Soci 101 Exams 1 & 2

In which decade did the Information Revolution begin? A. 1950s B. 1970s C. 1980s D. 1990s

?

Which decade in US history saw the peak in US union membership? A. 1930s B. 2010s C. 1970s D. 1950s

D. 1950s

Researcher Pam Fishman studied the conversations of heterosexual couples to determine how power is created and maintained through everyday, face-to-face interactions. How would you describe her approach?

microsociological

According to Émile Durkheim, what was the basis for the bonds created through mechanical solidarity in traditional societies?

shared traditions and similar experiences

What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed? A. ideal culture B. real culture C. symbolic culture D. subculture

B. real culture

Some municipalities in the Los Angeles area have zoning rules that prohibit multifamily dwellings and require that all homes be built on lots of a certain size. What is the effect of these policies? A. political disenfranchisement B. residential segregation C. homelessness D. social mobility

B. residential segregation

Norms are enforced in everyday settings by A. multiculturalism. B. sanctions. C. culture wars. D. signs.

B. sanctions.

What is Mother Teresa an example of, given that she was a person with tremendous power and prestige yet she was very poor? A. status contradiction B. status inconsistency C. status inequality D. status reversal

B. status inconsistency

Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure?

a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society

Approximately how many Americans receive cash assistance from the US government through TANF (welfare)? A. 1 million B. 40 million C. 23% D. 11%

A. 1 million

In Hillbilly, the director seeks to challenge the dominant cultural representations of hillbillies by depicting: A. African American Appalachians B. Immigrant Appalachians C. Wealthy Appalachians D. Jewish Appalachians

A. African American Appalachians

________ research would involve observing a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meanings. A. Comparative historical B. Qualitative C. Applied D. Quantitative

B. Qualitative

Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views? A. symbolic interactionism B. conflict theory C. structural functionalism D. coercive power

C. structural functionalism

According to 2020 Census, approximately what percent of Americans identify as Asian? A. 3% B. 6% C. 9% D. 12%

B. 6%

How has union membership changed in recent years? A. Membership has slightly increased. B. It has not changed. C. Membership has steeply declined. D. Membership has greatly increased.

A. Membership has slightly increased. B. It has not changed. C. Membership has steeply declined.

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time. A. set of mores; law B. folkway; more C. norm; folkway D. law; taboo

A. set of mores; law

The sociologist Susan Mayer studied poverty and welfare. She concluded that character traits in parents such as "diligence, honesty, good health, and reliability" led to increased achievement in children. Which theory do her conclusions support? A. the culture of poverty B. conflict theory C. structural functionalism D. feminist theory

A. the culture of poverty

In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau identified the poverty threshold for a family of four as A. $35,500. B. $25,570. C. $52,700. D. $42,000.

B. $25,570.

Which group had the highest rate of poverty in the 1950s? A. Children B. Elderly

B. Elderly

What is religiosity? A. a measure of the variety of religious experiences a person may have over the course of their lifetime B. the extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs C. a measure of the diversity of religion within a society D. the degree to which religion can provide solutions to everyday problems

B. the extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs

What percent of the US population age 25 and older had a college degree in 2019? A. 10% B. 54% C. 36% D. 19%

C. 36%

Manny believes that religion gives meaning to his life. He believes that religion helps him understand the most fundamental questions about life and existence. Manny understands religion through which sociological lens? A. feminism B. symbolic interactionism C. structural functionalism D. conflict perspective

C. structural functionalism

The mother of a university student is worried about her son joining a fraternity. She worries that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he wouldn't normally do, such as binge drinking. What perspective best describes her views? A. structural functionalism B. conflict theory C. coercive power D. symbolic interactionism

D. symbolic interactionism

Sociologists have noted that the informal teaching practices and power relationships by which schools operate produce a disconnect between democratic values and what actually goes on in schools. To what concept are such arguments referring? A. teacher expectations B. simulacra C. educational inequality D. the hidden curriculum

D. the hidden curriculum

A goal of socialization is A. to teach people how to avoid incarceration. B. to teach the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology. C. to ensure that society self-evaluates. D. to teach norms, values, and beliefs.

