SOCI 205 final

In Highpoint, Washington, asthma was endemic as a result of housing that had been built as temporary housing during and after WWII, but was still there 60 years later. The video Unnatural Causes: Place Matters noted that homes (called "Breath Easy Homes") were built with grants that had in-home infiltration systems that significantly reduced asthma in children in this neighborhood. These homes cost __________ extra to build than houses without the infiltration systems.

$6000

In 2007 Purdue Pharma plead guilty to charges of misbranding on the drug OxyContin, they (along with 3 company executives) were ordered to pay _____________ in fines, despite the fact that in 2001 & 2002 alone their combined total sales of OxyContin was $3 billion.

$634 Million

In 2009 the federal minimum wage was increased to _________ and today the federal minimum wage has been set at ___________.

$7.25 ; $7.25

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias

- An individual who believes that society should have greater equality is more likely to believe economic studies that indicate better economic outcomes result from greater equality as opposed to those that suggest the opposite - An individual who uses Google to search for news and regularly clicks on reports from Fox news will be more likely to receive stories from Fox news in future searches - An individual who rejects scientific evidence of global warming is more likely to believe media that suggests global warming is not happening - Correct! All of the above

In the documentary Eyes on the Prize, they noted that the African American Civil Rights Movement included which of the following forms of social protest against racial oppression?

- Boycotts of segregated public facilities like buses - Sit-ins at segregated facilities open to the public like restaurants - Peaceful marches in the streets - Correct! All of the above

In 1989, President George H.W. Bush held a televised press briefing in which he held up a bag of crack cocaine he reported had been confiscated from Lafayette Park, a park across the street from the White House. After the press briefing, reporters contacted the U.S. Park Police to ask about the prevalence of crack and other drug sales in Lafayette Park, and the commander of criminal investigations said that aside from the incident leading to the confiscation of the crack cocaine featured in the press briefing there had been _______ arrests for crack sales in Lafayette Park.

0

2017 Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that the rate of incarceration for whites in state or federal prisons was 272 per 100,000. The rate of incarceration for African Americans was _________ per 100,000.

1,549

The social movements and collective action taken by people like former U.S. Representative John Lewis during the civil rights movement lead to legal changes, such as the passage of the ____________ into law.

1965 voting rights act

According to Suzanne Kessler's research on inter-sexed infants, approximately __________________ percent of infants are born inter-sexed in the U.S.

2%

The documentary 13th notes that in 1980 the United States had a prison population of 513,900 but today the number of people imprisoned is approximately _________, which is the highest rate of incarceration in the world.

2.3 million

The documentary 13th notes that the United States has 5% of the world's population, but __________ of the world's prison population.

25%

In the 1990s the Institute on Race and Poverty conducted a study on racial profiling in police stop and search procedures in Maryland on the I-95 corridor, of those drivers stopped and searched by police the study found that the "hit rate" (or the percentage of searches that revealed contraband) for whites was 28%; for African Americans the "hit rate" was _________.

28%

A 2009 Vera Institute study on prosecutorial discretion found that of arrestees in New York arrested with drugs and drug paraphernalia, 27% of African Americans were not prosecuted, and _____ of whites were not prosecuted.

41%

According to lecture, between 1915 to 1960 ________ African Americans migrated from rural South to the North and West.

6 million

In lecture discussion of Jonathan Kozol's analysis of the differences between Chicago South-side school DuSable, and suburban Dearborn Park school New Trier, it was noted that at DuSable _____ percent of the curriculum has been changed to vocational education so that students do not have core curriculum classes to prepare them for college.

63%

Michael Tonry notes that in 1990, less than a decade after Ronald Reagan implemented the Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Agencies Act (passed in 1981), African Americans were _________ as likely as whites to be incarcerated.

7 times

The video Unnatural Causes: Place Matters noted that in the community of Highpoint, Washington, asthma was endemic -- 1 in ______ houses were effected by asthma.

9

In class discussion about the definition of freedom, we noted that freedom is:

A relational principle in a society

The protests that occured in 2020 after George Floyd was murdered by a Minneapolis police officer occurred in which cities/states?

All 50 states in the United States, and in cities in other countries throughout the world

2017 Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that among females ages 18 to 19, black females were 2 times more likely than white females to be incarcerated in state or federal prisons.

False

According to Arlie Hochschild, the amount of the household labor (or reproductive labor) done by women in married families with children is equal to one week of 10 hour days per year of added labor for women in addition to their paid labor jobs.

