Social and Cultural Diversity

Social exchange theory postulates that a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive. b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs. c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other. d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong.

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs. - positive relationship is characterized by 'profit' (more rewards than costs) some counselors don't love this basis in economic theory - an alternative explanation of relationships is provided by the "complementarity theory"

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents a. a separate race. b. a separate culture. c. the concept of color blindness. d. a separate national culture.

b. a separate culture. - national culture describes cultural patterns in a given country - ideal culture vs. real culture - counterculture

Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD)

"fourth force of counseling theory" - ACA division

Frank Parsons

'the father of guidance' - acknowledged the significance of culture but specialty of multicultural counseling did not emerge as a true subspecialty until the 1970s

Age and IQ

- IQ scores remain fairly stable over the life span - it's a myth that IQ scores and intelligence drops markedly as folks age - some exam questions could disagree with this!!! the theory of "terminal drop" or "terminal decline" postulates that a dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning does occur - but even according to this theory, it only occurs during the final five years of life - and it usually centers around verbal skills

social learning theory or observational learning

- associated with Albert Bandura, demonstrated with aggression - the phenomenon is greatest when the adult is admired, powerful, or well-liked **adolescents often model angry or aggressive parents, despite if the parents discourage hostile behavior

modal personality

- derived from the stats concept of the mode, used to describe the score which occurs most frequently - refers to a composite personality, which is the most typical profile of a given group of people *a modal personality is the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question

counseling seniors

- will become more common in the future as the human life expectancy has nearly doubled since the early 1900s - life expectancy was below 50 years of age! - if you are 40 or older, now you are not considered old - but still are viewed as 'older' by many employment agencies and thus face longer periods of unemployment than those under 40

third culture kid (TCK)

this term has been used to describe children raised primarily in a culture that is different than their parents' culture during their formative years

Levinson's Seasons of Life

1. First transition = early adult transition - between 17 and 22 - leaving the family stage - formulating dream of ideal adult life 2. Age 30 transition - 28-33 - attempts to make this dream a reality - man experiences a settling down period after this 3. midlife transition - ages 40-45 for men, 5 years earlier for women - stressful stage, realizing goals might not have been met - mortality becomes an issue 4. age 50 transition 5. later adulthood: 60-65 where individual makes peace with the world **this theory suggests women receive fulfillment by meeting the needs of their husbands and families rather than any other long-term goals

William McDougall

1908 book "Introduction to Social Psychology" - eugenicist

Fritz Perls

Creator of Gestalt Therapy - attempts to ameliorate a mind/body split supposedly responsible for emotional distress Gestalkt is a German word which roughly means the "whole" form, figure, or configuration

Viktor Frankl

Developed logotherapy after experiencing the holocaust to help patients find meaning/purpose in life without medical help.

T.X. Barber

Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism

Irvin Yalom

Existentialist, well known for studies in group work, existential therapy, and death and dying

Alloplastic vs. Autoplastic

Taking action to change the problem versus taking action to change oneself

Emic/Etic

J.G. Draguns suggested the emic-etic distinction in cross-cultural counseling emic = an insider's perception of the culture - a researcher or counselor using an emic frame of reference wants to know what somebody participating in the culture things - the emic viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences etic = adheres to the theory that humans are humans, regardless of background and culture, thus the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps - emphasizes the sameness among clients - a universalism perspective - that literally transcends cultural boundaries

cultural sensitivity and DSM

NBCC does not directly address DSM in multicultural populations but experts agree that DSM is most applicable for those of European descent

complementarity theory

States a relationship becomes stronger as the two people's personality needs mesh.

Clemmont Vontress

Suggested multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture. - we all have similar or universal needs regardless of cultural affiliation - Vontress noted that universal culture can be distinguished from national, regional, ratio-ethnic, and ecological culture *exam might refer to universal culture as human culture

conformity - who conforms the most?

The answer includes individuals who are authoritarian and thus are heavily influenced by authority figures, people who are external approval seekers, and persons who feel that outside external factors control them.

cultural relativity

a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of a given culture.

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a a. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator. b. 49-year-old, white homeless male. c. 40-year-old, divorced white female who is out of work and has three children. d. 19-year-old Latina mother on welfare with two children.

a. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator. the key to this question is to focus on social class rather than acculturation, minority status, or sex - Clients in higher social classes have more time to "look within themselves" (introspect) since they need not dwell as much on external survival needs.

________ is associated with obedience and authority. a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist, b. Arthur Janov, who created primal scream therapy, c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer, d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement,

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist, Milgrim experiment: discovered that people who were told to give others powerful electric shocks did so on command - Subjects were told that they were to punish a learner strapped to an electric chair when he gave an incorrect answer. Out of 40 experimental subjects, only 14 refused to go to the highest level of shock (i.e., in excess of 435 volts)! And get this—in some of the experiments the persons administering the shocks (which, unbeknownst to them, were unreal) were actually given a 45-volt shock themselves so they could feel the intensity of this punishment. So much for accurate empathy! Even when the subjects heard the person receiving the shocks screaming they often continued to raise the level of voltage when told to do so. This principle is often used to explain "obedience to authority" in social situations such as the Salem witch hunts or Nazi war crimes. - **Fortunately, follow-up research indicated that most of the individuals who participated in the Milgram experiment did not feel they were harmed by the experience.