D. to teach norms, values, and beliefs.

Émile Durkheim's study on suicide found that not only did suicide rates increase when the economy slumped; they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates?

anomie

Critical race theory is associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives or schools of thought in sociology?

conflict theory

According to Émile Durkheim, what is the basis for the bonds created through organic solidarity in industrialized societies?

difference, interdependence, and individual rights

Regardless of their various approaches to social phenomena, what are all sociologists aiming to accomplish with their work?

illuminating the connection between the individual and society

The most significant criticism of structural functionalism is that it

tends to argue that any social feature that exists must serve a function

A research team is curious about the relationship between exercise habits and academic performance among American college students. The researchers randomly select seventeen colleges by pulling names out of a hat. They travel to campuses and stand in prominent public places asking for volunteers until they have ten people from each campus willing to be interviewed. What is the researchers' target population? A. American college students B. students at the seventeen colleges they visited C. the 170 students who were interviewed D. young people

A. American college students

Homer Simpson, a character on the TV show The Simpsons, has a wife who stays home to take care of the children while he works, but he is often responsible for disciplining the children when they are particularly bad. What do you know about Homer even if this is all that you know about the show? A. Homer has taken the instrumental role. B. Homer is a misogynist. C. Homer contributes to the feminization of poverty. D. Homer represents the average American man.

A. Homer has taken the instrumental role.

Religion fulfills what role in society from a structural functionalist perspective? A. It provides its supporters with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live. B. It makes women subservient to men. C. Its shows religious organizations how to become agents of change. D. It is an instrument against oppression and exploitation.

A. It provides its supporters with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live.

Which answer best describes how people who went to Camp Jened maintained their networks after camp? A. Many former campers moved to the same cities and kept in touch. B. They did not maintain ties, but campers brought their new awareness to their home communities. C. Jim LeBrecht personally kept the network together. D. They used social networking platforms and regularly shared updates.

A. Many former campers moved to the same cities and kept in touch.

504 protesters depicted in the film Crip Camp best demonstrated the strength of weak ties when: A. They secured assistance from the Black Panthers. B. They sustained the occupation over many days. C. They forged close bonds with other former campers. D. The government signed the regulations they wanted.

A. They secured assistance from the Black Panthers.

Michelle was born and raised in the United States, but her grandparents are from Korea. Her white classmate was also born and raised in the United States, but his grandparents are from Poland. He tells Michelle that she speaks English very well because he assumes, based on her race, that she is an immigrant. This is an example of A. a microaggression. B. reverse racism. C. color-blind racism. D. white privilege.

A. a microaggression.

Which of the following groups is MOST likely to be classified as a counterculture? A. a militia group living in Montana B. students who belong to a Middle Eastern Studies Club C. New York City taxi drivers D. members of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

A. a militia group living in Montana

Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat. A. conflict theorist B. follower of Robert Merton C. symbolic interactionist D. functionalist

A. conflict theorist

You are tasked with conducting a research project that investigates the relationship between smoking and gender in blockbuster films. What methodology would you use to conduct your research? A. content analysis B. comparative or historical research C. interviews D. quantitative research

A. content analysis

Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends' acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice's friends say they overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice's friends exemplify? A. heteronormativity B. gender role socialization C. instrumental role D. social learning

A. heteronormativity

Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. What are the children of immigrants experiencing if they assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents? A. intergenerational mobility B. structural mobility C. intragenerational mobility D. immigrant mobility

A. intergenerational mobility

Role conflict occurs when an individual has A. multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. B. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within their social circle. C. a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within themselves. D. a role that requires them to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict.

A. multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.

Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which, in turn, means that bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work? A. primary groups B. categories C. crowds D. secondary groups

A. primary groups

The sociologist Mitch Duneier wrote his ethnography Sidewalk about street vendors in New York City's Greenwich Village. While writing the book, Duneier was particularly concerned that the people he was studying would alter their behavior when he was present, especially since his background was different from their own. This caused him to think critically about his activities and role as a researcher. What do sociologists call this? A. reflexivity B. response rate C. validity D. thick description

A. reflexivity

Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of A. resocialization. B. adaptation. C. copresence. D. impression management.