False

According to Stephen Jay Gould, the only way Morton's research on craniology was flawed because Morton did not attempt to eliminate his personal bias and prejudice about race in his research.

False

According to the video Unnatural Causes: When the Bough Breaks, African American mothers with a college degree have better birth outcomes than white mothers without a high school education.

False

After Alabama Judge Johnson finally approved the march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965, Governor George Wallace (of Alabama) gave in to the appeals of President Johnson and provided police protection for marchers for the entirety of the march.

False

After Brown v. Board of Education, when Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was ordered to desegregate, forces of the state government and private citizens combined to prevent Black students from entering the high school and the federal government sent troops within 7 days to provide support and protection for African American students to enter the school.

False

Although countries with higher levels of inequality experience higher levels of some health and social problems, social mobility (or the ability for one generation to do better financially than the previous generation) is also higher in countries with high levels of inequality.

False

Although racial segregation in education persists, resources inequality in schools has equalized since the Brown v. Board of Education case was decided in 1954.

False

Although there remains some racial segregation in education in the years since Brown v. Board of Education, it only remains in Southern states, and most U.S. schools are desegregated.

False

If you account for educational attainment, occupational segregation, work experience, and time off for family caregiving, it reveals that the wage gap between men and women is not about gender, but personal choices and attributes.

False

In 1790 the first Congress of the United States restricted naturalization to only "free white persons", and this restriction to naturalized citizenship to white persons was in effect in U.S. law until 1927.

False

In 2007 Richard Sackler, owner of Purdue Pharma, was found guilty of criminal charges of misbranding medication and was sentenced to 3 years in jail.

False

In The Uncertain Hour podcast, Episode 2, the welfare recipients that the reporters talked with noted that they would prefer to receive welfare benefits rather than work in minimum wage jobs.

False

In the 1980s and 1990s the National Restaurant Association joined with workers to call on Congress to increase the minimum wage.

False

In the Supreme Court decision of Brown II (the remedial decision for Brown v. Board of Education) the Supreme Court held that Schools in districts segregated by law needed to desegregate immediately.

False

In the Uncertain Hour podcast, they note that because reporters discovered that the DEA had set up the crack sale from Keith Jackson in Lafayette Park so that President Bush could use the crack as a prop in his press briefing, Mr. Jackson was never arrested for the crack sale.

False

In the documentary Eyes on the Prize, the authors demonstrated how social protest is irrelevant to structural or legal change.

False

Michael Tonry suggests that the incarceration rate for African Americans tripled between 1981-1990 because African Americans were committing more crime during this decade.

False

Participating in public marches and/or targeted demonstrations are the only forms of behavior considered to be "social protest & social movements" by social scientists.

False

Residential racial segregation in the U.S. today is most accurately described as the result of individual choices about what communities they want to live in.

False

The United States incarcerates more people per capita than any country in the world except China.

False

The first time civil rights activists, including John Lewis, Chairman of SNCC, attempted to march for civil rights in Selma, Alabama, the march was stopped when violence erupted as the marchers crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. In what would come to be known as "Bloody Sunday", the violence began when members of SNCC attacked the police who were attempting to stop the marchers from proceeding beyond Selma.

False

The non-profit organization Partners Against Pain was an independent institute for pain research who examined OxyContin and concluded that it was as safe as oxycodone.

False

The policy implemented after World War II, which ensured that white men who had left their jobs to fight in the war effort would get their jobs back when they returned from war, was a policy that was deliberately designed to ensure that white men could retain economic advantage over black men after the Great Migration.

False

The statistics presented in lecture show that whites report using drugs more than African Americans, but African Americans report selling drugs more than whites.

False

The video Code Switch, from class, discussed residential segregation, and the noted that the 1968 Fair Housing Act prohibits housing discrimination and included three provisions for reducing the structural effects of past behaviors in the housing market.

False

When the civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama finally took place, at the end approximately 5,000 people marched.

False

While distinctions about what types of clothes are "masculine" or "feminine" are about social constructions of gender, the concept of sex is completely distinct from gender because it is about the dichotomous biology of physical bodies and genitalia.

False

While the Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in some areas of the U.S., the documentary 13th notes that it was not until the 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified that slaver was prohibited under all circumstances everywhere in the United States.

False

After Brown v. Board of Education, when Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was ordered to desegregate, forces of the state government and private citizens combined to prevent Black students from entering the high school and the federal government sent troops within 7 days to provide support and protection for African American students to enter the school.