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture. a. less b. more c. the same d. more realistic

a. less we demand more rigid standards from our own culture

It's easiest to empathize with a. a client who is similar to you. b. a client who is dissimilar to you. c. Latino/a clients. d. Asian American male clients.

a. a client who is similar to you. - clients who have counselors of the same ethnicity tend to stay in counseling longer

In terms of diagnosis, a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another. b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14. c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females. d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males.

a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another. cultural relativism! the attempts of 'cultural-free' diagnostic instruments has not been totally effective

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. b. the counselor must adjust to the client's cultural mores. c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective. d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must adjust to environmental demands.

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands. Personalism implies that the counselor will make the best progress if he or she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient - fierce environmental conditions, such as living in a desert or a poverty-stricken neighborhood, cause individuals to cooperate with each other more and stick together as a group. This, nevertheless, can cause problems for the counselor who has never lived in an impoverished neighborhood or a desert and hence is seen as an outsider. - the "person," who has lived in a poor area or the desert, will want to check out the counselor's authenticity as a "person," and a counselor who keeps his or her "professional distance" runs the risk of being seen as superficial. A comment such as, "You don't care about me, you just care about your paychecks (or "the agency," or "the court," or "your stupid report," etc.) indicates that the multicultural counselor is being perceived as remote and not very personal. This could create problems for the counselor since (a) in the United States "professionalism" is stressed more than "personalism" in the sense that a good counselor is not "supposed" to get very close to clients and if (b) the counselor has not necessarily grown up in a culture that stresses such a high level of interpersonal cooperation.

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to "a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent." This creates an a. approach-avoidance conflict. b. avoidance-avoidance conflict. c. avoidance of life space. d. approach affiliation.

a. approach-avoidance conflict. The approach-avoidance conflict presents a positive factor (a woman he finds attractive) with a negative factor (she is a substance abuser prone to violent behavior) at the same time. Most counselors would agree this is the toughest type of conflict for the client to tackle as it generates the highest level of frustration.

Counselors can more easily advise a. clients from their own culture. b. clients from a different culture. c. clients of a different race. d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.

a. clients from their own culture. it is easiest to persuade someone when they have similar views, ideas, and background to one's own - it is entirely possible that a client of a different culture has been taught not to trust persons with the counselor's cultural background

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm a. describes how people are supposed to act. b. has little to do with expectations. c. is irrelevant when counseling a client. d. all of the above.

a. describes how people are supposed to act.

Multicultural counseling promotes a. eclecticism. b. rigidity. c. psychodynamic models. d. neurolinguistic programming (NLP).

a. eclecticism. intercultural counselors need to be flexible - and eclectic position (= selecting treatment intervention strategies from diverse counseling models) would generally come closest to meeting this requirement

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

a. emic viewpoint. holding the view that an approach which is culturally specific is generally the most effective

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error). b. standardization. c. similar to his or her own. d. paraphrasing.

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error). - regardless, if a counselor is highly regarded and considered trustworthy, their statements will be better accepted than if the helper has poor credibility

Counselors who have good listening skills a. facilitate therapeutic surrender. b. hinder therapeutic surrender. c. often have a monolithic perspective. d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender.

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender. good listening facilitates any type of helping

Good multicultural counselors are a. flexible. b. rigid. c. utilize Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl's gestalt therapy, and/or William Glasser's reality therapy in nearly every case. d. generally behavioristic.

a. flexible. a case could be made for choices "c" and "d," but transactional analysis (TA), reality therapy, and behavioral interventions all stress "contracting" - the process of contracting has its merits in cross-cultural situations because it keeps the counselor from shoving a dose of his or her own cultural values down the clients throat - TA has been praised for illuminating cultural and ethnic injunctions - however, TA lingo is often complex for a client with a different background (?) - Quite unlike behaviorism, gestalt therapy is a superb modality for cultures that need to liberate their feelings. In addition, it is helpful when working with a population which emphasizes nonverbal communication. The danger in utilizing gestalt comes from pushing techniques (i.e., trying to insist upon them before clients are ready for them) that emphasize the expression of feelings on a cultural or ethnic group which views the expression of feelings as a sign of weakness. - Practitioners are warned that behaviorism (choice "d") is not a panacea in multicultural work inasmuch as some cultures do not value assertiveness Every brand of therapy has its merits and its disadvantages: It is therefore best if the multicultural counselor remains flexible.

Regardless of culture, the popular individual a. has good social skills. b. values race over ethnicity. c. dresses in the latest styles. d. never possesses a modal personality.

a. has good social skills.

