SOC316 Final

Why do Never-married people have the highest mortality?

Support group, partner watching health, unhealthy people less "marriageable"

Sharon Hayes(1996): Cultural contradictions of motherhood

The clash of norms for women at work and home has created a new ideology of intensive parenting

the "Gender Revolution"

These children grew up in a time of incredible change, lack of jobs, seeing their mothers go from home to work, increasing marriage fluidity

What is a tolerance of corporal punishment associated with?

Tolerance of domestic violence and societal aggression

LGBT and adoption/fostering

Upheld by SC in 16 Fostering laws vary

Jessica Calarco: Class in the classroom

Upper-middle class children more likely to seek help

VEAR Model of Recover

Vulnerability Exposure Addiction Recovery Model

(Coontz) As marriage became vehicle for transmitting status and property, what behavior restrictions were faced by W and M?

W: forced celibacy on widows, restrictive beauty standards (long fingernails, corsets, foot binding), control over sexuality Plow increased subord (diminished value of W agro labor), war, M: forced marriage,

Why is the "Gender Revolution" unfinished?

While it became more common for women to work, there also grew a pressure to do intensive parenting. Old institutions block progress because they are modelled on an earlier time

who intitiates divorce?

Women and younger partners

Self-Reliant strategy

Women mostly; See career as most important rather than marriage. Stressed autonomy and self-reliance

(Coontz) how was the "sentimentalization" of marriage protective of women?

Women viewed as "pure" beings, more control over sex and their bodies, rejection of abuse, mutual obligations in marriage, some places mandated equal inheritence, custody rights, educational opps expand

(Coontz) how its changing OUR lives

Women waiting for marriage, putting career first Independence effect: well earning women have less incentive, more likely to divorce

Challenges to fatherhood 70s-90s

Women working, feminism, lack of jobs

(CoontZ)What are some changes that influenced the decline in the appeal of the nuclear family?

`Wars, Womens suffrage, civil rights, unhappy homemakers

Cultural changes: 50s-now

accept diversity, feminism, women working, tolerance of nonmarital sex, less religion

(Powell) Inclusionists

all accepted, except cohab

Ta-Naehsi Coates: Between the world and me

black bodies always exploited for white advantage. Education, income and status can not protect them

maternal warmth is dependent on

culture

Kinship Systems

define family unit membership, specify living arrangements and outline hierarchy of obligations

Structural changes: 50s-now

education, wages, gender equal in work, economic restructuring (loss of job security and "family wage")

(Coontz)What are some of the key factors that can explain why the primacy of the conjugal-nuclear family was established among the poor and middle classes in pre-industrial Europe ?

expected independence of couples (becoming "adult" -living away from home), delaying of marriage (had to gain skills for independence),

Case 3: firefighters & cops

first responders Now equipped with Nalaxone

Manning et al

found no differences in wellbeing of kids with SOGI parents

Intensive parenting Outcomes: mothers

greater stress and depression

"Selection" effect theory of Marriage

healthier, better educated people more likely to get & stay married

Divorce rates

higher for those without college ed, under 20, single parents, no religion, and premarital or no kids

Mathew Desmond:Evicted

housing impoverished is highly profitable, cycle of eviction leads to consistent poverty

(Coontz) How was the "Sentimentalization" of marriage oppressive of women?

industrial economy devalued female skills, forcing dependence on men

"parenting within limits"

less priveledged

"Wage Premium" for married black women

likely to be working, even with kids

Changes in family roles: 50s-now

loss of breadwinner/homemaker, rise in flex gender roles

Scale economies

married couples pool income and wealth

"enforceable trust" in marriage (Cherlin)

married people connect eachother to bigger social groups, creating more PUBLIC support for self and union

The effects of spanking are mediated by

maternal warmth

Same-sex custody

most conservative respondents "Role model" argument

Egalitarian Family

most favored by men and women but seen as impossible

(Coontz) Effects of Reproductive revolution

new types of parents, new tech

(Coontz) marriage as a "Luxury"

not economically beneficial, W might have to support M in low earning couples(less attractive), chronic stress, gender mistrust among poor