False (21 days or something)

In the theory of structuration, culture:

Influences individuals (agents) to act in ways the tend to reproduce social structure as it is

In 1974 the Supreme Court held that District courts could not order inter-district remedies, in cases of unlawful school segregation, which included the city of Detroit and the surrounding suburbs, unless there was a showing that the school board in each of the surrounding suburbs acted intentionally to create the racial segregation. This was the holding in the case:

Milliken v Bradley

In a study of "rage incidents" on airplanes, researchers found that the presence of a first-class section on an airplane:

Raised the chance of such a disturbance by the same amount as a nine-and-a-half hour flight delay

A basic proposition or assumption that isn't deduced from other propositions or assumptions, or a form of reasoning that breaks down complicated problems into basic elements is:

Reasoning from First Principles

The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case was a challenge to the legal precedent of which of the following cases?

The Plessy v Ferguson doctrine of separate but equal

According to Arlie Hoschild's ethnographic research, even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______.

The second shift

According to Dr. Noble, "classification systems" exist as part of the scientific approach to studying the social world.

True

According to biologist Rebecca Helms's research a person may be chromosomally male, genetically female, and hormonally non-binary, complicating binary notions of "biological" sex.

True

According to the American Psychological Association (APA) fact sheet on gender identities, it is difficult to estimate the exact number of people who identify as non-binary, because research on sex and gender has not included non-binary as a response category.

True

According to the podcast The Uncertain Hour, tactics such as the good housing-keeping tests and midnight raids were tactics case workers used to keep Black women in particular from receiving welfare benefits.

True

Artist/designer Chango Cummings created his piece "Through the Glass Eyes" to capture the feeling of mass surveillance of Black people by the state, and begin conversations about surveillance and freedom.

True

Barrie Thorne's research on gender dynamics of boys and girls in schools is an example of how schools functions as institutions that socialize children to conform to gender norms.

True

Claude Steele describes a story of New York Times columnist Brent Staples, and African American man who described being a psychology graduate student at the University of Chicago, and realizing that when he was walking at night white people were in fear of him because of racial stereotypes about African American men in that Chicago community. Staples says that he began whistling classical music like Vivaldi's Four Seasons to make white people feel more comfortable as they passed him on the street.

True

Current research seems to indicate that transgender individuals are at higher risk of experiencing domestic violence and sexual assault than non-transgender indivduals.

True

In countries with greater inequality, people say that they have lower levels of trust for their fellow citizens than in countries with relatively less inequality.

True

In the 1980s marketing executives targeted fast food marketing to children; marketing campaigns were designed to provide children specific reason to ask for products at particular fast food chains and encourage them to nag their parents to take them to those fast food restaurants.

True

In the case of Milliken v. Bradley, the Supreme Court's holding resulted in residential segregation mapping onto schools resulting in the perpetuation of racial segregation in education.

True

In the reading When Affirmative Action Was White, Katznelson notes that one way that African Americans faced discrimination in access to military benefits occurred because African Americans were denied access to military service because of racially discriminatory findings of "medical" disqualifications from military service.

True

Kristie Seelman's research indicates that discrimination against transgender individuals in domestic violence shelters and programs increases if transgender individuals are also low income, a person of color, and/or undocumented.

True

New Deal unemployment insurance excluded coverage for domestic workers and farmworkers.

True

One major difference between the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and the 2020 protest movements that occured after the murder of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police office is that the social protests in 2020 were racially integrated and young white people were much more involved.

True

The 14th Amendment included a provision making all persons born in the United States citizens.

True

The process of peer review, whereby members of the scientific community review the scientific processes of a study before the study is published, is an essential element of the scientific process.

True

The resource inequality in white neighborhoods versus African American neighborhoods leads to school funding inequality even when people in African American neighborhoods pay disproportionately higher tax rates.

True

Until the 18th century, race was generally a concept used in conjunction with family or clan ties, and was not based upon physical characteristics as it is today.