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce a. less-aggressive children. b. more-aggressive children. c. passive-aggressive children. d. passive-dependent children.

a. less-aggressive children. children who are abused by their parents are more likely to be abusers when they have their own children * remember counselors have legal obligation to report child abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, or exploitation

Doing cross-cultural counseling a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences. b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics. c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session. d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences. - Choice "c" is incorrect. Preliminary studies, as I hinted at earlier, indicate that clients from other cultures do not use counseling as often as they could. Moreover, the dropout rate is premature, perhaps 20% higher after the initial session than relationships which are not intercultural. - The concept of "pluralism" literally means that an individual exists in more than one category. A condition known as "separatism" exists when a group of people totally withdraw from the political majority. Pluralism presents a less-extreme option. Cultural pluralism occurs when persons of a cultural heritage retain their traditions and differences, yet cooperate in regard to social, political, and economic matters. In counseling per se, the term suggests that certain categories of individuals (e.g., women, older adults, minorities, alternative cultures, or the disabled) often need special services. An Asian American, for example, could feel torn between adhering to Asian culture while trying to become more Americanized. The counselor must show respect for these individuals in order to do effective treatment; hence, the notion of pluralism cannot be ignored.

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by a. national culture. b. human culture. c. regional culture. d. ecological culture.

a. national culture. - big business and high-tech media are lessening the gap between national cultures - thus, some experts have suggested that traditional cultures will eventually be supplanted by a 'unified world culture" or a "unified global culture"

Aof the fact that client remarks, "Hey, I'm African American and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative a. race is not the same as ethnicity. b. race and ethnicity are virtually identical. c. a connotative impediment exists. d. severe ambivalent transference exists.

a. race is not the same as ethnicity. the assumption in this question is that you can generally see racial differences since they are the result of genetics - if a client really made this type of statement, the counselor might wish to deal directly with the racial issue (i.e., "In what way do you feel that the fact that I'm white and you're African American will affect the counseling process?") - experts often say you should ask a question of this nature no later than the second session - Choice "d" would not be totally outlandish, although the question does not provide enough information to make it the best choice.

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to a. recommendations. b. the diagnosis. c. the prognosis. d. the notion of transference.

a. recommendations. - one issue with formal diagnoses like from DSM is that a given diagnosis does not imply or recommend a given treatment process

Mores are beliefs and social customs a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior. b. which should be the central focus in multicultural counseling. c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power. d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture.

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior. - people are generally punished for violating the mores

A monolingual U.S. counselor a. speaks only English. b. speaks English and Spanish. c. works as a counseling interpreter. d. fits the definition of bilingual.

a. speaks only English. - bilingual counselors can be employed as counselors or interpreters to facilitate efficacious intervention - the bilingual counselor would ideally also be bicultural - this would help with semantic differential and connotative errors

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development. b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area. c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients. d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development. - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibiting discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if a. the client likes the counselor. b. the client dislikes the counselor. c. the client distrusts the counselor. d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket.

a. the client likes the counselor. Here again, the tendency is based on "balance theory." If you like your counselor, your tendency to accept a suggestion would be balanced (i.e., consistent with your opinion). If you did not like or trust the counselor, then accepting his or her suggestions would produce an imbalance (i.e., an inconsistent attitude).

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture. b. the counselor will find the DSM useless. c. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory. d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis.

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture. - literature in this area distinguishes material culture from nonmaterial culture

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to a. the prognosis. b. the diagnosis. c. the intervention. d. attending behavior.

a. the prognosis.

Ethnocentrism a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. b. means race. c. is a genetic term. d. all of the above.

a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. - in short, all societies are ethnocentric in the sense that they use their own views as a standard of reference and view themselves as superior - ethnocentrism conveys the notion that one's own group is superior

Acculturation vs. Assimilation

acculturation: suggests that ethnic and racial minorities (and probably other minoritized groups) integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture assimilation: said to occur when the individual has such a high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture **on occasion, the opposite can occur: persons of the dominant culture like (or even think it is cool) to dress, talk, or follow customs set forth via a minority culture (um sounds like appropriation)

Flight-to-health defense mechanism variables

asserts that the client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty (i.e., unconscious conflicts) has not been resolved - a similar term, "flight from reality," is used when the client resorts to psychosis to avoid dealing with current life difficulties

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch. a. She will feel intense guilt. b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance. c. According to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice. d. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them.

b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance. - this choice best expresses the tendency to justify behavior to create a state of "consonance" between attitudes and behavior

________ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement. a. Arthur Jensen's views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism) b. The civil rights movement c. Jung's feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious d. The Tarasoff duty

b. The civil rights movement *reminder that intercultural counseling means the same thing as multicultural counseling if the term pops up on the exam - Jensen tried to prove that African Americans had lower IQs due to genetic factors - Tarasoff case resulted in the counselor's duty to warn and protect an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that a. sleep learning facilitates social skills. b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message. d. REM sleep facilitates insight.

