Social Psych Ch. 10
passionate love
An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal
Communal Relationships
Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs
Although her boyfriend treats her well, always puts her needs first, and doesn't demand much in the way of relationship effort from her, Courtney feels unsatisfied with the relationship because a little voice in her head keeps telling her there must be an even better mate out there for her somewhere. Courtney seems to have a. a high comparison level. b. a low comparison level. c. a low comparison level for alternatives. d. a high sense of investment.
A
Marquel and Eric have been friends since the beginning of the school year. According to equity theory, their friendship will suffer if a. Eric is much more likely to help Marquel out when he needs it than Marquel is to help Eric. b. Eric has a "makeover" and suddenly becomes far more attractive than Marquel. c. Eric and Marquel stop having similar interests. d. Eric and Marquel are romantically interested in the same person.
A
One measure of the social distance between people is known as a. degrees of separation. b. social engagement. c. mate preference. d. halo effect.
A
Which of the following is false? a. People in communal relationships tend to keep track of who is contributing what to the relationship. b. People find "average" faces to be more attractive than unusual faces. c. People like others who like them. d. The more we see and interact with people, the more we will like them.
A
Which of the following statements is true regarding how people tend to represent themselves in online dating profiles? a. Misrepresentation in online profiles tends to be of both the intentional and unintentional varieties. b. Deceptive web profiles tend to be longer and more detailed than accurate profiles. c. There are no gender differences in how men and women represent themselves online. d. The vast majority of people post inaccurate or misleading photos of themselves in online profiles.
A
You and your friends decide to hold a heterosexual "speed- dating" event on campus. At this event, male students sit at tables arranged in a circle and have 3-minute conversations with a series of women. After each 3-minute period has ended, the women rotate in a clockwise direction and sit down with a new male student. When asked about their "dating" experiences after the event, research suggests that a. the men should be somewhat pickier in terms of rating which women they would like to see again. b. the women should be somewhat pickier in terms of rating which men they would like to see again. c. the men should focus less on facial symmetry in assessing their dates' attractiveness. d. the women should focus less on facial symmetry in assessing their dates' attractiveness.
A
______________ involves intense longing for another person, accompanied by physiological arousal. a. Passionate love b. Companionate love c. Exchange love d. Communal love
A
Research indicates that a face's symmetry is a reliable predictor of how attractive it is seen to be. An evolutionary psychology explanation for this finding would be that a. symmetrical faces remind us of ourselves and therefore elicit positive feelings. b. symmetry is a sign of health and that a potential mate has good genes. c. "Western" cultures place a greater emphasis on physical attractiveness than do "Eastern" cultures. d. All of the above
B
Research on the effectiveness of dating websites indicates that a. Web sites using mathematical algorithms to match couples by compatibility are far more successful than more traditional ways of meeting a partner such as getting fixed up by friends. b. people tend to send messages to fellow website users whose attractiveness and popularity levels are similar to their own. c. these sites are very popular among gay and lesbian users, but not among heterosexuals. d. the more you find out about someone you met online the more you tend to like that person.
B
Which attachment style below is best captured by the following sentiment: "I am uncomfortable being close to others and find it difficult to trust people completely. I am nervous when anyone gets close, and often my partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being." a. secure attachment style b. avoidant attachment style c. anxious/ambivalent attachment style d. exchange attachment style
B
Which of the following examples best illustrates how functional distance plays a role in the propinquity effect? a. Bart doesn't like his next-door neighbor, primarily because of his habit of playing loud music that makes it difficult to get to sleep at night. b. Marge, whose cubicle is right next to both the kitchen and the elevator, is one of the most popular people in the entire office. c. Homer prefers to take the stairs rather than the elevator because it decreases his likelihood of running into people he finds annoying. d. Lisa made more friends in her sophomore-year dorm than in her freshman-year dorm.
B
Which of the following findings regarding gender differences and breakups in heterosexual relationships is true? a. Men tend to be more likely than women to display contempt and sarcasm during a breakup. b. Women tend to be more likely than men to want to remain friends after a breakup. c. Men tend to be more likely to be breakers than breakees. d. Women tend to be more likely than men to initiate a relationship breakup.
B
Which of the following is an example of an intrapersonal stage to relationship dissolution? a. The breakup is announced to other people. b. One member of the couple thinks a lot about his or her relationship dissatisfaction. c. One member of the couple discusses the potential breakup with the other person. d. The couple decides to get back together.
B
Equity theory suggests that if a relationship is not equitable a. the overbenefited individual will still be satisfied with it. b. both the underbenefited and the overbenefited individuals will still be satisfied with it. c. both the underbenefited and the overbenefited individuals will be unsatisfied with it. d. it will transition from a communal relationship to an exchange relationship.
C
Research on the influence of mobile phone technology on social interaction indicates that a. contrary to what some critics believe, the availability of mobile phones and smartphones has no negative effect on social engagement. b. men are more easily distracted by the presence of a mobile phone during a conversation than are women. c. even if a mobile phone isn't being used during a conversation, it can still pose a distraction that comes at the expense of social engagement. d. while laptops and tablet computers can be distracting during face-to-face interaction, smartphones are not.