True

The four essential elements of the bureaucracies influenced by the process George Ritzer calls the McDonaldization are:

a) Efficiency, predictability, calculability, control

The vast majority of those in the physical and social sciences have concluded that race is socially constructed, not biological, because:

a) The physical characteristics we associate with race are arbitrary b) The categories we think of as racial groups change over time and are different in different societies even at one specific historical moment c) There is more differentiation within so-called racial groups than between so-called racial groups. Correct Answer d) all of the above

According to Keith Payne, researchers in the U.S. conducted a study on perceptions of inequality in the United States by showing them two charts on wealth inequality; one chart was based upon the actual wealth distribution in the United States, the other was based upon the wealth distribution in Sweden. They then asked the research subjects to select the society in which they would like to live if they were randomly assigned to end up in an economic status in that society. The researchers found that:

a) both men and women selected the Swedish model by more than 90% b) 89% of people who made six figure salaries selected the Swedish model c) 90% of self-identified Republicans chose the Swedish model Correct! d) all of the above

A statue of Robert E. Lee is an example of:

a) material culture and b) nonmaterial (symbolic) culture

Science is:

a) systematic attempt to produce knowledge about the natural or social world. b) the production of knowledge through empirical research and theory c) influenced by cultural understandings and social biases Correct! d) all of the above

The major social structural factors that led to the mass proliferation and success of fast food restaurants were:

a) the federal construction of interstate highways b) increased car and truck sales leading many more individuals owning automobiles c) mass construction of homes building and the construction of the suburbs Correct Answer d) all of the above

The New Deal policies that provided assistance for individuals during the Great Depression disproportionately provided government aid to whites in part because:

a) the vast majority of African Americans worked in agriculture in the South b) virtually all white local administration of federal aids to families explicitly discriminated against African Americans, c) federal aid grants grants were given to the state authorities to disperse and and no conditions about how they were dispersed at the local level were required Correct Answer d) all of the above

The podcast The Uncertain Hour noted that the 1996 Welfare Reform Bill that recreated welfare in the United States included four directives for how states could use welfare money from the federal block grants. Those four goals included:

a. Job preparation b. Preventing out-of-wedlock pregnancies c. Cash assistance for needy families Correct! d. All of the above

Racial disparities in U.S. jails and prisons are explained by which of the following structural factors:

a. Racial residential segregation b. Diversion of federal criminal justice funding from white collar crime to street crime c. Differential criminal sentencing for crack versus powder cocaine Correct! d. All of the above

In Jennifer Pierce's research on gendered jobs in law firms she finds that:

a. demographically more men are litigators and more women are paralegals b. women paralegals were asked to perform caretaking or "mothering" work such as helping litigators get dressed for court c. women who worked as litigators were teased and criticized if they performed like the "Rambo litigator" as their male colleagues did. Correct! d. All of the above

In Richard Wilkinson's talk on the harms of socioeconomic inequality he notes that empirical evidence demonstrates that societies with higher levels of inequality (measured by the distance between the top 20% of earners compared to the bottom 20% of earners),rates of _________________________ is/are higher compared to less unequal societies.

a. infant mortality b. mental illness c. homicide Correct! d. all of the above

Suzanne Kessler's research on inter-sexed infants found that from approximately the 1970s-the present, doctors made decisions about surgically altering inter-sexed children to fit into the sex binary based primarily upon a medical determination that the infant could develop in puberty to have _____________________________.

an averaged sized or larger penis

public art is

art that is displayed outside of a gallery or exclusive space

In 1938 Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act that regulated labor that regulated paid labor by:

b) Imposing a 40 hour work week (effective 3 years after passage of the act), requiring overtime pay for those who worked more than 40 hours in a week.

In the case of U.S. v. Thind, the U.S. Supreme Court held that:

b) The legal definition of white was a term of common usage to be defined by the common man's understanding

Max Weber's concept of formal rationality refers to:

b) the process by which societies organize institutions using rules and regulations

In the podcast The Uncertain Hour discussed a Riverside, California welfare program which focused on getting welfare recipients into jobs by focusing on messaging the value of work (including through the production of a pro-work music CD) and forcing recipients to take whatever entry level job they could find. The Riverside model became influential in the federal legislative changes concerning welfare and facilitated the passage of The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 largely because of research findings that followed those who were in the Riverside program and found that five years after leaving the program they were more likely to be employed and were financially better off than those in programs that were focused on education and worker-training. When further research compared people in the Riverside program to those in education and worker-training based programs 7-8 years later, researchers found:

b) the trend reversed and those in the Riverside work focused program were less financially well off than those in education and training based programs.