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. - the sleeper effect asserts that when you are attempting to change someone's opinion, the change may not occur immediately after the verbal exchange - in other words, when a counselor provides guidance to a client, a delay may occur before the client accepts the message: the communication may have more impact after some time has passed

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment. a. emic b. alloplastic c. etic d. autoplastic

b. alloplastic alloplastic view is that the client can best cope by changing or altering external factors in the environment (as alluded to in this question) - vs. auto plastic which asserts that change comes from the self, such as thoughts and behaviors

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested a. an alloplastic method of coping. b. an autoplastic method of coping. c. the emic-etic distinction. d. the emic viewpoint.

b. an autoplastic method of coping.

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an a. approach-avoidance conflict. b. approach-approach conflict. c. avoidance-avoidance conflict. d. avoidance vector.

b. approach-approach conflict. in the approach-approach format, the individual is presented with two equally attractive options simultaneously - Of the three types, counselors believe that approach-approach is the easiest to help clients cope with since in most cases (unlike the situation presented in this question) the client can attempt both options: first one, then the other. Moreover, approach-approach conflicts typically instill less anxiety than the other two types.

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply a. too Rogerian. b. attacking the system. c. too Freudian. d. too cognitive.

b. attacking the system. The salient point here is that generally a synthesis, rather than a pure alloplastic or autoplastic position, will be the most effective.

The term contextualism implies that a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession. b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs. c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate. d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling.

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are: a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength. b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs. c. culture, race, assertiveness. d. ego strength, anxiety, race.

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs. - Leon Festinare discovered that friendship and attraction were highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other - research showing how much we like attractive people despite unawareness of the bias --> but we tend to end up with mates who are on our own level of attractiveness - reciprocity of attraction or liking suggests we are attracted to people who like us and find us attractive

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with a. attraction. b. cognition and attitude formation. c. cognitions and emotion. d. none of the above.

b. cognition and attitude formation.

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that a. he totally disagreed with their assessment. b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful. c. he really wasn't certain how he felt about the activity. d. a and c.

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful. Illustrates an Asch situation: Experiments by Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif would predict that the person would most likely "sell out" and agree with the other five. In one study Asch discovered that approximately 35% of the persons tested in a perceptual activity gave an answer which was clearly incorrect in order to conform - Social researchers consistently have discovered that people will conform to an obviously incorrect unanimous decision one third of the time. - studies indicate that as few as three other people can produce conformity in a social setting

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated a. socioeconomic trends. b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups. c. disadvantaged youth. d. language barriers between African Americans and Asian Americans.

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups. Bogardus data were indicative of negative attitudes toward a number of groups, including African Americans, Jews, Mexicans, and Turks (guessing the participants were all white, Christian?) - a replication of the study in 1947 revealed that the negative attitudes still prevailed obviously wanting to keep a social distance from a certain group of people is a form of prejudice

The statement "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low" a. is displacement. b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. c. is projection. d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. - this could also be described as the "sweet lemon" variety of rationalization (in the Helping Relationships section)

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference a. is interpreted as positive transference. b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance. c. is interpreted as white privilege. d. none of the above.

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues. b. must be done within a cultural context. c. a and b. d. none of the above.

b. must be done within a cultural context. - "cultural approach to normality" suggests that the behavior of the majority of the people defines what is considered "normal" - an important point to note: deviant behavior, such as in the case of a very powerful leader or a genius, may be lauded

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will a. perform better if he or she is alone. b. perform better if he or she is part of a group. c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy. d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group. The presence of other persons (e.g., coworkers, other athletes, fellow students) improves an individual's performance even when there is no verbal interaction!

The statement "whites are better than African Americans" illustrates a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S. b. racism. c. sexism. d. codependency.

b. racism. this indicates a caste system mentality Choice "d," codependency, is a term which grew mainly out of the chemical dependency and addiction treatment movement. The word has various definitions, although it mainly refers to an individual who is emotionally involved with a chemically dependent person (perhaps even members of his or her family) and/or is addicted to a relationship with another person or drugs.

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender: a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance. b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure. c. paradoxing the client. d. analyzing flight-to-health defense mechanism variables.

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.

A client from another culture will a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer. b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background. c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor. d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor's sympathy.

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background. *often individuals are courteous and polite with those who are of the same cultural origin, but are suspicious and don't trust outsiders

A woman who is being robbed a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders. b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases. c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her. d. none of the above.

b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the

A(n) ________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor. a. white female b. African American female c. African American male d. upper-class white male

c. African American male Males in general sometimes have difficulty expressing feelings. According to the literature, African American males are especially hesitant about revealing themselves to whites.

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ________ cognitive dissonance theory. a. Dollard and Miller's b. Crites and Roe's c. Festinger's d. Holland and Super's

c. Festinger's Choices b and d are primarily associated with career counseling - the concept of balance theory suggests that people strive for consistency/balance in terms of their belief systems - individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs - a state of incompatibility is known as "dissonance" - Leon Festinger, in 1957, suggested that individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance

________ and ________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight. a. Maslow; Rogers b. Ellis; Harper c. Freud; Lorenz d. Glasser; Rogers

c. Freud; Lorenz *McDougall would also join them as an "instinct theorist" - Freud believed that humans were driven by instincts of sex and agression - Lorenz also believed in "innate aggression theory" -- based theory on how tropical fish will attack an alternate target even when the actual target of aggression is removed

________ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior. a. Instinct theorists b. Innate aggression theorists c. Social learning theorists d. Followers of Erik Erikson

c. Social learning theorists - social learning theory is generally associated with the work of Albert Bandura and associates: who noted that children who viewed live or filmed aggression imitated the behavior

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an a. approach-approach conflict. b. approach vector. c. avoidance-avoidance conflict. d. avoidance cohesiveness.

c. avoidance-avoidance conflict. Clients in this position often daydream, flee from the situation, or regress instead of confronting the choices. The client also may waver or vacillate when he or she comes close to making a choice.

