Social Change Final Exam
The Sudanese civil war has been going on since ___________.
1956
During the 1930s, the Soviet Union was overwhelmingly rural, but by ___________ it had become predominately urban.
1972
For Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, which decade is commonly referred to as the "lost decade"?
1980's
Which of the following is NOT an example of a successful and "real" revolution, as per your textbook?
American Revolution in 1776
Which organization articulated the New Left ideology that was a broad critique of American society, condemning capitalism, racism, undemocratic power structures, and American neoimperialism in the Third World?
SDS
Which best selling book became the ideological frame for the feminist movement?
The Feminine Mystique
What is the name of the measure developed by the United Nations to measure development?
The Human Development Index (HDI)
Which of the following country is NOT discussed in your text as an example of contemporary revolutions?
Vietnam
Scholars became particularly concerned with world-scale change after which time period?
after World War II
Through development, there is a decline in ________ and an increasing importance in _________.
ascribed statuses; achieved statuses
Which model presents a relatively simple conceptual model of population change?
demographic transition model
Which of the following terms refers to the idea that distance is increasingly less relevant for people doing things together - whether working, , buying and selling, and so forth?
deterritorialization
The scenario of the American peanut farmer is used to illustrate the _________ while the Senegalese peanut farmer illustrates the _____________.
developed world; developing world
Which theory claims that since 1980 or so, Western industrialized countries are starting to either slow the rate of increase in environmental destruction, or are actually turning the corner toward taxing the environment less than they did in the past?
ecological modernization theory
Which perspective focuses on the relationship between humans and the natural environment?
ecological perspective
Compared to the European Union, NAFTA is a more purely ____________ agreement.
economic
What type of problems in inducing change exist when change efforts do not respect the autonomy and dignity of people to choose whether or not they wish to change or to be fully informed about the consequences of such choices?
ethical problems
The biggest question surrounding Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath was, without question, the inability of federal, state, and local governments to ___________.
evacuate residents in a timely fashion
____________ address problems and needs of individuals or seek to change the character of individuals and individual behavior.
expressive movements
According to the work of Theda Skocpol, how many coexisting pressures has she identified that lead to a successful social revolution?
four
How many ways of combining strategies do the authors discuss?
four
The notion of "industrialization" have how many primary dimensions?
four
What is the name of the set of scholars who have made serious intellectual attempts at envisioning the future?
futurists
The world population has _________.
grown exponentially
In analyzing what occurred in Omaha, what did the school district appeal to?
high-order consensual values
Kurds, Basques, Zulus, Sioux, and Miami Cubans are just a few of the groups listed by the authors of your text as examples of minority groups whose identity is rooted in __________ rather than modernity.
history
The ______________ of new social movements is shaped by values about self-actualization, community, and personal satisfactions.
ideology
__________ involves "a linkage or fusion of two or more elements that have not been previously joined in just this fashion, so that the result is a qualitatively distinct whole"
innovation action
According to your textbook, the greatest barriers to creating a sustainable world are political and _________.
institutional
_________ is the systematic change in the functioning of organizations brought about by attempts to respond to a changing world.
institutional change
The civil rights movement and contemporary environmentalism are examples of _______________.
instrumental movements
According to Skocpol's work, whether or not the state is able to mobilize economically and militarily to meet foreign competition depends upon ___________ relations.
internal
Which view of the origin of social movements was particularly popular after the growth of communism and fascism in the 1930s and during the early cold war period of the 1950s?
irrationality and crowds
In analyzing the change efforts in Omaha, what happened with the city?
it was drawn into a debate shaped by opponents of the plan
There is compelling evidence indicating that since the beginning of the twentieth century, which two factors have played a major role in global environmental and ecosystem change?
large human populations; industrial technology
The authors state that the reemergence of _________ is perhaps a more volatile force than globalization.
localism
_______________ is growing because it serves the needs of people for identity.
localism
According to Skocpol's framework, civil servants, lawyers, bureaucrats, intellectuals, journalists, and military officers are all considered __________.
