial

The most common unit of analysis in sociology is the _____.

person

A _____ sample is a nonrandom sample in which units in the sample are chosen according to one or more characteristics so that the sample resembles these characteristics of the population as closely as possible.

quota

In a sociological survey, the percentage of all people in the sample who agree to be interviewed is called _____.

response rate

Established procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the life course of a person are called _____.

rituals

The process of developing ties to other people and to social institutions such as religion and the family helps to socialize us and to integrate us into society and reinforce our respect for its rules. This process is called _____.

social integration

A group that shares the central values and beliefs of the larger culture but still retains certain values, beliefs, and norms that make it distinct from the larger culture is called a(n) _____.

subculture

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that people cannot easily understand concepts and objects unless:

their language contains words for these items