Soci 320 Ch 6

Physical practices common in certain sports and accepted by athletes and spectators alike Collisions, hits, tackles

brutal body contact

Most sociological research on sport spectator violence has been done by scholars in a. North America. b. South america. c. Asia. d. Europe.

d. Europe.

what are the 4 types of violence on the field?

1. brutal body contact 2. borderline violence 3. quasi-criminal violence 4. criminal violence

A popular paradox in today's sports: People accept violence while being concerned about injuries caused by violence Disabling injuries caused by violence in some sports are serious problems Ex-NFL players Dominant ideas about masculinity are related to high injury rates in men's sports

Pain and Injury as the price of violence

Contrary to popular belief: Research shows that violence was more severe in the past - on & off the field Rates of sports violence have not increased over time Violence in sports is an issue today because it may serve to: Reproduce a form of gender ideology that privileges men over women Endangers many men

Violence in sports through history

Control may be learned if sport cultures emphasize: Non-violence Self-control Respect for self and others Physical fitness Patience

Violence is most likely when sports are organized in ways that: Produce hubris (sense of entitlement) Separate athletes from the community Encourage athletes to think that others do not deserve their respect

Using violence in sports comes to be defined as "normal" by many people when the ability to "do" violence is seen as a. a means for males to prove their "manhood." b. necessary if a person is to be a good leader. c. a way to protect one's health and well-being. d. an important part of being human.

a. a means for males to prove their "manhood."

When large-scale panics occur at sport venues, they a. are fueled by emotional contagion. b. usually focus on attacking police. c. seldom lead to injuries or deaths among spectators. d. involve people from poor, rural backgrounds.

a. are fueled by emotional contagion.

Due to general fears about terrorist attacks at sport events, people a. are more willing to accept a militaristic approach to social control at events. b. have become more knowledgeable about world events. c. are more will to pay high prices for seats close to exits. d. have developed a wide range of strategies to protect themselves at events

a. are more willing to accept a militaristic approach to social control at events.

Historical evidence shows that compared to spectators in the past, spectators today are a. less violent and less likely to disrupt action on the field. b. more violent in the stands but less violent around the stadium. c. less violent in the stadium but more violent around it. d. more violent and more likely to use weapons in their violence.

a. less violent and less likely to disrupt action on the field.

Sport spectators at North American stadiums and arenas are a. loud and expressive but not generally violent.. b. more violent than their counterparts in Europe and Latin America. c. likely to see sport events in political terms and use them as protest sites. d. seldom policed when entering venues where professional teams play.

a. loud and expressive but not generally violent..

It is difficult to reduce the injuries that occur in power and performance sports because a. most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports. b. human beings are inherently violent. c. most parents encourage their children to be aggressive in sports. d. people who choose to play these sports have strong aggressive tendencies.

a. most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports.

An investigation of sexual assaults by high school and club coaches in the state of Washington found that a. nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls. b. more than half of all assaults were perpetrated by homosexual coaches. c. every coach who was accused of assault was fired immediately. d. nearly all reports of sexual misconduct were investigated by the police.

a. nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls.

The author argues that players in noncontact sports are a. seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors. b. taught to use psychological as well as physical violence. c. the most violent of all athletes when they have opportunities to be violent. d. more likely than athletes in contact sports to use intimidation.

a. seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors.

Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because a. sports are designed to create tension and excitement. b. coaches have little training in strategies of violence control. c. the personalities of athletes have become more violent over time. d. spectators are less civilized today than they were in the past.

a. sports are designed to create tension and excitement.

As defined in the chapter, violence refers to a. using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction. b. any physical actions that are motivated by strong feelings. c. actions that are both irrational and strategic. d. any form of assault grounded in human instinct

a. using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction.

Rates of violence are higher in men's sports than in women's sports because a. violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports. b. men love the physicality of sports more than women do. c. male hormones cause men to be violent. d. people will not pay to see women do violence

a. violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports.

It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because a. violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent. b. researchers cannot agree on a definition of violence. c. athletes won't talk about their experiences on the field. d. athletes generally look for trouble when they are off the field.

a. violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent.

Research has shown that spectators are most likely to be violent when they interpret the actions of the players on the field to be a. violent. b. emotionally intense. c. uncontrolled. d. product-oriented.

a. violent.

Learning to use violence as a strategy in men's contact sports

athletes in heavy contact sports learn to use intimidation, aggression and violence to achieve competitive success

When playing power and performance sports boys and men learn that a. using violence will hurt their status on teams and in sports generally. b. being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag." c. all forms of violence lead to punishments in games. d. being able to take violence is good but giving it is bad.

b. being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag."

Celebratory riots have been among the most dangerous and destructive forms of sport spectator violence in North America. In the ast, they occurred most often at a. NFL playoff games. b. college football games. c. professional soccer matches in large cities. d. World Series baseball games.

b. college football games.

The primary goal of the suggestions for controlling spectator violence is to create a. fear and anxiety among spectators. b. create new antiviolence norms among spectators. c. a policing system that is covert and unseen by spectators. d. events that limit emotional expression among spectators.

b. create new antiviolence norms among spectators.