marginal elites
Which term refers to pressure that comes from simply observing what other, similarly situated organizations do?
mimetic pressure
_____________ means Westernization, or the diffusion of Western or European social, economic, and cultural forms to the non-Western world.
modernization
From the 1920s to the 1950s, and in spite of the world Depression and World War II, Stalin and the communist party succeeded in creating a _________________ society.
mono-organizational
What term refers to "the knitting of diverse ethnic, linguistic, and tribal regions into integrated national administrative systems"?
nation building
To understand social changes occuring in nations around the globe requires an understanding about how ________.
nations are embedded in international contexts
Economic globalization is driven by an expanding capitalist market system and by a deepening interdependence in access to _________.
natural resources
According to your text, how many babies born today live in the poorer regions of the globe?
nine out of ten
The literature on how ________ change and technologies are adopted is applicable to creating social change.
organizations
According to your textbook, how many studies since the 1930s have examined the spread - or diffusion - of innovation?
over 1,500
According to World Systems Theory, _________ are societies that are underdeveloped.
periphery
The overall message of The Global 2000 Report was one of ___________ if current trends continue.
pessimism
The problems and devastation experience by recent natural disasters were exacerbated by shortsighted land use policies and __________.
political conflicts
The globalization of information and technology limits _________.
political control
_______________ emphasizes the existence of generalized resources and emergence organizations, and also - and most importantly - the existence of favorable "structures of political opportunity."
political process theory
Reform movements stalled in the 1970s and 1980s because of ______________.
political realignments
Urbanization in the third world today is largely due to ___________.
push of rural poverty
Which of the following strategies is effective, and necessary, when the reference public does not possess the knowledge or skills to utilize an innovation or when there are fears, anxieties, and moral barriers to adoption?
reeducative strategies
________ seek modest changes within the existing system.
reform movements
____________ exists when a significant gap exists between what people expect and what they get.
relative deprivation
Which theoretical perspective draws upon the notion that "misery breeds revolt"?
relative deprivation theories
____________ focuses on the "role of power and power struggles in mobilizing people for collective action."
resource mobilization theory
What of the following was a provision in community development grants, and required by HUD), in the mid-1970s?
scattered site housing for the poor
What came to Omaha in the mid-seventies?
school desegregation
How many common elements, as listed in your textbook, have been identified in revolutions?
seven
Sociologists and others have identified _______ structural conditions in societies that make innovation more likely.
six
As used by your textbook, ___________ refers to people who share certain economic positions, interests, and problems.
social class
In contrast to ____________, __________ is rooted in the varying degrees of social honor, power, and prestige that people have because of noneconomic social characteristics, such as race, gender, culture, or national origin.
social class; social status
Research has found that the S-shaped diffusion curve depends on the degree of ______ within a population.
social integration
What does the acronym "SMO" stand for?
social movement organization
According to your text, ____________ are basic avenues by which social change takes place in the U.S.
social movements
Which of the following is NOT true about social movements?
social movements don't involve collectivities
The "adopting unites" of innovation can be either ________ or ________.
social systems; individuals
Which country is the "unquestioned exporter of popular culture"?
the U.S.
Which of the following two grievances are the dominate causes of urban revolts?
the cost of food; the availability of employment
Which two movements were most directly stimulated by civil rights protest?
the new left; countercultural student movement
Which of the following class-based movements were NOT related to the interests and problems of farmers?
the populist democracy movement
According to your textbook, what is the ultimate technological energy fantasy for environmentalists?
the use of hydrogen gas
Which of the following is NOT true about SMOs?
they are only inclusive
Which of the following is NOT true about the New Right?
they weren't closely aligned with the religious right
According to Herman Kahn, the "great transition" that began with industrialization in the 1700s consists of how many phases?
three
After the cold war ended, the nations of the world have moved into a political-economic grouping of roughly ___________ blocs of nations
three
The authors of your text write that any effort to instigate change can be conceptualized as having how many elements?
three
According to your textbook, most scholars agree that that successful revolutions result in more centralized, bureaucratic, powerful, and often "modern" governments than existed under the old regime.