Contemporary fatherhood

nurturing, etc

(Powell) Exclusionist Perspective

only nuclear

(Coontz) Importance of inlaws

only recently have inlaws lost stake in marriage, the effort to acquire inlaws was as vital a purpose as reproduction

Divorce in Asia

rising rates, may be the decade of Asian divorce. Still much lower than USA

Marriage & Risky behaviors

risk taking score lower for married people than divorced. No difference with widows

(Coontz) most important function of marriage

role in establishing cooperative relationshipsbtwn families and communities

(Coontz)What 2 seismic changes marked the emergence of the "love match" marriage at the end of the 18th century?

the growth of a wage economy , spread of Enlightenment philosophies that embraced reason over unquestioning faith, valued individualism over fealty, and perceived the pursuit of happiness as a worthy goal

Oscar lewis: Culture of poverty

the poor are fundamentally different, governed by a different set of codes and values

(Coontz) radical idea of marrying for love

used to be inconcievable, even if accepted given strict leash, some modern cultures still frown on it (Africa :disruptive), was seen as a bonus but not necessity

Length of cohabitation

usually doesn't last long among hetero <2 years

Male "wage premium" Selection effect

wealthier men more marriageable

"domestic deadlocks"

when family need to be flexible in gender roles, but they are not and get stuck in failing family situations

Social Location

where you sit socially; no normative good or bad

LGBT kids

xp harassment and discrim, xd homelessness stds, suicide attemps Overachieve in other domains, benefit from family connectedness

Cohort replacement

young more tolerant, less religious

Maternal Custody

"Tender years" ideology Emotional capacity of mothers in parenting Moderately inclusive

Moynihan: The Negro family

"tangled pathology", eroded work ethic & gov dependency, deviance, teen birth and transfer to next gen

(Coontz) Political marriage in ancient world (Upperclass)

- Domination (aspiring rulers need powerful network): Pharoah tells lord to send him daughter and silver chariots with a warning -Little credence to childs opinion - King sends one daughter, she disappears(maybe dead) sends second daughter - daughters expected to represent fathers political interests within marriage - sons more important to W than husbands

(Coontz) Commoners in Medieval EU

- church wasnt too concerned(equiv of no fault divorce) -"Clandestine marriage"marriage just required consent and sex(sometimes church got pulled into situations that pushed them to be more strict; new long process of courting) -W lost inheritence right in marriage - marriage marked adulthood - PROTESTANT REV- MArriare desirable block of society (nuns were horny)

(Coontz) 3 schools of thought on early organization of of reproduction

- humans lived in W centered where men were rare - defense needs; male kin centered groups - one male mating w/ several females

(Coontz) Aristocrats in Medieval EU

- inheritence, royalty - involvement of large cast of people -Wives as kingmakers (wedding widows to strengthen claims) -Lothar & Waldreda (Spent 7 years trying to divorce his wife, ended up succeeding but not getting right to remarry) -Incest laws & church - a woman could inherit and transmit propert and bloodlines, and they couldnt be stripped by kin: had some sway` (chess)

(Coontz) Early Christianity

- marriage undermined self-control needed for salvation, but better than lust (ambiv) - strongly against divorce (but actually flex for a while)

(Coontz) Political marriage in ancient world (common)

-less turbulent; still transaction -property importance

(Coontz) Protestants and informal marriage

-not valid without witness - can be revoked without parental consent -legal ages

(Coontz) Roman Marriage

-reproduction -father chooses if baby lives -casual about legality, divorce easy - Sin manus: female stays under dads control -more companionate relationships

(Coontz) Athenian marriage

-reproduction -male relationships valued; women mostly stayed at home

(Coontz) repercussions of End of 20th century

1/3 of kids born to unmarried mom

LGBT civil rights

1964 civil rights act, implementation & repeal of dont ask, defense of marriage act and repeal, trans allowed in militay

From cohabitation to marriage

2/3 of first marriages are to cohabiters, 4/5 of remarriages

Internet dating & mating: Lenhart

38% used online dating; mean age websites:38; apps:29

What's best for Child custody

A good parent is a good parent regardless of gender

Who gets married?