According to the author, watching sports on television often leads viewers to be a. so hostile that it creates a context in which violence is common. b. emotionally expressive, but not overtly violent. c. targets of violence done by people who dislike sports. d. angry and violent only when they are watching with a crowd.

b. emotionally expressive, but not overtly violent.

The author notes that the legal liability related to brain injuries is most likely to affect the future of a. global soccer leagues where players make low salaries. b. heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent. c. sports played by people from low income families. d. women's heavy contact and collision sports.

b. heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent.

Learning to use violence as a strategy in sports tends to be highest in a. noncontact sports. b. heavy contact sports. c. sports which attract spectators from upper-income groups. d. sports in which there is no protective equipment used by players.

b. heavy contact sports.

The person who plays the role of "enforcer" on a contact sport team is expected to a. assist referees in controlling the game. b. intimidate and use violence against opponents. c. provide legal advice to teammates. d. aggravate the coach of the opposing team.

b. intimidate and use violence against opponents.

Loic Wacquant's study of an inner-city boxing gym in Chicago indicated that the boxers a. were eager to use their fighting skills to protect themselves on the streets. b. learned to control violent actions as they learned the craft of boxing. c. joined the gym to learn violence in an organized setting. d. were motivated by hate for fellow boxers who trained at other gyms.

b. learned to control violent actions as they learned the craft of boxing.

Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that a. as violence increases in a sport, serious injuries among athletes decrease. b. professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces. c. former athletes have fewer health problems than average people. d. sports are safest when athletes overconform to the norms of the sport ethic.

b. professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces.

Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in a. brutal body contact or criminal violence. b. quasi-criminal or criminal violence. c. borderline violence or quasi-criminal violence. d. violent overconformity or criminal violence.

b. quasi-criminal or criminal violence.

Research on high school students has found that a. males in heavy contact sports are involved in fewer fights than other athletes. b. tennis players are involved in fewer fights than peers who don't play sports. c. women soccer players has higher rates of fighting than any male athletes. d. male students with football players as friends fought less than other students.

b. tennis players are involved in fewer fights than peers who don't play sports.

A study by Nancy Theberge found that elite women ice hockey players have a difficult time controlling all forms of brutal body contact in their sport because a. their coaches demand that they use violence as a game strategy. b. they love the physicality of ice hockey. c. they often develop a strong hatred for their opponents. d. their teammates expect them to use forms of quasi-criminal violence.

b. they love the physicality of ice hockey.

The goal of sociological research on violence among athletes is to a. identify violent athletes and isolate them from those they may hurt. b. understand violence in the context in which it occurs. c. eliminate all brutal body contact in sports. d. let athletes know what women really think of them.

b. understand violence in the context in which it occurs.

Practices that violate the rules of the game but are accepted by most players and spectators as "strategic" "Brush back" pitch in baseball, fighting in hockey

borderline violence

The chapter is organized partly around a typology of violence developed by Mike Smith. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories in his typology? a. Criminal violence. b. Borderline violence. c. Intentional violence. d. Brutal body contact.

c. Intentional violence.

Research findings as well as popular ideas about sports and violence are often full of contradictions. One of the reasons for this is that a. the short-term effects of playing or watching sports cannot be studied. b. terms such as violence and aggression are defined too precisely. c. all sports are lumped together regardless of their purpose or organization. d. social scientists shy away from studying violence.

c. all sports are lumped together regardless of their purpose or organization.

Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include a. brutal body contact and quasi-criminal violence. b. quasi-criminal violence and criminal violence. c. borderline violence and brutal body contact. d. criminal violence and borderline violence.

c. borderline violence and brutal body contact.

Soccer spectators outside of North America are more likely than North American sport spectators to use sport event as site to a. distract players from the visiting team. b. throw objects at cheerleaders. c. express political positions. d. identify violent fans to stadium authorities.

c. express political positions.

When violence occurs in connection with widespread rejection of norms it often is described as anarchy; when it occurs in connection with blind obedience to norms and autocratic leaders, it is described as a. revolution. b. democracy. c. fascism. d. necessity.

c. fascism.

Todd Crosset's review of research on sexual assaults by male athletes indicates that a. playing violent sports has no connection with sexual assault rates. b. male athletes have higher assault rates than any other group in society. c. it is misleading to focus only on athletes when studying sexual assault. d. male athletes are clearly a dangerous group of people.

c. it is misleading to focus only on athletes when studying sexual assault.

Information on violence in women's contact sports suggests that women are a. genetically predisposed to be less violent than men are. b. more likely than men to be violent in response to the commands of a coach. c. less likely than men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity. d. becoming less violent in sports as rewards for success become greater.

c. less likely than men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity

According to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, a. marathons have been the target of dozens of terrorist attacks in recent years. b. security costs to protect major sport events are very low. c. sport events can be attractive to terrorists because they receive media coverage. d. terrorist attacks are motivated by religious beliefs

c. sport events can be attractive to terrorists because they receive media coverage.