C
Sam has his eye on Julie and wants her to like him. According to research in social psychology, which of the following is least likely to work? a. Emphasizing how similar their attitudes are b. Arranging to work with her on a class project so that he can spend time with her c. Emphasizing that they have complementary personalities and that opposites attract d. Makinghimselflookasphysicallyattractiveashecan
C
The ___________ suggests that the more times we encounter someone or something, the more we tend to like it. a. evolutionary perspective b. halo effect c. mere exposure effect d. reciprocal liking effect
C
Whereas __________ love is characterized by feelings of intimacy and affection, __________ love tends to include intense longing and physiological arousal. a. platonic; romantic b. tranquil; sexual c. companionate; passionate d. empty; erotic
C
Which of the following is not identified as a major predictor of attraction in long-term romantic relationships? a. similarity b. reciprocity c. complementarity d. propinquity
C
Which of the following statements regarding attachment style is true? a. Few if any individuals change their attachment style once they reach adulthood. b. A majority of adults have been found to exhibit an avoidant attachment style. c. The attachment style that adults display is shaped by their partner's behavior and the type of relationship they've created as a couple. d. Your attachment style as an infant typically has little to do with the attachment style you have in your adult relationships.
C
After a breakup, which of the following individuals is most likely to want to remain friends? a. Fred, a male who initiated his breakup b. Barney, a male who was a breakee (i.e., his partner initiated the breakup) c. Wilma, a female who was involved in a mutual breakup d. Betty, a female who was a breakee (i.e., her partner initiated the breakup)
D
Elliot worries that his girlfriend doesn't really love him and he smothers her with attention. According to attachment theory, Elliot probably has a(n) __________ attachment style, because when he was an infant, his caregivers were __________. a. avoidant; aloof and distant b. secure; responsive to his needs c. communal; smothering but very open d. anxious/ambivalent; inconsistent and overbearing
D
Katie and Madeline are dating. According to the investment model of close relationships, which of the following will influence their commitment to the relationship? a. Their satisfaction with the relationship b. Their level of investment in the relationship c. The availability and quality of alternative partners d. All of the above
D
Similarity in terms of which of the following dimensions has been found to predict increased attraction? a. attitudes b. attractiveness level c. genetics d. All of the above
D
Which of the following is not one of the cross-cultural research findings about love and relationships reported in this chapter? a. Unlike in the United States where it is conventional for married couples to live together, in many areas of West Africa, married couples live apart, prioritizing the connection with extended family over that with a spouse. b. As indicated by the concept of yuan, Chinese are more likely to believe that relationship outcomes are determined by fate than are Americans. c. Romantic love seems universal among humans, even as culture shapes how that emotional state is experienced and expressed. d. Divorce rates are higher for arranged marriages than they are for marriages in which the individuals find their own spouse.
D
Which of the following statements about perceptions of physical attractiveness is true? a. Asymmetrical faces are typically viewed as more attractive because they are so distinctive. b. Large cross-cultural differences emerge in terms of what is seen as physically attractive in the human face. c. The more someone looks like us, the less attractive we typically find him or her to be. d. Perceivers tend to believe that someone who is attractive also possesses a range of other (unrelated) positive characteristics.
D
Comparison Level
People's expectations about the level of rewards and costs they are likely to receive in a particular relationship
Comparison Level for Alternatives
People's expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship
Exchange Relationships
Relationships governed by the need for equity (i.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)
equity theory
The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal
Social Exchange Theory
The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
Investment Model
The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it
Research on "fatal attractions" suggests that a. the same qualities that first draw us to a person can, with time, become qualities that contribute to breaking up. b. heterosexual couples are more likely than homosexual couples to remain friends after a breakup. c. constructive behaviors help a relationship more than destructive behaviors harm it. d. so-called "mutual" breakups are often the most emotionally disruptive type of relationship dissolution.
a
Which of the following is a benefit of online dating? a. The ability to achieve propinquity with a wider range of people b. Mathematical formulas that are highly effective at creating compatibility matches c. People tend to be more honest about themselves online d. With online dating, there's no such thing as potential mates feeling "out of your league"
a
Halo Effect
a cognitive bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also posseses other positiver characteristics
similarity
a match between our interests, attitudes,values, background, or personality and those of another person
The regions of the brain that exhibit signs of increased activity when someone thinks about feelings of romantic love are the same regions that exhibit signs of increased activity when a person a. sleeps. b. ingests cocaine. c. cries. d. is anxious about being the focus of attention.
b
You are considering breaking up with your significant other after 1 month of being a couple. While the relationship gives you lots of rewards and has few costs, you have recently met someone new whom you anticipate will give you even more rewards for even fewer costs. Your dilemma stems from the fact that you have a __________ and a __________. a. low comparison level; high comparison level for alternatives b. high comparison level; high comparison level for alternatives c. low comparison level; low comparison level for alternatives d. high comparison level; low equity level
b
Companionate love
consists of feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion of physiological arousal
Evolutionary Psychology
the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection
Propinquity (proximity) Effect
the finding that the more we see and interact with people the more likely they are to becoming out friends
mere exposure effect
the more exposure we have to a stimulus the more apt we are to like it