A. resocialization.

What are systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals called? A. social institutions B. social controls C. pluralistic situations D. social norms

A. social institutions

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process? A. socialization B. personality C. status conflict D. social isolation

A. socialization

A student at a university explains that he doesn't want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views? A. structural functionalism B. symbolic interactionism C. coercive power D. conflict theory

A. structural functionalism B. symbolic interactionism D. conflict theory

People are optimistic that the jobs lost in the U.S. recession of the late 2000s will be replaced with others. However, even if the optimists are right, the shift in the economy may permanently alter the social class status of many people. This is due to the jobs lost being largely in manufacturing and new jobs being mostly in information technology. This suggests that the newly unemployed will have trouble competing for newly created jobs. If this is the case, what is it called? A. structural mobility B. absolute deprivation C. intragenerational mobility D. intergenerational mobility

A. structural mobility

The mother of a university student encourages her son to join a fraternity. She hopes that peer pressure and groupthink may lead her son to do things he hasn't tried before, such as volunteering and attending formal events. What perspective best describes her views? A. symbolic interactionism B. structural functionalism C. conflict theory D. coercive power

A. symbolic interactionism

Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a A. taboo. B. sanction. C. crime. D. folkway.

A. taboo.

What economic change has made it more difficult for workers to strike effectively? A. the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country B. the increasing availability of communications technology C. the increasing role played by nonprofits and Third Sector organizations D. a strong, organized working class in the United States

A. the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country

Sociologists define the self as A. the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people. B. the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others. C. only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others. D. the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society.

A. the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.

Which of the following was not depicted in the film Crip Camp as an agent of socialization? A. Families B. Churches C. Peers D. Camp Jened

B. Churches

True/False: A majority of college students attend schools with acceptance rates less than 50%. A. True B. False

B. False

What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today? A. Prejudice and discrimination are perpetuated by economic but not racial factors. B. Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion. C. Prejudice and discrimination are established on an international level. D. Prejudice and discrimination are the result of a struggle for scarce resources.

B. Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is A. the transition toddlers make from the imitation of infancy to the play stage of childhood. B. an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles. C. the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others. D. the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society.

B. an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles; ALL

In 2005, teaching assistants at the University of Oregon went on strike. Which aspect of their job made it easier for them to strike than most American workers? A. The public is much more sympathetic to academic workers. B. Their jobs cannot be moved overseas. C. They have better contracts. D. They have more cultural capital, and therefore can better strategize about how to make a strike succeed.

B. Their jobs cannot be moved overseas. D. They have more cultural capital, and therefore can better strategize about how to make a strike succeed.

Approximately what percent of American workers are members of a labor union? A. 33% B. 10% C. 16% D. 5%

B. 10%

The rate of poverty among African Americans is roughly how many times higher than that of white Americans? A. 1 times , or equal B. 2 times, or double C. 3 times, or tripple

B. 2 times, or double

Approximately what percent of the 1940 US adult population had graduated from high school? A. 5% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%

B. 25%

Approximately how many Americans receive SNAP (food stamps) benefits? A. 80 million B. 40 million C. 4 million D. 10 million

B. 40 million

Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal? A. A person whose drinking is getting in the way of their daily activities insists they are not an alcoholic. B. A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong. C. A person owns a large collection of Harley Davidson motorcycles but doesn't allow their family and friends to refer to them as a "biker." D. A young drug addict successfully hides her habit at work, and all her colleagues believe she is drug free.

B. A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.

How does US levels of religiosity compare to countries of similar economic development? A. American levels of religiosity are similar to Australia, Canada and the UK, but different from most of Europe. B. The US is an outlier with high levels of religiosity. C. The US is an outlier with low levels of religiosity.

B. The US is an outlier with high levels of religiosity.

A sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring, and decides to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods, or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination in hiring and why? A. The survey method because experiments outside of a laboratory must deal with the unpredictable intrusions of the real world. B. The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes. C. The survey method because employers will detect the experiment and invalidate the results. D. The experimental method because survey methods are generally unreliable.

B. The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes.

Why might LGBTQ rights groups emphasize that homosexuality has a genetic origin? A. They want to emphasize the importance of difference. B. They believe that if sexual orientation is something we are born with, then discrimination against gays and lesbians is much less acceptable. C. Gays and lesbians are predisposed to believe in science. D. They believe that sexuality is closely related to a person's relationship with their mother.

B. They believe that if sexual orientation is something we are born with, then discrimination against gays and lesbians is much less acceptable.

Which of the following examples highlights the autonomy experienced by knowledge workers such as those who work at Google? A. They can start and stop on projects whenever they like. B. They often have the freedom to take breaks when they choose. C. Google employees don't work under a contract system and are free to come and go as they like. D. Everyone is their "own boss."