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client a. is culturally biased. b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity. c. belongs to a different culture from the helper. d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues.

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper. *the multicultural. counselor must assess the client's behavior based on the client's own culture - not merely based on the counselor's culture - the meaning or desirability of a given behavior, trait, or act is based on the culture

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who a. will give them "a good talking to." b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice. c. helps them work it out on their own. d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic.

c. helps them work it out on their own. The theory here is that most middle- and upper-class citizens are taught that independence is a virtue. The person would not want to be dependent on a therapist, parents, or others, as is implied in choices "a," "b," and "d."

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad," though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a a. client of color error. b. cognitive dissonance error. c. connotative error. d. confounding variable.

c. connotative error. connotation applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition - the tendency for words to convey different connotations is often referred to as a "semantic differential" - choice d, confounding variable, is a research term

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another. d. culture excludes customs. c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct. d. culture is never socially learned.

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee "You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else" is espousing the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language. - similar to the educational concept of "mainstreaming," which asserts that all children - including those with disabilities - can benefit from placement in a regular classroom

The statement "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different" is based on the a. emic viewpoint. b. alloplastic viewpoint. c. etic viewpoint. d. autoplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint.

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive a. are nonassertive. b. are aggressive. c. have other positive traits. d. are socially adept but not very intelligent.

c. have other positive traits.

A wealth of research demonstrates that a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian American counselors. b. surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors. c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background. d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture.

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background. - "likes attract" -- similarity increases attraction

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society a. is defined as a set of mores. b. has a distinct lack of norms. c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory. d. none of the above.

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory. **cultures operate within societies; however, all members of a given society may not share the same culture

A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This a. is displacement. b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension. d. is projection.

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

The tendency to affiliate with others a. is highest in the middle child. b. is highest in children with DSM diagnoses. c. is highest in firstborns and only children. d. is based on hormonal output.

c. is highest in firstborns and only children. In the behavioral sciences the word affiliation refers to the need one has to associate with others. Choice "c" correctly reflects the landmark research of Stanley Schachter, which concluded that the need to affiliate decreases for later-born children.

Early vocalization in infants a. is more complex in African American babies. b. is more complex in white babies. c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe. d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance.

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe. across the globe, the initial sounds made by babies are very similar - the cultural environment then strengthens certain verbalizations via the process of reinforcement the first word is usually spoken after ~1 year of life (usually using 1 or 2 word phrases called holophrases) - initially the child's language is egocentric - by the fourth year most children can construct simple sentences - Anne Fernald at Stanford discovered that by age 2 there can be a 6-month language gap between children living in poverty and those who are not (socioeconomic status = SES) - lack of environmental stimulation regardless of SES does hinder vocalization development - but this does not translate to destiny!

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying a. severe negative transference. b. positive transference. c. normal behavior within the context of her culture. d. ambivalent transference.

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture. In some Asian cultures children are often brought up to believe that it is a sign of respect to avoid eye contact with an authority figure. In addition, in some cultures it is considered proper to talk no more than is necessary, which of course is not congruent with the way most Americans think. - Moreover, some Asian Americans have been taught that it is shameful to brag or to express one's own desires, ambitions, or strong feelings. This background could well present a roadblock for a counselor operating under a paradigm that stresses abreaction. - Some Asian Americans have been brought up to believe that all problems are solved only within the privacy of family meetings. If mental illness does exist, it is considered a genetic flaw and a family secret. Hence, some Asian Americans may place a high premium on self-control, which is an issue that can be examined in counseling. - Derald Wing Sue and David Sue suggested that Asian Americans may respond best to brief therapy that is directive and structured with specific problem- solving goals. Often our somewhat scientific approaches to counseling really reflect what mainstream American society views as real or scientific. **Some Latinos/as may value folk healing, which is very spiritual and can include elements such as going into a trancelike state and talking with God. Approximately 65% of the Latinos/as in the United States are of Mexican heritage according to the 2014 U.S. Census Bureau

According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home a. should conduct the interview from the porch. b. should double-bind the client. c. should ask to come in the home. d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home.

c. should ask to come in the home. phenomenon that asserts that when a person agrees to a less-repugnant request (step 1), then they will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful (step 2) - the counselor who first asks to come in the house (a small request) and receives an answer of "yes" can then, for example, ask for medical information (a bigger request or so-called target request)

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program. b. must come from a supervisor who is from a different culture than the graduate student. c. should be broad and interdisciplinary. d. need not include rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary. - Choice "d," rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) certainly can be helpful when counseling clients from another culture because it does not stress mental illness. The perception of the REBT practitioner as a "teacher" makes the process of helping more palatable to some populations - An adept multicultural helper ideally would study topics which go beyond traditional counseling theory. Some educators have even suggested that an exchange program in which counselors study in foreign universities could be beneficial.

