Social Psych CH 4

In 1964, Leon Festinger observed that -attitudes and behaviors varied together. -attitudes guide behaviors. -people's behaviors are a result of their changing attitudes. -changing people's attitudes often hardly affects their behavior.

-changing people's attitudes often hardly affects their behavior.

Which area of the brain is active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli? the occipital lobe the cerebellum the hypothalamus the amygdala

the amygdala

In the video, one prisoner began screaming and crying after about 36 hours of the experiment. In one newspaper interview, the prisoner claimed that he faked his screaming and crying. In another source, he claimed he was feeling out of control. The disparate explanations for his behavior are likely due to the tension created by his awareness of two inconsistent cognitions. What is this called? -selective exposure -confirmation bias -social roles -cognitive dissonance

-cognitive dissonance

Wilson feels uncomfortable when he has a second slice of cake because he knows it violates the promise he made to his doctor to eat less sugar. What is this discomfort called? -social roles -implicit associations -insufficient justification -cognitive dissonance

-cognitive dissonance

Although you were opposed to the American war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to present a report on the justification of the war as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude? -self-consistency theory -self-presentation theory -self-perception theory -cognitive dissonance theory

-cognitive dissonance theory

During the study, guards were given reflective sunglasses to enhance -misinformation. -deindividuation. -disidentification. -dehumanization.

-deindividuation.

Dissonance is -expressing a minority opinion. -an illusion. -disobeying an authority. -discomfort at clashing stimuli.

-discomfort at clashing stimuli.

If you believe it is wrong to steal but you sneak into a movie theater with a friend, you would likely experience cognitive -ambivalence. -dissension. -discord. -dissonance

-dissonance

When social psychologists try to measure people's attitudes, they -end up measuring expressed attitudes. -get a direct reading of their behaviors. -predominantly avoid recording and evaluating implicit and explicit attitudes. -easily obtain attitudinal changes by controlling all external social influences.

-end up measuring expressed attitudes.

Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance theory is used to explain -Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. -how one's own actions can change one's beliefs. -why upsetting events are easily forgotten. -how consensus within a group can be reached on controversial issues.

-how one's own actions can change one's beliefs.

In 1971, Philip Zimbardo conducted a classic study on the psychology of -socialization. -love. -obedience. -imprisonment.

-imprisonment.

A store owner is concerned about shoplifting. Research on potent attitudes that influence shoplifting suggests that he can reduce theft by -installing metal detectors. -installing eye-level mirrors in his store. -attaching anti-theft devices on his merchandise. -placing security guards at all exits.

-installing eye-level mirrors in his store.

In the context of ways in which one's behaviors affect one's attitudes, Manis et al. (1974), Tesser et al. (1972), and Tetlock (1983) stated that -people believe what they say when there is no compelling external explanation for their words. Incorrect -people are quicker to share bad news rather than good. -people adjust their message toward their listener's views. -people doubt or are skeptical of what they say unless they are bribed or coerced into doing so.

-people adjust their message toward their listener's views.

"I could easily do this."

Perceived control

Ah...I've been waiting all day for this.

Self-justification (cognitive dissonance)

I know smoking is bad for me.

Self-justification (cognitive dissonance)

Oh well...the statistics aren't as awful as they say. Anyway, I'm very healthy. I won't get sick.

Self-justification (cognitive dissonance)

Here I am smoking again. I must like smoking.

Self-perception (self-observation)

I look like a cool smoker.

Self-presentation (impression management)

Although your mother had to nag you to clean your room as a child, she always praised your effort when you finished cleaning your room. Her comments likely _____ your intrinsic motivation to maintain a clean and hygienic environment as an adult without being nagged. -increased -decreased -downgraded -eliminated

increased

What does the video recommend to help us when we are experiencing cognitive dissonance? -medication -exercise -talking with a friend -mindfulness

mindfulness

Based on the video, what might smokers think that reduces their dissonance? -"Smoking is better than other bad habits I could have, such as drinking or drugs." -"Smoking is terrible for me." -"By smoking, I'm making my lifespan much shorter." ="When I started smoking, it was to be with friends."

-"Smoking is better than other bad habits I could have, such as drinking or drugs."

The Stanford Prison Experiment was expected to last 14 days. How long did it actually last? -3 days -6 days -11 days -14 days

-6 days

In the video about the Stanford Prison Experiment, each participant was given a particular role. What is a social role? -A feeling, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, people, and events. -A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave. -A tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information. -A mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.

-A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

Niklas wants to make the most accurate, best decisions possible. He asks for your advice, knowing you just watched this video. What would you tell him? -Limit his news and internet reading to sources that agree with him. -Allow himself to experience uncomfortable feelings when confronting new viewpoints. -Seek advice from someone who thinks like him. -When doing research, stick only to sites recommended by his social media.

