SOCI210 The Real World: Introduction to Sociology Chapters 1-7 (Ch. 2 omitted) MIDTERM Study Guide

Western companies are powerful enough to impose their products on markets because of their economic strength. This exemplifies —————.

Cultural imperialism

When cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar, they are experiencing the phenomenon of————.

Cultural leveling

The term ——————refers to the way of life of a group of people.

Culture

What describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

______________ association theory argues that we learn to be deviant from peers who are deviant.

Differential

One strategy that might help solve, or at least alleviate, the problem of social loafing is_____.

Giving names to teams and t-shirts to their members.

What is an example that represents the ranking of different types of norms from least to most morally significant?

Folkways, mores, & taboos

What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?

Groupthink

What is one of the basic principles of social stratification?

It is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared in a society.

Which of the following is a form of stratification in which positions are awarded on the basis of accomplishment & skill?

Metricracy

The slogan," What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas ", is an example of —————.

Moral holiday

Role conflict occurs when an individual has_________.

Multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.

Punishing crime by incarcerating individuals in prison, became common in the __________ century.

Nineteenth

What is the definition of anomie?

Normlessness or a loss of connections to the social world

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter a(n) _________.

Open institution

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality passes through four distinct _________ stages of development.

Psychosexual

What does the nature versus nurture debate help us understand?

The complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.

Which agent of socialization has the most enduring lifelong impact on the individual?

The family

Ethnocentrism refers to —————.

Using one's own culture as a standard to judge others.

Many workers at auto plants in Michigan lost their jobs when plants closed. What has this resulted in for these workers?

Vertical social mobility

What would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

Violations of social norms.

An example of an aggregate is ___________.

A line of people waiting in line to buy movie tickets.

What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge their own accomplishments?

A reference group

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

A woman learning basic skills after a car accident.

Although the term references race, which could also be an example of "passing?"

A woman who conceals her identity as a lesbian at work.

An example of in-group orientation is when ______________.

A woman writes on her social media, "I am black, trans, and proud!"

Sociologists define the self as _________.

An individual's personal identity that is different from others.

Durkheim worried individuals would feel less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented world, which leads to ___________.

Anomie or normlessness

Which types of jobs are usually available to members of the lower-middle class?

Blue-collar & manual labor jobs

———————- is the economic system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

Capitalism

For change to happen in society in order to end suppression, Karl Marx believed that the lower classes must develop what?

Class consciousness

What did Karl Marx state is the catalyst for social change?

Conflict between social groups

Critical race theory is associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives of sociology?

Conflict theory

Sociologists call the awareness of our own and other's class statuses _________.

Everyday class consciousness

What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?

Expressive

What defines so-called official poverty in the United States based on household income?

Federal poverty line

Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to ___________.

Feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement.

Which was probably Harriett Martineau's greatest contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline?

Her translation of the work of August Comte into English.

What term describes the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership?

Homogamy

Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in ____________________.

How stigma always leads to positive outcomes.

A deviant label transitions from primary to secondary deviance when the deviant label is ______.

Internalized

Examples of —————are the furniture and artwork in a building.

Material culture

Incarceration, a frown, and monetary fines are all examples of ————.

Sanctions

An individual belongs to a ______________if the members are mostly anonymous to one another.

Secondary group

For Robert Merton, a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made is a_________.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is a factor that can lead to increased group cohesion?

Shared values

Why was Harriett Martineau considered radical for her time?

She endorsed labor unions, abolition of slavery, & women's suffrage.

What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?

Social influence

What term best describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?

Social stratification

According to C. Wright Mills, what is the one quality of mind that all great sociologists possess?

Sociological imagination

Which of the following views society as a unit made up of interrelated parts that work together?

Structural functionalism

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, more dominant culture is called a ———.

Subculture

A goal of socialization is to ___________.

Teach norms, values, and beliefs.

Which social class category is comprised of people who live in poverty conditions and typically earn $15,000 or less per year?

Underclass

Theorists have suggested that all individuals act like mirrors to each other. What do sociologists call this concept?

The looking-glass self

What was the Asch experimentent measuring?

The power of peer pressure

_______________ proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals with stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit a crime.

Travis Hirschi

Individuals who are NOT socialized are __________.

Unable to fully develop without contact with others.

An example of something that would be part of the material culture of an individual or society would be——————?

Weapons of war

Which theory discusses rationalization or the application of economic logic to all human activity?

Weberian theory