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means a. nothing—it is not a valid term. b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident. c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts. d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts. - therapeutic surrender occurs when a client is able to trust the counselor and self-disclose - contrary to choice 'a,' the term is used frequently in intercultural counseling

Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to a. anger. b. hate. c. uncertainty. d. admiration.

c. uncertainty. ambivalent transference, a term popular in multicultural counseling settings, occurs when the client rapidly shifts his or her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning and experiences related to authority figures from the past

gerontological counseling or therapy - or "gero"

counseling clients over 65

monolithic perspective

counselor perceives all the people in a given group as being identical. - counselors are urged to adopt an individualistic perspective rather than a monolithic perspective

3 major barriers to intercultural counseling

culture-bound values, class-bound values, and language differences

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement? a. Freud. b. Durkheim. c. McDougall. d. Berne.

d. Berne. - Eric Berne - father of transactional analysis - Freud suggested the group was held together by a bond between the leader and the group members (somewhat analogous to a hypnotist and his or her subject) - Durkheim is considered one of the founders of modern sociology - McDougall is the father of "formic psychology" - Darwinian viewpoint suggesting individuals in our out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies

_______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues. a. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy, b. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology, c. Maxie Maultsby, the father of rational behavior therapy (RBT), d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance,

d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance, Frank Parsons and his associates are considered the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the U.S. - he wrote "Choosing a Vocation"

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy. a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world. b. This is true for Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) but not true for Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs). c. This is true for LPCs and LCSWs but not licensed clinical psychologists. d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help. E. Fuller Torrey's book "The Mind Game: With Doctors and Psychiatrists" - example of how helpers in Nigeria have accepted a female client as a wife instead of a fee - he also notes that in other cultures a therapist can't accept a fee unless the treatment is successful

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with a. Albert Ellis. b. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept. c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA). d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller. The Dollard/Miller hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression - Ellis, father of REBT, does not agree with the frustration-aggression theory -- he feels that many clients believe frustration causes aggression, but he believes this dynamic is due to the client's irrational thought process rather than an automatic response pattern - some social psychologists believe that when individuals lose their identity (called deindividuation) they are likely to become aggressive or violent - it has been found that presence of weapons increases level of violence and probability of violence (important to remember when dealing with suicidal and homicidal clients)

In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America. a. Moreno and Yalom b. Holland and Roe c. Barber and Salter d. McDougall and Ross

d. McDougall and Ross - William McDougall wrote Intro to Social Psychology, which expounded on his 'formic psychology' position that individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals - Edward Alsworth Ross authored Social Psychology

Balance theory postulates a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency. b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency. c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling. a. Frankl's experience in a concentration camp b. Perl's use of the German concept of gestalt c. Freud's visits to the United States d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation desegregation created culturally different populations for school counselors

All of these statements are ethnocentric except a. You can't trust anyone over the age of 40. b. Americans are generous. c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish. d. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.

d. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico. d is the only fact, the others are opinions

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model. b. he or she might sell the $50,000 watch immediately following the purchase. c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models. d. a and c.

d. a and c. **counselors should keep in mind that consistency is considered a desirable personality trait in most cultures

Aat a boys' summer camp near Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. a. most people cooperate in a social setting. b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives. c. a and b. d. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

d. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation. Sometimes loosely called the Robbers' Cave Experiment, this study set up two distinct groups of 11- year-old boys who were hostile toward each other. The study concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups was to give them an alternative, a superordinate goal, which required a joint effort and could not be accomplished by a single group.

Culture refers to a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups. b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group. c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures, a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner. b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice. c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above. An active-directive model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as a. cross-cultural counseling. b. multicultural counseling. c. intercultural counseling. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above. all roughly synonymous, although "b" is the term we hear most often *clients from minority backgrounds have been misdiagnosed, misunderstood, and found counseling less helpful than those from majority culture - clients from minority cultures tend to seek out counseling less and drop out sooner - but culturally competent counselors can be successful regardless of client and therapist background

Ethnocentrism a. is not universal. b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty. c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age. d. b and c.

d. b and c. - Robert LeVine and Donald Campbell suggested ethnocentrism is truly a universal phenomenon in which an ethnic group tries to prove it is superior

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender, a. it is easier to trust people from one's own culture. b. lower-income people often don't trust others from a higher social class. c. lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above. language barriers also intensify the difficulty of therapeutic surrender - one good technique is to steer clear of slang or fancy therapist jargon and try to speak in a clear, concise, and direct manner