-Allow himself to experience uncomfortable feelings when confronting new viewpoints.

In the context of social thinking, which of the following illustrates self-perception theory? -Alica prefers socializing with people who are physically attractive rather than with those who lack physical charm. -Irene requests her parents to gift her a car on her birthday even though she knows that they are not financially sound. -Conor imagines himself dancing at a college event and begins to think of himself as a successful dancer. -Kang starts smoking because his friends force him to do so and justifies his action by saying that smoking is a sign of maturity.

-Conor imagines himself dancing at a college event and begins to think of himself as a successful dancer.

________ did research about the inconsistencies between thought and action. -Skinner -Pavlov -Festinger -Singer

-Festinger

We are most likely to be highly motivated and perform well, if we are -extrinsically motivated only. -intrinsically motivated only. -both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated. -neither intrinsically nor extrinsically motivated.

-both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated.

Identify the true statement about role-playing studies. -It concludes that people remain unaffected by their surroundings and hardly change their behaviors to match up to those around them. -It infers that humans are powerless machines. -It highlights how an artificial role can subtly morph into what is real. -It confirms that people remain the same throughout these studies without undergoing any minor or major transformation in their behavior.

-It highlights how an artificial role can subtly morph into what is real.

Identify a true statement about dissonance theory. -It assumes that for strategic reasons one expresses attitudes that make one appear consistent. -It pertains mostly to discrepancies between behavior and attitudes. -It states that one feels tension when one has multiple consistent thoughts. -It supports the fact that discomfort remains unaffected by judging one's actions to oneself.

-It pertains mostly to discrepancies between behavior and attitudes.

"I am a good student but I am not scholarship level. I just don't know what to do." Jarod believes that (1) higher education is of great value.​(2) there is no way he can afford a higher education. Which two of the following outcomes is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory? Check All That Apply -Jarod devalues higher education.Jarod devalues higher education. -Jarod applies for scholarships he is sure he will not get. -Jarod wonders if he could cut his budget enough to afford it.Jarod wonders if he could cut his budget enough to afford it. -Jarod gives up and orders a beer.Jarod gives up and orders a beer.

-Jarod devalues higher education.Jarod devalues higher education. -Jarod gives up and orders a beer.Jarod gives up and orders a beer.

Which of the following is NOT an example of internal motivation? -Amanda loves children and wants to be a pediatrician so that she can work with kids every day -Lyle goes to karate three times a week because he loves the feeling of accomplishment that he has when he learns something new in class. -Johnny doesn't stick his hand in the cookie jar because he is worried that his mom will catch him and he will get in trouble. -Rayna has a personal desire to get ahead so she starts her own business.

-Johnny doesn't stick his hand in the cookie jar because he is worried that his mom will catch him and he will get in trouble.

Keri feels that people should not kiss on the first date, but she just had a first date that was so terrific that she just couldn't help herself, and she kissed him thoroughly. Keri believes that (1) I shouldn't kiss on the first date.(2) I kissed on the first date. Which of the following outcomes is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory? -Keri decides it isn't so bad to kiss on the first date. -Keri hates herself for violating her own standards and stops dating. -Keri asks the guy out for a second date.

-Keri decides it isn't so bad to kiss on the first date.

Samantha hates playing board games, but somehow she allowed herself to get roped into going with her friends for an evening of board games. Samantha believes that (1) I hate playing board games.(2) I spent the evening playing board games. Which of the following outcomes is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory? -Samantha decides board games aren't so bad after all. -Samantha hates board games more than ever. -Samantha hates her friends for pressuring her to do something contrary to her values. -Samantha loves her friends despite their poor taste in entertainment.

-Samantha decides board games aren't so bad after all.

Arina is talking with a classmate who tells her about something he just read. Arina doesn't like what he told her, so she dismisses it as "fake news." Why would Arina do that? -She would like to persuade others to feel like she does. -She feels she has insufficient justification for her behavior. -She feels strongly about the topic and is practicing identity-protective cognition. -She is extrinsically motivated.

-She feels strongly about the topic and is practicing identity-protective cognition.

In the video, Zimbardo admits he lost himself in the role that he played—the prison superintendent. Based on the information from the video and chapter, if you wanted to influence someone to become kinder and more forgiving, which role might you assign them in the up-coming school play? -Armand, the devious shopkeeper -Rebecca, the angry neighbor -Wilson, a student studying to become a missionary -Lilia, a grumpy construction worker

-Wilson, a student studying to become a missionary

What did a replication of the Stanford Prison Experiment done in the early 2000s demonstrate that is different from the original experiment? -Without leaders prompting them to be cruel, guards did not become abusive. -No matter what the environment, solitary confinement did not cause psychological harm. -Psychologically healthy individuals were just as likely to be cruel as unhealthy ones. -Prisoners who were arrested at home were less traumatized than those arrested at work.