B. They often have the freedom to take breaks when they choose.

What do all religions have in common? A. moral laws about the proper way to offer prayer and sacrifice to a god B. a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane C. God(s) or other supernatural beings D. certain days that are considered holy

B. a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane

Which of the following sociological perspectives is concerned with the ways the educational practice known as "tracking" leads to inequality and different outcomes for different categories of students? A. functionalism B. conflict C. labeling D. symbolic interactionism

B. conflict

An individual might be trying to gain ________ if they take adult education classes, attend lectures and concerts, or travel to Europe. A. souvenirs B. cultural capital C. intersectionality D. wealth

B. cultural capital

In the 1960s, many sociologists noticed that economic obstacles alone were insufficient in explaining disparities in the educational attainment of children from different social classes. Which concept was introduced to explain these disparities? A. class consciousness B. cultural capital C. status inconsistency D. the American Dream

B. cultural capital

A woman attributes her teenage son's deviant behavior to him "falling in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble? A. labeling theory B. differential association C. self-fulfilling prophecy D. structural strain theory

B. differential association

What have scholars called Erving Goffman's ideas, given that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance? A. psychoanalysis B. dramaturgy C. the dual self D. self-centered society

B. dramaturgy

In The Mismeasure of Women, social psychologist Carol Tavris argues that there is nothing "universal and nonvarying . . . in the natures of men and women." If you agree with her, you would have to reject the concept of A. symbolic interactionism. B. essentialism. C. queer theory. D. social construction.

B. essentialism.

A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as A. sexual orientation. B. gender identity. C. sexual attitude. D. transgender.

B. gender identity.

Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in A. how stigma leads to increased self-esteem. B. how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis. C. how stigma always leads to positive life outcomes. D. which stigmas are fair and which are unjustly applied.

B. how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis.

Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found? A. retreatism B. innovation C. ritualism D. conformity

B. innovation

A producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure. She complains to her boss that she isn't very smart and that she only does well because she's scared of being yelled at. Her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. He says, "I'm a results guy. I don't care why it works as long as it works!" What leadership style do you think her boss has? A. charismatic B. instrumental C. legal-rational D. expressive

B. instrumental

In Coded Bias, Joy Buolamwini's research on the limits of facial recognition algorithms is most consistent with which of the following sociological concepts? A. cultural capital B. intersectionality C. feminist theory D. symbolic interactionism

B. intersectionality

As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama argued that racial prejudice is one of America's defining social problems. He was implicitly acknowledging that A. race is constructed almost entirely through interaction. B. membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people's life chances. C. racism is driven by economic factors, and any solution to racism must involve affirmative action. D. low-income women of all ethnicities see marriage as having few benefits.

B. membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people's life chances.

Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance occurs. What is the cause of the strain suggested by the name of the theory? A. strain between social norms that are codified in laws and those that are not B. strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them C. strain between deviant and nondeviant citizens D. strain between different value systems within a society

B. strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them

Matthew is an American whose great-grandfather immigrated to the United States from Mexico. While he doesn't really express his Mexican heritage in his daily life, every year he celebrates the Mexican holiday of Cinco De Mayo by dressing in traditional Mexican attire, participating in a parade, and cooking a feast of Mexican food for his friends. Matthew is displaying _____. A. racism B. symbolic ethnicity C. situational ethnicity D. passing

B. symbolic ethnicity

Researchers such as Robert Putnam have argued that social isolation has increased with the decline of civic and social organizations, such as bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns about anomie are overblown? A. the decline of movie theaters and the subsequent rise of services like Netflix B. the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and find emotional support C. the increasing number of hours people spend with electronic media D. the sharp spike in suicide rates in eastern Europe over the past two decades

B. the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and find emotional support

In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate? A. racial pluralism B. the social construction of race C. an enactment of minority group D. racial passing

B. the social construction of race

Is the microsociological or macrosociological perspective more useful in analyzing social phenomena?

Both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? A. A non-English speaking group adopts particular English words, such as coffee and Earth, into their own language. B. A non-English speaking group learns English as a second language at a very high rate due to the worldwide popularity of English. C. A language have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. Its speakers do not view a macro picture of multiple planets. D. An indigenous people's word for coffee is "cacha."

C. A language have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. Its speakers do not view a macro picture of multiple planets.