In terms of research related to affiliation a. misery loves miserable company. b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later. c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above. misery loves company: Stanley Schachter set up an experiment in which subjects were informed that they were going to receive a very painful electrical shock (high anxiety) or a very weak one which would merely tingle. The subjects were told that they could wait alone for 10 minutes before receiving the shock or wait with others participating in the study. Of those subjects who were told they would receive a mere "tingle" only one third chose to wait with others, while over 62% of the high-anxiety group decided to do so. Follow-up research seems to indicate that a person with high anxiety will not choose to be with others unless the other individuals are in a similar situation. - Philip Zimbardo discovered in a 1961 study that males placed in extremely embarrassing situations in which they would need to act like infants were much less willing to affiliate with others going through the same thing. One interpretation would be that individuals are more comfortable sharing real fear than anxiety which could result in embarrassment or shame. This research is somewhat similar to Leon Festinger's theory of social comparison, which postulates that people have a need to compare themselves with others to assess their own abilities and options. The theory further asserts that we will compare ourselves to others who are basically similar to us. Important reminder: Researchers in the field of counseling are somewhat critical of most psychosocial experiments since the experimental situations are often artificial and the studies lack external validity, which is the ability to help understand behavior outside the experimental setting.

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as a. a peer. b. an equal. c. an individual from another culture. d. an authority figure.

d. an authority figure. - Prior to the experiment, psychiatrists predicted that only 1% would administer the highest level of shock. In reality, 65% dished out "fatal shock punishment" in response to an incorrect answer. - If the experimental authority figure was in the room, the tendency to obey was higher than if he or she was not physically present. - In a related study by Leonard Bickman, individuals told to give a dime or a paper bag to a stranger did so twice as often when the person giving the orders was dressed as a guard rather than a peer. Do uniforms and mode of dress have an impact? You better believe it!

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic. b. as she felt it was too behavioristic. c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans. d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females. Gilligan suggested Kohlberg's theory did not delineate the notion that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on individual rights and justice (Heinz dilemma is about a man saving his wife)

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He a. is the father of multicultural counseling. b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life. c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier. d. b and c.

d. b and c. Levinson's theory of a midlife crisis for men and women doesn't really hold up - original theory derived from a sample size of 40 men in interview format - no statistical analysis - but for some reason we should know it so, see next slide

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be a. universal culture. b. national culture. c. ecological culture. d. b and c.

d. b and c. ecological culture implies that cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to the climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment

Sex-role stereotyping would imply that a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client. b. a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's. c. female clients are treated the same as male clients. d. choices a and b.

d. choices a and b. According to studies, male and female counselors can display prejudice toward women. Prejudice means that we are negative or have a rigid, inflexible attitude toward a given group of people and can often act on our unfavorable thoughts. Moreover, the prejudiced individual often "prejudges" others without substantial evidence. Choices "a" and "b" are illustrative of stereotyping in which the counselor has generalized feelings about a given group (in this case, women). - Unfortunately, research would suggest that the response in choice "a" might well be a typical one. In a study released in 1970 by Nancy K.Schlossberg and John J. Pietrofesa, counselor trainees and professors were instructed to help a female counselee choose between an engineering and a teaching career. All the counselor trainees tried to steer her clear of engineering, typically a masculine career. According to the study females were as biased as males. - A 1970 study by Inge K. Broverman, Donald M. Broverman, Frank E. Clarkson, Paul S. Rosenkrantz, and Susan Raymond Vogel found that all the therapists who filled out a questionnaire used a different standard of mental health when rating men from the one they used for women. - Women and other minorities (or oppressed groups, rather) are sometimes said to be victims of a "caste system." The term caste system implies that there are fixed layers of superiority and inferiority which you are born into and thus cannot escape.

the term multicultural implies

that we champion the idea of celebrating diversity and this can be age, sexual orientation, religion, social class, country of origin, race, and health status *some exams use the term cultural pluralism to suggest that a minority cultural group will keep their own unique cultural values, yet they still participate in the wider or dominant culture

contracting

the client has input before signing or agreeing with the contract

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling. b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling. c. a and b. d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races. - in the 1970s, Rogers conducted workshops to enhance cross-cultural communication - person-centered techniques are popular in Japan - person-centered therapy is nonjudgmental and thus is considered a superb modality for multicultural/multiracial usage * the exception could occur when counseling a group that demands/prefers the structure or authority figure from a helper low-income clients generally view the helper as an advice giver - estimates indicate that ~50% of all ethnic minority clients quit counseling after the first session feeling they will not secure what they want from the helper

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation. b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture. c. is associated with rational behavior therapy (RBT). d. is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

d. is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that a. passivity is the norm for most individuals. b. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative. c. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior. d. people conform to social roles.

d. people conform to social roles. - planned 2 week study but shut down after 6 days because the harassment from guards was so severe and prisoners were having such a hard time - this experiment partially explains how the atrocities of the Holocaust could have been perpetuated and some of the behaviors noted at Abu Gharaib prison * in 1973, the APA ruled the experiment as ethical but this would not be the case today - Zimbardo went on record saying that no-one in this country should ever be a part of an experiment like this ever again - shining a spotlight on the positive that some experts felt the experiment resulted in better, more stringent ethical guidelines

culture-bound values

the counselor is 'bound' to his or her own values and tries to impose them on clients

macroculture or majority culture

the dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society

bystander effect or bystander apathy

the number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases - **everyone assumes somebody else will step in to take charge --> referred to as diffusion of responsibility

