Social Psych Ch. 11 Prosocial Behavior

The concept of ________ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.

pluralistic ignorance

Which of the following statements is most closely related to the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991)?

"Walk a mile in my shoes."

If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need?

"You in the red sweater—call 911!"

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free. ________ is more likely to stop to help her out because ________.

A man; the situation calls for an act of chivalry

refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper

Altruism

Based on results of Darley' s and Batson' s (1973) "Good Samaritan" experiment, who is most likely to help an elderly women who has slipped on the ice?

August, who is killing time before an appointment

Complete the following analogy about the effects of mood on helping behavior. ________: feel bad, do good :: happiness: ________.

Guilt; feel good, do good effect

When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. ________ best explains why this is so.

Informational social influence

Which of the following is the best example of someone with an altruistic personality?

Lori, who volunteers her time running a women's shelter and regularly gives to charities

refers to any act that someone performs in order to benefit another person.

Prosocial behavior

Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?

Robert anonymously donates a kidney to a twenty-year-old accident victim he will never meet

theory would be most likely to mention such factors as social approval and increased self-worth as motivations for prosocial behavior

Social exchange

Prosocial behavior is

performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations?

Theo calmly walks into heavy traffic to rescue a stranger who collapsed in the crosswalk

Evolutionary psychology would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents?

When Larry was on a ship going down at sea, he let everyone else be saved ahead of him, even though everyone on the ship was a complete stranger to him.

According to the gender differences presented by the authors of your text, generally speaking, ________ would be more likely to help an aging relative with daily tasks than ________.

a woman; a man

According to evolutionary theory (Darwin, 1859), natural selection favors genes that promote individual survival. This tenet is most troublesome in explaining

altruism

Marla has revised her will to ensure that upon her death, all of her functioning organs (corneas, liver, kidneys, heart, and so on) will be used to help transplant patients. She's told no one about her actions, and expects nothing in return. This is an example of a(n) ________ behavior.

altruistic

According to evolutionary psychologists, why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency? Doris's children

are more likely to pass on her genes

According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you

are the sole witness

According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an emergency situation. According to this stage model, when witnesses ________, costs of helping will be most relevant to their behavior

decide whether to implement their decision to help

Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. This is an example of

diffusion of responsibility.

Research has found an answer to the question of whether people will help out-group and in-group members. People help their in-group members because of _______ and out-group members because of _____.

empathy, rewards

Suppose Dan is late for a very important meeting. As he runs toward his car, he sees a woman using crutches who has dropped a large stack of papers onto a busy sidewalk. Dan feels a great deal of empathy for this woman because he remembers how tough it was when he had to use crutches a couple years before. According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, Dan will

help her pick up the papers because he wants to reduce his own and her distress.

According to research on the impact of religion on helping behavior, if Dr. Hinford, a devoutly religious man, makes a donation to a children's charity, he is most likely to do it

in a meeting with charity officers

A(n) ________ is a group with which individuals identify and of which they feel they are members

in-group

One of the major problems with the empathy-altruism hypothesis, which Batson himself admits, is that

it can be difficult to know people's true motives when helping.

Which of the following best describes the urban-overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970)? People who

live in cities often feel overwhelmed, so simplify things by keeping to themselves.

In explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism, evolutionary psychologists would argue that

over millennia, genes of those who follow the "biological importance" rule will survive.

The "feel good, do good" effect in studies of prosocial behavior refers to the idea that

people in a good mood are more likely to help

Allen volunteers to visit the homes of AIDS patients because those visits help him forget about his own problems. This is an example of ________ behavior

prosocial

Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities because she can help others and, at the same time, get a tax deduction. Julianna is engaging in

prosocial behavior.

Whereas ________ is any act performed to benefit another, ________ is such an act performed with no regard for one's safety or interests.

prosocial behavior; altruism

Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she'll need help and someone will return the favor. This best illustrates the idea of

reciprocity.

Prosocial behavior is to ________ as altruism is to ________.

rewards; selflessness

The groups of people who live among those who are ________ may be more likely to survive than those people who live among groups of people who are ________. This idea is referred to as ________.

selfless; selfish; group selection

Evolutionary psychology is the study of

social behaviors as a result of genetic factors and natural selection.

You ask your brother if you can borrow his car for a date on Saturday night. Before handing over the keys, he asks in jest, "What's in it for me?" His question best reflects ________ as applied to prosocial behavior

social exchange theory

The basic tenet of ________ is that when we feel empathy for another person's plight, we will help that person regardless of what we may stand to gain

the empathy-altruism hypothesis

The bystander effect refers to the finding that

the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely individuals are to help

One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is that if you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by

the norm of reciprocity

The main tenet of social exchange theory is that we will help others when

the rewards outweigh the costs

Research has demonstrated that people will help in-group members because

they have feelings of empathy.

Why would gratitude evolve in a social group?

to motivate us to return help we have received from others

A principal theory in social psychology is social exchange theory. According to this theory, we will be most likely to help others

when the benefits outweigh the costs

According to self-esteem maintenance theory, you will be more inclined to help a stranger than to help a friend when

you are one of many witnessing the other person's need.