Social Psych Chapter 3

In trying to decide which of two classmates is smarter, you use the rule that "the faster people talk, the smarter they are," so you choose the classmate who talks faster. You have applied a __________ to decide who is smarter. a. judgmental heuristic b. systematic judgment c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. cultural truism

a. judgmental heuristic

In short, counterfactual thinking can be described as __________. a. mentally reconstructing the past b. putting a positive spin on things to enhance self-esteem c. thinking about how things couldn't have turned out differently d. one of the most rational responses to an undesirable outcome

a. mentally reconstructing the past

It is __________ to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because __________. a. more distressing; it's easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus b. more distressing; images of the people waiting for you are more available in memory c. less distressing; you don't have to wait as long for the next bus d. less distressing; it's easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus

a. more distressing; it's easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus

Researchers asked some participants to think of six times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of twelve times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. Participants who tried to generate six examples of assertive behaviors rated themselves as more assertive than did participants who tried to generate twelve examples. The point that this study illustrates is that __________. a. people use the availability heuristic to make judgments about themselves as well as other people b. people with well-elaborated schemas for assertiveness will be able to generate more examples of assertive behaviors c. generating examples of assertiveness creates a self-fulfilling prophecy d. more assertive people will be able to generate more examples of their past assertive behavior

a. people use the availability heuristic to make judgments about themselves as well as other people

Culture can influence our schemas by influencing __________. a. what we notice and remember b. the amount of cognitive activity required to engage socially c. how long we attend to important information d. our ability to creatively interpret the world

a. what we notice and remember

According to the authors of your text, when people use automatic thinking, they tend to size up new situations __________ . a.quickly and accurately b.slowly and accurately c.quickly and inaccurately d.slowly and inaccurately

a.quickly and accurately

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person, and others that he was a cold person. The visitor then lectured for twenty minutes and behaved in a very arrogant way during the lecture. When students evaluated the lecturer, __________. a.students expecting a warm person rated the lecturer as funnier, but no less arrogant, than students who expected a cold person b. no matter what the expectation, none of the students liked the arrogant lecturer c. those students who expected a warm person interpreted his "arrogance" as insecurity d. students who expected a cold person rated the lecturer as less arrogant than students who expected a warm person

a.students expecting a warm person rated the lecturer as funnier, but no less arrogant, than students who expected a cold person

According to the authors of your text, what is the primary reason that people often rely on a variety of mental shortcuts? a. We're confronted with an overwhelming amount of social information. b. We're inherently flawed in our ability to reason. c. We're motivated to enhance our self-esteem. d. We're too mentally lazy to do the cognitive work involved.

b. We're inherently flawed in our ability to reason.

Faustino is a musician who plays the trumpet in the band at his school. When he sees Isabel carrying a case into the school, he assumes she is a musician as well. Faustino's schema is __________. a. primed by his need to get to know new people b. accessible because of his experience with the band c. accessible because of his goal to get her phone number d. primed by the representativeness heuristic

b. accessible because of his experience with the band

Reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind involves the use of the __________ heuristic. a. representativeness b. availability c. counterfactual d. confirmatory

b. availability

According to the authors of your text, a good metaphor for human thinking is to consider people to be __________. a. budding geniuses b. flawed scientists c. overconfident apes d. lucky fools

b. flawed scientists

The representative heuristic is when __________. a. people classify a stimulus based on how similar it appears to be to the typical case b. people classify a stimulus based on how easy it is to recall a schema c. people ignore the "Barnum effect" when making judgments about themselves d. people classify people using base rate information

b. people classify a stimulus based on how easy it is to recall a schema

Physicians often say, "When you hear hoof beats behind you, think horses, not zebras." In terms of this chapter, this idea most closely resembles __________. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. social cognition c. base rate information d. chronic accessibility

c. base rate information

The most important take-home message about controlled thinking is that it __________. a. precedes automatic thinking b. replaces automatic thinking c. provides a check on automatic thinking d. increases the efficiency of thinking

c. provides a check on automatic thinking

Warren believes that Tom is an outgoing, gregarious person. "Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Warren asks Tom. "Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Tom is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of __________. a. the primacy effect b.reconstructive memory c.a self-fulfilling prophecy d.the perseverance effect

c.a self-fulfilling prophecy

__________ refer(s) to the way people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others. a.Decision rules b. Schemas c.Counterfactual thinking d.Social cognition

d. Social cognition

Tyson has looked at all of his syllabi and has written in his calendar to begin his term paper five days before it is due in class. In the past, Tyson has never finished a term paper in less than ten days. But this time, he thinks it will be different because he is now smarter and more experienced. Tyson is making what kind of error in thinking? a. The statistical probability fallacy b. The confirmation bias error c. The self-fulfilling prophecy d. The planning fallacy

d. The planning fallacy

Parents seldom spend a lot of time explaining to their children how to ride a bicycle. Instead, they often get a bike with training wheels and let the children learn for themselves how to ride a bike. This is because our understanding about how to ride a bicycle is based on __________. a.personal experience that is not likely to be believed by the child b.controlled thinking that can only be learned by experience c.intuition, which is difficult to express in language that a child can understand automatic thinking, which is difficult to describe to someone else

d. automatic thinking, which is difficult to describe to someone else

Several studies conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues suggest that people who grow up in East Asian cultures think more __________ than people who grow up in Western cultures. a. analytically b. creatively c. intelligently d. holistically

d. holistically