You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be a. she is displaying malingering. b. she was severely abused as a young child. c. she is suicidal. d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference.

d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference. a conversion disorder is evident when a person displays symptoms (generally neurological) which cannot be accounted for via medical exams - a medical diagnosis shows no reason for the individual's conditions clients with conversion disorders sometimes display la belle indifference, also called belle indifference: meaning they do not seem to be bothered or concerned by their condition - The person is not intentionally creating the symptoms, hence the implication is the condition is fueled by stress and emotions rather than physical factors. Counseling, biofeedback, and relaxation therapy might be helpful. The psychodynamic perspective suggests the person's symptom serves a purpose. A person who saw a very frightening scene and presently can't see would exemplify this position since the individual is no longer worried she will see something scary.

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that a. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty. b. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services. c. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment. d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment. (is this surprising lol) percentage of Americans over age 65 is increasing: the so-called "Age Wave" - in the past 120 years it has gone from 4% to 13%

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by a. ecological culture. b. mores. c. regional and national culture. d. universal culture.

d. universal culture. Human Genome Project has verified that biologically we are all more alike than different - the adept multicultural counselor will always keep in mind that they are a product of universal culture

propinquity

the tendency for people who are in close proximity to be attracted to each other

An adept multicultural counselor a. generally believes in the melting pot concept. b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview. c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development. d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity. Choices "a," "b," and "c" are all characteristics of ineffective multicultural helpers leaving choice "d" as the lone hero. - The melting pot concept—that different cultures assimilate or melt into the dominant culture—has been deemed a myth. - The ethnocentric position holds that a given culture is the best or superior to others. The concept can also mean that the counselor falsely believes that the client views the world in the same manner as the helper. - Efficacious helpers do attempt to elicit information regarding the client's religious and spiritual life. - ** In the salad bowl analogy—preferred over the antiquated melting pot notion—people are mixed together, but like lettuce and tomatoes in a salad, they retain their unique cultural identity.

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective a. when structured exercises are utilized. b. when a counselor takes an active-directive stance. c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized. d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session. - in the context of multicultural counseling, structure indicates that the counselor will explain the role of the helper as well as the role of the helpee - this helps ward off embarrassment and further enhances the effectiveness of the counseling process - the greater the social/cultural gap, the more important the need for structuring - despite the merits of the Rogerian model, some would claim it falls short of the ideal paradigm when a high degree of structure is the treatment of choice - as mentioned earlier, clients from different cultures can have misconceptions about therapy

privilege

fact that some individuals have an unearned advantage, giving that person dominance, access to resources, and therefore power

Andrew Salter

father of conditioned reflex therapy - "society is the sworn enemy of mental health"

matching hypothesis

for long-term relationships, the matching hypothesis asserts we very often pick a partner who roughly matches our level of attractiveness

Definition of ethnicity

group of individuals who are categorized by national, religious, linguistic, or cultural attributes - measurement of attitudinal attributes began in the 1920s

Opposite of the bystander effect

helping an individual in distress is generally called altruism - unselfish concern for others - in a psychological/counseling sense, altruism could apply when working with groups and a client is the victim of scapegoating and you step in as the leader to emotionally protect this client

elderly people and sex

it is a myth that elderly people are incapable of sex

Andrew Salter

pioneer in behavior therapy, creating a paradigm dubbed 'conditioned reflex therapy', behavioral theory of hypnosis, and autohypnosis.

Jacob Moreno

pioneered psychodrama and coined the term group therapy

Anne Roe

postulated jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs.

Durkheim is also known for

research in suicide

Tarasoff duty

resulted in the counselor's duty to warn and protect an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence

John Holland

stressed a person's occupational environment should be congruent with their personality type.

culture epoch theory

suggests all cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing. - only recently have multicultural experts come to believe this is not a valid notion

Momentum of compliance

trial commitments lead to a so-called momentum of compliance - generally related to a 1966 study by Jonathan Freedman and Scot Fraser in which housewives who were first asked to a sign a safe-driving petition were more apt to comply with the request to put a large "drive carefully" sign on their front lawns - the moral of the experiment is to always ask for a small favor and then you'll have a better chance of getting a person to agree to a bigger favor *Freedman and Fraser - foot in the door (memory device)

Malingering

when a person fakes a physical or emotional illness to avoid work, military duty, or prison

culture conflict

whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties - culture conflict can also describe the difficulties that arise when people of different cultures live in the same geographical area

Folkways vs. Mores

• Folkways: customs and manners of society - "correct, normal, or habitual behavior" - breaking folkways generally results in embarrassment • Mores: norms with a moral basis - breaking mores generally causes harm to others or threatens the existence of the group *some literature describes mores as a type of folkway