Approximately how many Americans currently are experiencing poverty? A. 4 million B. 19 million C. 38 million D. 72 millions

C. 38 million

Which of the following is the best example of secularization? A. Christian students are encouraged to wear religious ‎items.‎ B. Mark and Tessa seek premarital counseling from a‎member of the clergy instead of a therapist.‎ C. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion‎ accessories.‎ D. The government announces a number of faith-based‎ initiatives for the provision of social services.‎

C. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion‎ accessories.‎

Which of the following is an example of how the hidden curriculum can reinforce inequality? A. Schools attempt to address the gaps and exclusions that exist in their curriculum. B. Schools attempt to change how they teach. C. Curriculum may recognize and celebrate diversity, but most professors and administrators are white and heterosexual. D. History books are rewritten to emphasize the role of women and minorities.

C. Curriculum may recognize and celebrate diversity, but most professors and administrators are white and heterosexual.

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective? A. Deviance breaks down social cohesion and leads to revolution. B. Deviance helps the upper class maintain its power and influence in society. C. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms. D. Deviance makes it easier for the upper class to control the poor.

C. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

As shown in the documentary Hillbilly, what component of Appalachian culture did Silas House discuss in his radio show discussion of code switching? A. Gestures and signs unique to Appalachia B. Films by local artists compared to mainstream media portrayals of the region C. Language and dialect used at home and at work D. Literature and poetry by local authors

C. Language and dialect used at home and at work

________ is/are the consistency of a measurement tool or the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers. A. Value-free sociology B. Grounded theory C. Reliability D. Unobtrusive measures

C. Reliability

A key challenge for one nation's campaign to improve public health in rural areas was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate? A. Attempts at modernization largely fail without modern technology. B. Globalization leads to the McDonaldization of society. C. Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior. D. There is a need for more virtual communities around the world.

C. Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior.

Which of the following statements best describes the current rate of labor strikes in the US? A. We at a historic high in the volume of labor strikes. B. We at a historic low in the volume of labor strikes. C. Strike rates are higher recently than a decade ago but still much lower than their peak.

C. Strike rates are higher recently than a decade ago but still much lower than their peak.

According to a conflict perspective, why do members of lucrative professions like law and medicine support the current educational system? A. They understand how complicated their professions are and want to make sure that everyone who enters them is well trained. B. They know that the world is changing quickly, and they want to make sure that new doctors and lawyers are fully versed in the intricacies of twenty-first-century life. C. They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thereby minimizing competition and ensuring that there are a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions. D. They tend to invest in private schools, so they make a profit from education.

C. They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thereby minimizing competition and ensuring that there are a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions.

Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources? A. a mayor B. a landlord C. a parent D. a police officer

C. a parent

Intrinsic religiosity can be defined as A. any approach to religion that meets the fundamental needs of a person. B. a cosmology that justifies a set of behaviors in terms of absolute good or evil. C. a person's inner religious life. D. the process by which worldly concerns come to dominate a person's life.

C. a person's inner religious life.

Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether or not a teen will engage in a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who are also involved in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting A. in ways that are closely connected to the family. B. as the most powerful, long-term force in their friends' lives. C. as agents of socialization. D. in cooperation with schools and the media.

C. as agents of socialization.

A sociologist wants to examine how black men have been portrayed in television shows in the past year. Which type of study is most appropriate to examine this research topic and compare the portrayal of black men across different television shows? A. experiment B. focus group C. content analysis D. comparative historical

C. content analysis

A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college. What concept does this example highlight? A. disenfranchisement B. just-world hypothesis C. culture of poverty theory D. closed system

C. culture of poverty theory

"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church." Many people still look to passages from the Christian Bible, like this one, to justify gender roles. Conflict theorists might argue that this is a ________ of religion because it ________. A. dysfunction; is homophobic B. function; promotes equality C. dysfunction; promotes sexism D. function; teaches us a basic sociological tenet

C. dysfunction; promotes sexism

Attending religious services would be an example of A. unchurched spirituality. B. spirituality. C. extrinsic religiosity. D. intrinsic religiosity.

C. extrinsic religiosity.

An elementary school student notices that exhibiting good behavior and following the instructions of the teacher can go a long way to earning him decent grades in school. This example highlights what sociological term about the education system? A. tracking B. unschooling C. hidden curriculum D. flipped classroom

C. hidden curriculum

White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are A. seeking to change the racial inequalities. B. actively seeking to maintain such privileges. C. largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess. D. discriminating blatantly against minority group members.

C. largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.

Socialization is the A. process by which individuals come to know one another. B. interaction among the cultures of different societies. C. lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture. D. fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.

C. lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

Josie wore a pair of short shorts to school. This was against the rules and violated school norms. Because this was the third time that she had broken the same rule, the principal gave her a detention. The principal's action was a means of enforcing norms through _____. A. positive sanction B. academic admonishment C. negative sanction D. authoritative action

C. negative sanction

Jeffery McCune conducted an ethnographic study of gay black men in a Chicago nightclub. He details a space in which their same-sex desires could be comfortably expressed and interactional work to present a conventionally masculine, heterosexual identity was no longer required. What sociological concept is demonstrated by the efforts to maintain a heterosexual persona? A. cultural assimilation B. prejudice C. passing D. institutional racism

C. passing

Some Americans are angry about how many immigrants enter the country every year. A supporter of structural functionalism would argue that this anger A. is a form of cyberbullying, since the anger is generally expressed online. B. hurts the economy by preventing immigration. C. promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders. D. is unequally distributed, since it is mainly aimed at poor and working-class immigrants.

C. promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders.

Maxine comes from a working-class background. Her father worked in construction his whole life and her mother was a stay-at-home mom who dropped out of high school but later got her GED. Maxine becomes interested in computer programming at a young age and spends many hours in the school library teaching herself. Maxine attends the state university on a scholarship. While there, she develops a valuable algorithm for identifying neurological diseases that makes her a multi-millionaire. She drops out of college to continue her work. Which term related to social class best describes this scenario? A. social stratification B. social inequality C. status inconsistency D. intersectionality

C. status inconsistency

According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as a(n) A. postmodern corporation. B. runaway shop. C. sweatshop. D. independent contractor.

C. sweatshop.

Ethnography's main goal is A. to develop ethics and standards for sociological research. B. to develop quantitative data sets that allow researchers to discover correlations. C. to understand the meanings people attach to their activities. D. to conduct interviews with people who have very different ways of life.

C. to understand the meanings people attach to their activities.

Among a group of military veterans who meet up regularly, the characteristic of others that they most often speak about is loyalty, which they see as the most desirable quality one can have. For this group, loyalty is a _____. A. taboo B. folkway C. value D. sanction

C. value

An example of in-group orientation is when a A. man renounces society and moves to a cabin in the woods. B. light-skinned African American woman claims to be white in order to avoid discrimination and violence. C. woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!" D. man wears a T-shirt identifying him as a member of a popular fraternity.

C. woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!"

Over the last fifty years, the US poverty rate has largely remained in what range? A. 10%-20% of the population B. 5%-25% of the population C. 5%-10% of the population D. 10%-15% of the population

D. 10%-15% of the population

According to the 2020 Census, what percent of the population identifies as non-Hispanic White? A. 30% B. 40% C. 51% D. 60%

D. 60%

Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"? A. An overweight person embraces his body type. B. A Jewish man attends church with his Christian wife. C. A man who doesn't drink goes to a bar for a social event. D. A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer.

D. A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer.

How is a counterculture different from a subculture? A. Members of a counterculture drop out of society, whereas members of a subculture actively protest and fight to change society. B. Subcultures are not culturally distinct from the mainstream; they just occupy a particular geographic area. C. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but only members of a subculture actively oppose important aspects of mainstream culture. D. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.

D. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.

The film Ascension showed instruction in emotional labor when depicting: A. A worker watching their phone while making goods. B. Artists creating provocative paintings of the working class. C. Seminars on anger management. D. Classes that included smiling and hugging instructions.

D. Classes that included smiling and hugging instructions.

________ is taboo in American society. A. Drunkenness B. Bankruptcy C. Divorce D. Drinking blood

D. Drinking blood

How do interviews give "voice" to people who may never have been heard before and offer privileged access to authentic experience, private worlds, and true selves? A. Interviews may contribute to unfair stereotypes. B. Respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful, are sometimes difficult to talk to, and may try too hard to be helpful. C. Interviews are quick, economical, and can provide a vast amount of data. D. Interviews allow respondents to speak in their own words, which can reveal their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.

D. Interviews allow respondents to speak in their own words, which can reveal their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.

In which states does the combination of TANF (welfare) and SNAP (food stamps) provide enough assistance to lift a family out of poverty? A. California and New York B. Hawai C. California D. None

D. None

In the Sermon on the Mount of the Christian New Testament, believers are told, "Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them." Of which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you? A. Religion reinforces sexism and provides separate roles for men and women. B. Religion gives people a set of social connections. C. Religion helps us understand our lives as meaningful. D. Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants.

D. Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants.

In 2009, South African track star Caster Semenya broke the world record in the 800-meter race. Subsequently, she was asked to prove to the world that she was a woman. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) subjected her to a complex series of tests that included physical and medical examinations. The controversy over Semenya's gender raises which of the following issues? A. Gender does not vary across cultures. B. Medical and other physical examinations are often necessary to determine gender. C. The IAAF is perpetuating gender inequality in sports. D. The IAAF's response assumes an essentialist idea of gender.

D. The IAAF's response assumes an essentialist idea of gender.

How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work? A. Employees are less easily distracted by outside influences since they can remain working on the Internet. B. Employee compensation has greatly increased. C. Productivity has declined. D. The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished.

D. The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished.

An example of outsourcing shown in the film Ascension was: A. Employees sewing American flags on jeans. B. Workers using iPhones in the cafeteria. C. American hip hop in the pool party. D. The production of Keep America Great merchandise.

D. The production of Keep America Great merchandise.

A sociologist thinks he has discovered a very interesting and unique finding. His data show a correlation between children's shoe sizes and their reading test scores. He thinks that children with bigger feet must be smarter. What is the most logical explanation based on this information? A. The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is causal. B. The bias of the researcher is influencing the correlation. C. The correlation between shoe size and reading test score is incorrect. D. The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious.

D. The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious.

What kind of sociologist believes that racial and ethnic identities bind people together and help society run much more efficiently? A. a conflict theorist B. a Weberian C. a symbolic interactionist D. a structural functionalist

D. a structural functionalist

According to conflict theory, women's contributions to family life are devalued because A. the resources provided by men are more valuable than those provided by women. B. family life remains the same when no one plays the expressive role. C. women are entering the workforce in greater numbers. D. as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status.

D. as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status.

Every presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the United States has been, at least publicly, A. a feminist. B. homosexual. C. male. D. cisgender.

D. cisgender.

Consider the major theoretical perspectives explored throughout the text. Which type of theorist might explore the idea that occupations traditionally held by men earn more money than those held by women, with the result being that men tend to be more financially successful and powerful? A. postmodernist B. symbolic interactionist C. structural functionalist D. conflict theorist

D. conflict theorist

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that A. the larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility. B. an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members. C. peer pressure emerges when a group's task is relatively difficult or demanding. D. groups have great power to induce conformity.

D. groups have great power to induce conformity.

Which of the following groups is engaged in contingent work? A. knowledge workers B. teachers C. service workers D. independent contractors

D. independent contractors

What is it an example of when office workers hang pictures in their cubicles or waste time daydreaming while on the clock? A. slacking B. collective resistance C. sticking it to the man D. individual resistance

D. individual resistance

As shown in the film Coded Bias, existing biases embedded in computer algorithms that reproduce existing inequalities is best thought of as an example of: A. explicit bias B. prejudice C. hidden curriculum D. institutionalized racism

D. institutionalized racism

A young man is told by his friends that, when at a bar, he should drink beer, but buy women shots in the hopes of getting the women drunk and increasing his chance of having sex with them. He tells his friends that they are encouraging A. functionalism. B. transphobia. C. men's liberation. D. rape culture.

D. rape culture.

A conflict theorists might argue that the true function of schools is that they A. teach students to have a profound intellectual engagement that allows them to establish a meaningful relationship with the society in which they live. B. train a workforce in computer and technology skills so students can work in a twenty-first-century information economy. C. teach traditional American values like respect, hard work, and punctuality. D. reproduce the class structure, making sure that most people grow up to have a socioeconomic status similar to that of their parents.

D. reproduce the class structure, making sure that most people grow up to have a socioeconomic status similar to that of their parents.

A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. A. stereotype B. agent of socialization C. role D. status

D. status

Karl Marx believed that workers in a capitalist economy experience alienation because A. they are surrounded by images and representations that do not relate to reality. B. shallow consumerism does not give them something to believe in and work for. C. they are often poor and deprived of their basic needs. D. they are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce.

D. they are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce.

A researcher spends years conducting fieldwork with an indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea and has a difficult time reacclimating to Western society when he returns to it. He uses the experience of returning home to view his own society from an outsider's perspective and learn something new about it. Which sociological concept best exemplifies the experience of this researcher?

microsociology, culture shock, expert's mind