-Without leaders prompting them to be cruel, guards did not become abusive.

In the context of evil and moral acts, research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should -act as if you do. -let them do favors for you. -ignore their negative traits. -focus on their positive traits.

-act as if you do.

If you believe it is wrong to steal but you sneak into a movie theater with a friend, you would also likely experience -anxiety. -anger. -elation. -hope.

-anxiety.

If you are studying because you want to do well in your chosen course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future than students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how -behaviors follow attitudes. -attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility. -behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility. -attitudes follow behaviors.

-attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.

Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? -believing in regular exercise, but realizing you don't exercise -liking chocolate and liking a hamburger, but not liking the two mixed together -the accused claiming to be innocent, but the prosecution asserting guilt -a viewer rejecting the claims made on public television

-believing in regular exercise, but realizing you don't exercise

Rogerio's boss has decided that she wants her night-shift workers to be more motivated to increase productivity. She asks Rogerio, who is the night-time manager, to come up with an idea of a motivator that isn't a raise, which would cost the company too much money. Which of the following suggestions could Rogerio provide to his boss? -hire more workers who have natural talent for the type of work that their company does -have the company buy new, fancy coffee makers and supply better tasting coffee to all day shift workers free of charge so that the night shift workers will be motivated to get the managers to buy them coffee too -ask workers if they are enjoying their work and reduce the amount of work that they are doing if they are not enjoying it -provide productivity incentives for the night shift, such as buying pizzas or sub sandwiches during one shift of the month, if workers exceed their monthly target objectives by 10 percent

-provide productivity incentives for the night shift, such as buying pizzas or sub sandwiches during one shift of the month, if workers exceed their monthly target objectives by 10 percent

The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison. -roles; attitudes -roles; behaviors -attitudes; behaviors -attitudes; roles

-roles; behaviors

During a group discussion on smoking, Ethan says that one should avoid smoking as it is injurious to health and it symbolizes weakness. Later, Ethan avoids smoking in front of his classmates lest his views on smoking contradict his words. He also wishes to appear consistent. Which of the following theories of psychology best explains Ethan's behavior? -self-presentation theory -motivation crowding theory -cognitive dissonance theory -social penetration theory

-self-presentation theory

If you believe it is wrong to steal but you sneak into a movie theater with a friend, one way to resolve the conflict between your belief and your action is to -tell yourself that it is okay to sneak into a movie because it doesn't hurt anyone. -decide to sneak into a movie every day. -write a novel about your experiences. -All of the answers are correct.

-tell yourself that it is okay to sneak into a movie because it doesn't hurt anyone.

A researcher who measures attitudes by assessing whether white people take longer to associate positive words with Black faces than with white faces is most likely using -a strong interest inventory. -a bogus pipeline paradigm. -the facial muscle response test. -the implicit association test.

-the implicit association test.

Although you may spend an evening surfing the internet rather than studying, you have generally been a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held the attitude that studying is important. The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can be best described by which social psychological term? -the principle of aggregation -behavioral inconsistency -the ABCs of attitudes -moral hypocrisy

-the principle of aggregation

According to Klaas (1978), saying becomes believing when -what you say falls in line with your implicit attitude. -your implicit and explicit attitudes are already in agreement. -there is no compelling external explanation for your words. -you have said something similar in the past.

-there is no compelling external explanation for your words.

The Stanford Prison Experiment was meant to run for ______, but was terminated after ______. -two months; six days -two weeks; six days -two weeks; six hours -six days; two weeks

-two weeks; six days

"I'm for physical fitness."

Attitude toward the behavior

Jogging and going to the gym

Behavior

"I'm going to start next week."

Behavior intention

Which of the following statements about motivation is true? -Something is only motivation if it is a reward for doing something we would not otherwise do. -Something is only motivating if we are expecting praise or money in return for performing a certain action. -There are dozens of types of motivation. -Motivation drives our behavior and gives us direction.

Motivation drives our behavior and gives us direction.

"My neighbors seem to be jogging and going to the gym."

Subjective norms

Moral action affects moral thinking, especially when -one is threatened. -coerced. -chosen. -one is offered limited options.

chosen

In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, one can reduce dissonance after making important decisions by -downgrading the unchosen option. -studying the attributes of the unchosen options. -criticizing all the available choices or options. -overlooking the chosen alternative.

downgrading the unchosen option.

Jordan is in third grade. His teacher has noticed that he is more likely to complete all of his math assignment if she tells that class that she is giving out stickers to students who finish their work. The stickers are a form of ______ motivation for Jordan to complete his work. -intrinsic -extrinsic -both intrinsic and extrinsic -neither intrinsic nor extrinsic

extrinsic

People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week. reliable average poor strong

poor