In the information on terrorism it is noted that a. since 9/11/2001, security at sport events has actually decreased. b. there has never been a case of terrorism at a major sport event. c. sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism. d. terrorists are regularly arrested at sport events in the U.S.

c. sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism.

Deviant overconformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of this violence are grounded in a. a desire for self-fulfillment and personal satisfaction. b. a lack of commitment to team norms. c. the desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete. d. a deep and secure sense of self-worth as a human being.

c. the desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete.

Research suggests that violent onfrontations between sport spectators is most likely when a. female spectators outnumber male spectators. b. people from different racial and ethnic group attend the same events. c. there are existing tensions and conflicts in a community or society. d. venue managers install sophisticated surveillance equipment

c. there are existing tensions and conflicts in a community or society.

As defined in the chapter, intimidation refers to a. any verbal behavior motivated by anger or frustration. b. physical actions that are rigidly focused on a particular task. c. words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression. d. all efforts that are made to influence another person.

c. words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression.

Practices that violate not only rules of the game but also societal laws, condemned by players, coaches, and spectators alike Hockey player intentionally striking a defenseless player from behind with a hockey stick (McSorley on Brashir) ~against the law, not just the laws in sport

criminal violence

Which of the following is NOT among the author's policy recommendations for controlling sport violence? a. Respecting the needs and rights of the spectators. b. Limiting on-the-field violence. c. Establishing closer relationships between communities and teams. d. Banning all block sales of tickets to large groups of people.

d. Banning all block sales of tickets to large groups of people.

The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes is associated with at least five specific aspects of the culture of men's sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those aspects? a. Collective hubris that separates athletes from the rest of the community. b. A general failure to hold athletes accountable for violating community norms. c. Support for the view that violence is a useful interpersonal tool. d. Repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field.

d. Repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field.

Spectator violence varies with many factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors? a. The location of the event. b. Alcohol consumption by the spectators. c. The importance of the teams as a source of identity for the spectators. d. The personality profiles of regular spectators at an event.

d. The personality profiles of regular spectators at an event.

Sport participation may help people learn to control aggressive action in their lives. This has occurred in connection with some combat sports when the a. people are committed to competitive success in their sport. b. coaches teach athletes how to effectively use their bodies as weapons. c. athletes in a sport come from mixed social class and racial backgrounds. d. coaches promote norms emphasizing non-violence and respect for self and others

d. coaches promote norms emphasizing non-violence and respect for self and others

Instead of saying that commercialization causes violence, the author states that it is more accurate to say that a. money is the only cause of violence in sports. b. human beings are instinctively violent. c. violence is caused by the media. d. commercialization enables more people to play violent sports

d. commercialization enables more people to play violent sports

Research indicates that concussions as well as repetitive subconcussive head hits can cause brain injuries that may lead to CTE—chronic traumatic encephalopathy. CTE is a neurodegenerative disease with symptoms similar to a. diabetes. b. a chronic flu. c. many autoimmune diseases. d. early onset dementia.

d. early onset dementia.

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that they will be a. punished if they use any form of brutal body contact when they play. b. rewarded if they can engage in criminal violence without guilt. c. rejected by peers if they use borderline violence in sport. d. evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills.

d. evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills.

Preventing or minimizing CTE through the use of helmets and other head protection equipment has not been successful because helmets a. are not always used in practices. b. that stabilize the brain are too exensive. c. are so heavy that they put pressure on the brain. d. helmets cannot stop the brain from moving inside the skull.

d. helmets cannot stop the brain from moving inside the skull.

Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were a. less likely to involve serious injuries. b. more likely to use technology. c. more rule-governed. d. more violent.

d. more violent.

As defined in the chapter, aggression refers to a. an instinctive behavior that serves to protect oneself in the face of threat. b. a category of behaviors that lack an awareness of or sensitivity to others. c. any action that results in property destruction or injuries to people. d. verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person.

d. verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person.

In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that a. violence destroys careers. b. fighting loses games but wins fans. c. coaches cut violent players. d. violence is part of the game.

d. violence is part of the game.

Practices that violate the formal rules of the game and informal norms of athletes, not usually accepted by either players or spectators Cheap shots, late hits, sucker punches ~pushing someone after a play

quasi-criminal violence

crowd dynamics: Crowd size Composition of crowd Meaning and importance of event History of relationship between teams Crowd control strategies at event

spectator violence: Alcohol consumption by spectators Location of event Motivations for attending the event Importance of teams as sources of identity for spectators

"The use of excessive physical force, which causes or has the potential to cause harm or destruction"

violence

Violence in sports is not limited to men However, when women do violence in sports, it is not seen as a proof of femininity like it is for men and masculinity Dominant gender ideology in many cultures that links manhood with the ability to do violence, but no such link with women Playing power and performance sports often are ways to prove masculinity

violence and masculinity

learning to use violence as a strategy in women's contact sports

~women's sports emphasize power and performance and they have higher stakes associated with success ~willing to dedicate themselves to the game and take risks