true
According to your textbook, the main enduring legacy of the conservative movement agenda involves continued attacks on affirmative action programs.
true
According to your textbook, the most powerful explanation as to why the reform movements of the 1960's were sucessful has to do with political realignments that provided a greatly expanded political opportuniy structure for movement mobilization.
true
As defined in your textbook, a revolution refers to a broad transformation that changes many areas of social life that must include a sudden collapse or overthrow of the state.
true
Conservative movements seek to prevent further change or perhaps to resurrect the past.
true
Conservative scholars see growing economic and social inequality as actually necessary in the early stages of development (such as what occurred in Brazil).
true
Information technologies may amplify and reproduce inequalities based on gender, education, and social class.
true
Most of the elements of Skocpol's structural theory of revolution can be found in the collapse of communism.
true
Postindustrial economies driven by information technologies lower per capita consumption of natural resources.
true
Studies have not found much evidence that individual-level perspectives are useful in predicting the participation of people in social movements.
true
The "prophets of boom" have a cornucopian view of the future, with faith in human good will and inventiveness.
true
The Somoza regime in Nicaragua was backed by the United States as a bastion against Central American communism.
true
The authors of this textbook as the reader whether you (the reader) would use manipulative persuasion or coercion in thirteen scenarios. The authors state that their answers are yes on some and no on others.
true
The authors of your text state that the emerging global order they have sketched out will not necessarily be democratic.
true
The authors of your textbook state that the emerging global order they have sketched out is compatible with growing social inequality both within and between nations.
true
The authors of your textbook state that the rise of regionalism may offer the best hope of mediating between the dark sides of bland technocractic globalism and intolerant retribalization.
true
The conservative movement has reaffirmed and broadened cultural assumptions of the primacy of private over public interests and the primacy of freedom over equality.
true
The feminist movement is an example of a status movement.
true
The more a culture's worldview sees the cosmos as being in a state of change, flux, and/or development, the more innovation will be encouraged.
true
The problems of world hunger result from a problem in distribution rather than a lack of resources or the technical capacity to feed the world's population.
true
The student movement had a role in convincing Lyndon Johnson - a sitting president - not to run for reelection.
true
Today, a rough consensus exists about important elements for human progress. Without these elements, human progress is unlikely.
true
Violence is commonly associated with significant change.
true
You can have modernization without much industrialization.
true
Your textbook states that today there is vast scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human economic activity is the main culprit.
true
According to the authors of your texbook, the sovereignty of nation-states is being compromised simultaneously by how many factors?
two
Which term refers to the "two-step flow of communication", which means that communication originating within the mass media first goes to people terms opinion leaders before being transmitted to a segment of a population?
two-step flow of influence
Your textbook quotes U.N. Secretary General Kofi Anan, who says, " by 2025, ___________ of the worlds population may be living in countries that face serious water shortages."
two-thirds
The authors of your text state that power is often identified with _________.
violence
Which theoretical perspective arose in the 1960s, and argues that the developmental change among nations is shaped by their position in emerging global political and economic systems?
world systems theory
The survival of all living things depends upon the ___________ of the earth to support life.
carrying capacity
In planning for social change, which of the following terms refers to identifying situations or times when the target population is most receptive to change?
change-conducive situations
The conservative movement was based on _________ and ____________.
class grievances; status grievances
Which term refers to pressure exerted by the law and oversight agencies?
coercive pressure
Most efforts to create any particular type of change require ________.
complex and mixed strategies
Which theoretical perspective views social movements as special sorts of interest group collectivities that attempt to gain benefit for individuals, produce social reforms, and gain entry into the structures of society?
conflict perspectives
___________ means that as globalism intensifies, multiculturalism and local differences proliferate and intensify.
cosmopolitan localism
Which of the following is NOT one of the kinds of change reform movements can produce?
creating new sectors of the economy
An innovation will not come into being until the _________ is sufficiently developed to permit its occurrence.
cultural base
Your text lists and discusses four sources of ongoing dependency in developing countries. These are 1) the world market for tropical commodity products; multinational corporations; extraverted economies; and _________.
debt
According to your text, of the twenty most polluted cities in the world, sixteen of them are from which country?
