Social Media Today Exam 1 UIowa

one-to-many communication

-"broadcast communication" newspapers, television, radio, internet, books, magazines -Those who have access to this media, have the power to reach all of us -The impact is very strong

one-to-one communication

-"interpersonal communication" between just two persons; speaking with only one other person -Can be face to face, over the telephone, speaker, etc. -It is accessible to all of us -The impact is very limited

many-to-many communication

-"networked communication" -Can be social media, etc. -This power is diffused (spread out) -Many have the ability to reach many -Can be many different networks -The expert could be one among many interacting in some type of media field

What is a network?

-A structured relationship represented in nodes (agents) and ties (the links between them)

Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)

-About people and society determining what the next step will be for people and technology -The people are the primary sources of change -More on the "technology is positive side"

critiques?

-Branding without substance -Self monitoring -----The edited self -Neoliberal rhetoric

Social Network Concepts

-Cluster: a grouping of connected nodes on a network Communities -Homophily (related to bonding): the degree of similarity between the nodes within a network -Heterophily: the degree of difference between the nodes within a network -Density: the proportion of direct ties relative to the number of ties -Symmetry (related to reciprocity): ??? -Structural holes: the absence of a tie between two networks -Bridge: the pathway that a node (which connects two other nodes) creates

What is surveillance?

-Collecting, processing, and acting upon information about individuals -Collecting data (demographic, psychographic, etc.) -Processing - combining pieces of information to create several "digital you's" for various purposes -Acting upon - making these data aggregates available to purchasers, for example

What is digital literacy?

-Critical knowledge needed to engage productively with networked situations -Ability to control information flows -How to look for an interpret accessible information -Learn to question biases and assumptions underlying content

Personal Information Online

-Demographics -----Basic statistical measures of fact -Psychographics -----Data about lifestyle, interests, values, opinions, etc. -Behavioral Data -----Information produced as a result of actions we take online -Biometric Data -----refers to any computer data that is created during a biometric process

Affordances as "Action Possibilities"

-Determine what is possible -Can encourage particular actions -But cannot predict what is done or what the outcome will be

Digital mediation:

-Digital content is expressed in binary data -This is how media is transferred and how it is made 01101001 0100010101001000101 1000100010001001 = "I love you" -Can be stored in databases

What is the Cyber-dystopian view?

-Fears of losing control -Dependency (if we have the technology, we will stop thinking) -Unable to stop change

surveillance and personal information

-For corporations: revenue -For government and security agencies: asset -For individuals: burden to manage

Why construct a new self?

-Freedom, Escapism, Dissent (not agreeing with common belief), Deception

What is the internet?

-It is a decentralized network of computers

What are the key issues of "Mashable article?

-Legislative (social) control of technology -Social media addiction (now seen as a public health issue) -Privacy -Exploitation

What is the Cyber-utopian view?

-Natural societal developments -Improvements to daily life -Forces that will transform society for the better

What is networked individualism?

-One individual at the center and the others in the network have weak or strong ties to that person -----Crowdfunding for a family member -----Participating in an online cancer support group

Types of Networked Communication:

-One-to-one -One-to-many -Many-to-many

Typology of surveillance

-Participatory surveillance - conscious sharing -Sousveillance - surveying from below - social movements -Lateral surveillance - reflects a "cultural condition" of individuals observing each other

Types of Participatory Audiences:

-Passive Audience -Active Audience -Participatory Audience

Domestication

-People do not really contemplate whether technology is a part of society or not -Technology is just there and a part of our lives -It is taken for granted

What is networked collectivism?

-Rely on multiple social networks -Have a shared group identity -Have certain unique features -----The me too movement -----Black lives matter

What are cookies?

-Small text files loaded on your computer when you visit some websites -Track your activities online -First party cookies: unique to each site -Third party cookies: shared by multiple sites

what is context collapse?

-Social media collapse multiple audiences into single context -Imagined audiences -----We don't always know who are audience is or who is going to see what we post -----Intended and unintended audiences -Decontextualization -----Considering something in isolation from its context Affordances of social media contribute to context collapse

What is social steganography? Performative sharing?

-Social steganography: hiding messages in plain sight using codes -Performative sharing: taking portion of the information and making it public while keeping the rest private

Social Shaping of Technology (SSOT)

-Sort of in the middle for technology controlling or people controlling -Sees technology and society continuing to affect each other

What are the features of a community?