In Bonnie Thorne's research on boys and girls in school she found:

b. boys occupied more playground space, nearly 2/3rds of the playground, than girls

According to Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's discussion in the film Race the Power of an Illusion II, the assimilation "melting pot" did not include:

c) Blacks and Chinese

According to Marxist theory, the class status of individuals in capitalist societies is defined by:

c) an individual's ownership (or lack of ownership) of the means of production in a society

In Giddens' concept of structuration:

c) social structure is continuously reproduced or changed as a result of the recursive relationship between structure and social agents

Richard Rothstein notes that largely as a result of government federal housing policies requiring racial residential segregation, economic inequality between whites and African Americans today is severe, and African Americans incomes are _____ of white incomes and African American wealth is _________ of white wealth.

c. 60% __ 10%

Ann Swidler suggests that individuals learn habits, skills, and values that lead to "strategies of action" and she calls these social meanings and behaviors the:

cultural toolkit

The two components of scientific research are:

empirical research and theory

A theory of knowledge which focuses on explanations about how we know things is:

epistemology

Arlie Hochschild's research on division of household (or reproductive labor) between married men and women with children who both work began with a survey, but after she gave the survey she conducted a(n) __________________ which helped her discover that both men and women underestimated the amount of household labor men do.

ethnography

In The Broken Ladder, Keith Payne suggests that for the majority of individuals, their subjective perceptions of their own status aligns with their objective measures of status like income, level of education, and job status.

false

In the 1990s George Ritzer created the theory of McDonaldization, but in the 2000s when he updated his theory he suggested that Starbucks' construction of the "third place" had created an entirely new model of organization that was fundamentally different from the organizational structure of McDonalds.

false

Jennifer Pierce's research on gender dynamics in law firms found that when men entered the female dominated profession of paralegal, they were asked to do the same kind of mothering that women in those jobs were asked to do.

false

Most of the family heirs featured in the film Born Rich required their children to work in low level positions in the family businesses before they were able to inherit family money.

false

Sandra Harding's concept of strong objectivity refers to the need for scientists to maintain an ice cold impartiality and not be influenced by any personal perspectives.

false

The National Academy of Sciences states that scientists engaged in ethical research must never be influenced by societal values, but instead must always ensure their position with regard to their research is rigidly impartial and socially neutral. You Answered

false

According to biologist Rebecca Helms, a child with XX chromosomes with an SRY gene on one of the X chromosomes could be biologically physically female and ________________.

genetically male

According to the film Race the Power of an Illusion, the fact that genetic diseases like sickle cell disease are found disparately in different groups is BEST explained by:

geography

Marx suggested that members of the Capitalist class were able to hold power over the larger worker class without violence or threat of violence through the use of:

ideology

The 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that whites reported more drug use than African Americans for every drug except:

none of the above

Kristie L. Seelman reports CDC research which finds that within the United States, approximately _________________ of all women been stalked, raped, and/or physically abused by an intimate partner.

one third (35.6%)

Regardless of the city one is in, a hamburger purchased at McDonalds is always very much the same. This is due to what Ritzer called _____.

predictability

According to Victor Rios' Ted Talk, the most important component (of his 3 strategies for change) that can bring change to the lives of young (especially African American and Latinx) kids who are at risk of dropping out of school is:

providing resources to these students

According to the video Unnatural Causes: When the Bough Breaks, after conducting studies in the U.S. and in African countries, they concluded that the most likely cause for the disparities between African American women and whiite womrn in low birthweight babies is:

racism

In the research hypothesis: "rapid societal change will cause increases rage incidents in public interactions", the dependent variable is:

rage incidents in public

A systematic attempt to produce knowledge about the social world is called

science

Richard Rothstein notes that a strategy that developed in congress to stop legislation from passing called the "poison pill" strategy was to add unpopular amendments to a bill so that when the bill comes up for a vote it will be defeated. The most famous "poison pill" strategy involved the 1964 Civil Rights Act whereby opponents of the law prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race contained in the original bill added a prohibition on discrimination based upon _______ believing that that would result in the defeat of the entire bill.

sex

according to Dr. Noble, the algorithms of search engines like google operate in such a way that

social biases influence what counts as legitimate knowledge and our research/knowledge searches tend to result in locating information that confirms our existing biases

The relatively permanent social organization of individuals (agents), organizations, and institutions in a society is:

social structure

Roger is an African American student at Princeton University. He is majoring in Engineering, and when asked to complete an exam of complex mathematical problems, he performs better on the exam when he is told that the exam is a test of the validity of the individual questions, as opposed to a test measuring his math competency. This is probably an example of a:

stereotype threat

Gender norms and the boundaries of gender socialization are frequently enforced through the deployment of homophobia.

true

knowledge is fundamentally social

true