China
Rodney Stark used a center-periphery model of innovation to describe the rise of __________.
Christianity
The origin of the "prophets of gloom" perspective is rooted in the 1960s think tank called the ____.
Club of Rome
According to your textbook, which language is becoming "the language of science and business"?
English
In discussing the 2005 Kashmir earthquate, Pakistan rebuffed offers of helicopters and aid by which country?
India
Which of the following is TRUE about the Civil Rights Movement?
It provided the basic ideological master frame as well as protest strategies for future movements
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory draws upon the ideas of which sociological theorist?
Marxist notions of class conflict
Who created the satyagraha strategy?
Mohandas Gandhi
What is the term for groups such as the Red Cross, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Oxfam, and Amnesty International?
NGO's
What was the name of the ruling family in Iran - and the family of the Shah - that was eventually overthrown in the Iranian Revolution of 1979?
Pahlavi
What country was the first in the Soviet Union to free itself from the Communist Party?
Poland
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways new movements different from social movements in Western nations in previous decades?
They favor hierarchical, highly centralized, large organizations
Which strategy should be used when the target group or reference public recognizes a problem and thefore change; is open to external assistance; and is willing to engage in self-help?
facilitative strategies
According to your text, all development is economic.
false
According to your textbook, a network conception of the social world offers few advantages.
false
According to your textbook, experts today have excellent track records for concretely predicting the social implications of pervasive innovations.
false
According to your textbook, the International Conference on Population and Development held in 1994 in Cairo officially recognized that population growth is the cause of all human problems.
false
Conservatism was a countermovement to the status-equality movements of the 1920s.
false
How innovations occur, which people adopt them, why they are adopted or not, and the complex mix of benefits or problems innovations create is simple to understand.
false
Most research about the mass media suggests that they have large direct effects for producing change.
false
Most scholars do not distinguish between rural uprisings and urban uprisings.They are basically treated the same in the scholarly literature.
false
Only religious movements need an image of opposing evil and villains.
false
Partly because of the influence of new movement theory, the role of ideas and the social constructions of reality are no longer taken seriously by social movement scholars.
false
Rapid population growth and environmental scarcities increasingly cause wars between countries.
false
Reform movements focus only on broad social reforms.
false
Relative Deprivation Theories, System Disequilibrium Theories, and Resource Mobilization Theories continue to provide powerful explanations as to the set of social circumstances behind the sudden internal disintegration of states and social systems.
false
Research indicates necessity really is the mother of invention.
false
Status based reforms dominated the pre-WWII era; after WWII the dominant reforms were class-based.
false
The authors of this textbook state that understanding trends and images of the future is useful because, if done correctly, they will inevitably come to pass.
false
The authors of your text state that it is increasingly important to view the earth as an open system.
false
The satyagraha strategy is a violent strategy.
false
There are specific formulas that one can use in creating change.
false
Your textbook summarized several theories about social movements. The authors state that there is consensus that there is, in fact, one "best" theory out of all they discussed.
false
The authors cite Gamson's work on violence in relation to social change. How many "violence-prone" protest groups in American history did Gamson study?
fifty three
How many stages of development are there in Rostow's model?
five
Which type of models describe how change flows among region, cities, or nations?
spatial center-periphery models
The Native American movement was ________ in the 1970s by a military standoff in Pine Ridge, South Dakota.
stalled
Recent research on social movement emergence focuses upon __________ that may mobilize people for participation in social movements.
structural pulls
The authors of your text state that the job of being a change agent should start with a ______ question and a ______ question.
structural; social-psychological
Which theoretical perspective focuses upon the changing relations between social institutions, asserting that when the rates of change within the various institutional subsystems of a society are too different, the resulting imbalances create conditions that foster riot, rebellions, and revolutions?
system disequilibrium theories