-Space -----Where does the community exist? -Practice -----What do members do? What are the norms? -Shared resources and support -----What are the benefits for members? -Shared identities -----What are group identities? What are individual roles? -Interpersonal communication -----Who is communicating with whom?

Types of Relationships between technology and society:

-Technological Determinism (TD) -Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) -Social Shaping of Technology (SSOT) -Domestication

Searchability

-The ability to find content -Digital

Persistence

-The durability of online expressions and content -Digital -Example is binary data

Spreadability

-The ease with which content can be shared -Participatory audiences

Technological Determinism (TD)

-The perspective that new technologies enter societies as an active form of change -technology is the primary source of change -More on the "technology is negative side"

Visibility

-The potential audience who can bear witness -Networked communication

Location Data (specifically Geo-coded data)

-Using phones to track our movement -Apps collect geo-data for "optimization" but use it for other purposes -----e.g . Weather Channel and IBM

What is moral panic?

-a feeling of fear spread among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society -a belief that technology will disrupt social order

Bridging vs. Bonding

-bridging: creating relationships or connecting with strangers to build social capital -bonding: involves deepening relationships with people we already know

What are the adopter types?

-innovators -early adopters -early majority -late majority -laggards (non adopters)

what is a causality?

-it is the relationship between technology and society -Does technology change society? OR Does society produce and adapt technology

Types of Affordances of Social Media:

-persistence -visibility -spreadability -searchability

What are the two privacy metaphors?

1. Big brother - "dataveillance" -All of our data is controlled by higher authority -Data is centralized and organized -From Orwell's 1984 -Controlled by powerful authority -Leads to self-censorship 2. Kafka's Bureaucracy -From Kafka's The Trial -All of our data is being carelessly handled and privacy is absent -Leads to disempowerment and loss of control

Online Brand Management Tips

1. Brand audit -Search yourself -Go past the first page -Assess your search visibility -Who else shares your name -Is s/he an unseemly person -Set up "alerts" 2. Stake out territories -Claim your name in multiple social media -Use the same username -Use consistent identifiers -Titles, pictures, colors, etc. 3. Clean up -Remove content that damages your brand -Carefully manage your privacy settings -Be discreet -Find others' content that damages your brand -Be prepared to respond to anything else 4. Positive flooding -Create a professional web presence -Build a "social resume" -Focus and demonstrate expertise -Post relevant work -Should be your greatest hits 5. If necessary, create an alternate personality -Differentiate from professional brand -Use nicknames, middle names, etc. -Limit to trusted friends -Although these can change... -Unintended audiences are still possible 6. ABB - Always Be Branding -Demonstrate honesty and integrity -Content is an investment -Lay the groundwork -Will it yield desired returns 5 years from now -Brand maintenance never ends

Passive Audience

An audience that observes an event rather than actively responding to it -Sender → Message → Receiver -"Hypodermic needle" model of communication

Active Audience

Audiences who actively engage in selecting media products to consume and interpret their meanings -Sender → Message → Interpretation → Receiver -"Decoding" model of communication -Not everyone receives it the same way, and not everybody processes the information in the same way (even if the message is the same) -Everyone has a different interpretation

What is diffusion of innovations

Describes the adoption of an innovation in a social system over time

Innovators

First adopters of new products -young, risk takers, have money, high social capital

What is a networked public?

Networked publics... are simultaneously (1) the "space" constructed through networked technologies and (2) the imagined "community" that emerges as a result of the intersection of people, technology, and practice"

Participatory Audience

User <-> Content <-> User "Prosumer" model of communication These are active audiences, but they go one step further to become "productive audiences" These are active as well, but they are also generating messages

What is an algorithm?

a procedural set of instructions for calculating an output

early majority

individuals who adopt a new product just prior to the average person -first image group to adapt, innovation has hit a critical mass

laggards or nonadopters

prefer to do things the way they've been done in the past and are very suspicious of new ideas -typically the last to adopt, less wealth and social standing, older, know technology, but decide they want to opt out

late majority

skeptics who adopt new products when they feel it is necessary -skeptical, not risk takers, less money, less social standing

How is "social media" defined?

social media are digital sites and services that rely on networked communication and participatory audiences

early adopters

those who adopt an innovation early in the diffusion process but after the innovators -not as adopted to risk, leaders/spokesperson for a group, public listens to them