AA have significantly lower percentage of married vs single people than other groups

(Coontz) What ways did M & W began socializing more equally that helped overturn Victorian model?

Acces to BC and sexuality info, Decay of venerated same-sex friendships, separate spheres collapsed, gen of women interested in liberation

What parenting style are single parent and step-parents more prone to use?

Authoritarian and Permissive

What parenting style has the best outcomes?

Authoritative

Covenant marriage

Bound by legality to remain together forever (only outs; jailed partner, adultry, abuse, and abandonment), Alternative to marriage

Marriage benefits

Bound to someone, stability, happiness

Chan & Koo

British study on parenting styles; confirmed benefits of authoritative

Benefits of Cohabitation

Companionship, exploratory, less stable/enforceable

Edith & Lein:

Compared low wage working moms to those on welfare: working moms had more trouble making ends meet

Annette Lareau: Unequal childhoods

Concerted cultivation vs natural growth

(Coontz) Protective theory of marriage

Created because W needed M protection, but M would only protect "Their" girls, so W had to create a way to bind them; mostly rejected academically, forced marriage (more for women because of risk of creating impure bloodline)

(Coontz) What ways did M&W reject Victorian gender seg?

Dating (boy not family involved), experimentation w/ drugs and alcohol

Working Poverty

Deindustrialization, low wage work, job insecurity breaks down families

Reverb from LGBT civil rights

Divorce a limbo until 2015, some states converted civil unions to marriage but not all, what about domestic partner benefits? RFRA

Relative poverty

EU uses, less than half median income

Social factors that make parenting difficult

Economic distress, Family transitions, Single parenthood, Stress, Stigma, Non-parental care, peer effects

What is authoritative parenting associated with?

Education and social class

US silver Divorce

Elderly divorce on rise; Over it, kids gone

Ideology of intensive parenting

Essentialism: Women are better parents Stimulation Fulfillment: parenting is fulfilling Child centered

(Coontz) Opressive theory of marriage

Established between men as means of exchanging women(vehicle for creating kin relationships) i.e aboriginals: elders controlled marriages to ensure maximization of reproduction that would encourage sharing of resources Opressive: means to control productive and reproductive powers of women for male benefit; men coerced W to marriage

Marriage and Mortality

Ever-married people live longest, Never-married people live shortest

Regenerus Same sex parents

False study indicating neg effect

The Unfinished Revolution: Gerson

Family well-being depends on flexibility

Edin & Nelson: Doing the Best I can

Fatherhood among low income dads ranges from involved to absent "New Package deal" for young dads

"New Package Deal" for young dads

Fatherhood as engagement with child, emotional over financial support

Mclanahan & Sandefur: "What hurts, What helps?"

Found that children of divorce have higher risk of negative life effects; lower achievement, teen birth. BUT MOSTLY DUE TO FINANCES

Why might married men lie about alcohol abuse?

Functioning alcoholic, accountability

Fatherhood in mid 20th century

Good provider

Case 2: Needle exchange in Indiana

HIV outbreak

Authoritative Parenting

High control, high Emotional support

Gamson: Modern Families

How surrogacy and adoption are changing families and creating new "origin stories"

How Federal law and military shape families

I.e LGBT civil rights, Trans and LGBT military acts

Emerging Adulthood: Jeffrey Jennings Arnett

Identity exploration, Instability, self-focused, feeling in-between, Possibilities

(Coontz) How want the "Sentimentalization" of marriage destabilizing to marriage?

If marriage is based on love, divorce will happen if love ends. Men couldnt force women to marry,, demands to liberalize divorce laws

Michelle Alexander: New Jim crow

Inner city AA poverty is reinforced by urban policing: Mass incarceration: 30% without degree go to jail by 30 (men)

New Paths to Fatherhood

Joint Custody, increased share of kids living with father, gay male couples

Feminization of poverty

Less educated men have poor job opps, less ed women earn less, few "marriageable men"

Sexual Satisfaction: Marriage

Less frequent sex, more satisfying sex

Lost in Transition

Long transition to adulthood has a "dark side" Loss of moral compass, rampant consumerism, disengaged from civic & political life, indiscriminate sexuality, heavy drinking

(Coontz) Modern recipe for happy marriage

Love and choice`

Permissive Parenting

Low control, high support

Authoritarian Parenting

Low support, harsh/inconsistent control

Divorce rates by race

Lowest: Asians Highest: AA

(Coontz) How did rejection of Victorian Gender segregation redefine masculinity?

Made women more responsible for stopping sex, men told it was unhealthy to suppress desires, increased pressure on married women (no "purity" excuse)

Marriage and Alcohol abuse

Married MEN have lower "problem-drinking" scores than counterparts

"Wage Premium" for married men

Married men earn more than single, divorced and widowed counterparts

Marriage and Life satisfaction

Married people are happier, lower rates of depression

Social support in marriage

Married people look out for eachother

What matters in child rearing?

Material support and Emotional Support

"Parenting out of control"

More affluent

Demographic chages: 50s-now

More diversity, immigration etc

Is Cohabitation good?

More equal, More sex, worse health, just as happy (better self esteem; sex?)

Sexual Satisfaction: Cohabitation

More frequent sex, less satisfying

(Powell) Baby Boomers

More inclusive than closest cohorts; grew up in change (GERSON)

Alcoholism

Most common addiction, Addiction rates down death rates up Risk of fetal alcohol syndrome because more than half of all pregnancies are unplanned

(Powell) What view of SO correlated with inclusionists?

Nature NOT nurture

What is Spanking Associated with?

Negative externalizing behaviors and anxiety in adolescence

(Coontz) Importance of female labor in end of 20th century

No child labor, lower pay for men, better earning capacity than partner sometimes, work for personal cause

Hegemonic Masculinity

Normative practices and ways of being that legitimize men's dominance and women's subordination and de-legitimizes other forms of masculinity

(Coontz) Future of marriage

Not doomed, less power as an institution, benefits extended to cohab

How fragile are SOGI marriages?

Not much info, but no increases in dicvorce

Case 1: Obituaries

Now obituaries will list drugs/alcohol as cause Gwen Knox

Dataclysm:Christian Rudder

OKcupid, examined user preferences by race & gender; Black women have least desirability

Superdads: Kaufman

Old dads" - Breadwinners "New Dads"- involved fathers "SUPERDADS" - not only involved, these dads changed work life to be more involved with kids

"Wage Penalty" for married white women

Only among mothers

Margaret Nelson: Parenting out of control

Parenting styles differ by class not because of culture but because of differential access to resources "Parenting within limits" "Parenting out of control"

(Coontz) Destabilizing effects of Victorian "Love match"

Pickier about mates (Right one), men still head of house but led with love and care, more accepted divorce, feminine "morality" gave women reason to try to involve selves in politics

Cohabitation: poor vs rich

Popular option among poor

Intensive parenting outcomes

Positive effects only from early childhood. Too much and too little have negative effects

Townsend: The Package Deal

Relationship to child depends on relationship to wife Breadwinner role takes priority Women want more involved dads

Changes to marriage: 50s-now

Rise in divorce, same sex, delayed, rise in cohab

Changes to fertility: 50s-now

Rise in non marital fertility, less kids, decline in overall fertility

Why are Royal marriages less exclusive now?

Royal family is purely symbolic, royal fam began to represent people, opportunity for interaction (will and kate met in UNI)

3 Custodial arrangement preferences

Same-sex parent: Most gendered Mother Whatever is best for the kid

(Powell) three custodial preferences

Same-sex, mother, whatever is best

"Protection" Effect of marriage

Scale economies, social support, "enforceable trust"

Dalton Conley: The Pecking Order

Sibling inequality exists because siblings have different luck and access to parental resources and attention Oldest and youngest favored

Neotraditional Family

Similar to breadwinner homemaker set up in the past, favored by men