Social Psych Exam 3
Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye on his head when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror? a. one year old human b. adult chimpanzee c. adult sloth d. infant rhinoceros
B. An adult chimpanzee
To summarize the info about "telling more than we know" often factors that seem like they should affect us ___ and factors that seem like they should have no impact ___. a. do not; do not b. do not; do c. do; do not d. have great impact; have mild impact
B. do not; do
According to the tenets of self perception theory, which of the following audience members would report that he or she really loved the taping of The Late Show with David Letterman? a. Tim, who sat right in front of the flashing "applause" sign b. Julie, who could see that Dave was looking at her c. Andre, whose hands stung from clapping so much d. Debra, whose friends nudged her to get her to applaud
C. Andre, whose hands stung from clapping so much
Which person's not making a downward social comparison? a. Alan, who lost one leg in an accident, comparing himself to the driver, who was killed b. David, who loses his job, but gets a severance package with six months' salary, comparing himself to a colleague at another company who lost his job and received three months' severance c. Steven, who compares his driving skills today w/ those that he had when he was in high school d. Marty, who compares his coordination after contracting multiple sclerosis w/ that which he had before the disease
D.
A basic tenet of self perception theory's that we infer our feelings from our behavior when a. reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous b. reasons for our attitudes or feelings are clear c. we can easily identify external reasons for our feelings d. we think about how others perceive us
a. Reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous
According to cognitive dissonance theory, soldiers may reduce their guilt about killing innocent civilians during wartime by a. dehumanizing their victims b. killing more enemy soldiers c. going into therapy d. telling themselves that the war is almost over
a
According to the authors, advertisers who market such products as deodorants, mouthwashes, and room deodorizers succeed bc they a. convince consumers that their products are relevant to them b. use attractive spokespeople c. use fear appeals to activate consumers' subjective norms d. use logical appeals to target consumers' health concerns
a
According to the self regulatory resource model, ___ requires energy, & spending it on one task limits the amount that can be spent on other things a. self control b. concentration c. attention d. stereotypes
a
An attitude based on operant conditioning is formed when a behavior toward an attitude object is a. pos. reinforced b. performed unconsciously c. done privately, then publicly d. paired w/ neg. stimulus
a
Attitude inoculation's the process of making ppl immune to persuasion attempts by a. exposing them to arguments against their position b. exposing them to arguments in support of their position c. encouraging them to feel pos. about the position that they hold d. encouraging them to keep an open mind
a
Bc they provide the potential offender ___, threats of harsh punishment seldom produce pos. attitude change a. ample external justification for restraint b. excuse for psychological reactance c. sufficient internal justification for restraint d. internal attribution for restraint
a
Carla has just written out check for $13999 to pay for new car. Although salesperson had initially accepted her check, she's now told that there was a mistake & that the final total should really be $14250. Carla writes another check for $251 to cover the difference so that she can drive out w/ her new car. Carla has just fallen prey to a questionable sales practice called a. lowballing b. bait and switch c. dissonance game d. keep em guessing
a
Complete analogy about attitudes: implicit: ___:: explicit: ___ a. childhood; present b. current; future c. controlled; cognitive d. automatic; nonconscious
a
Even though Mario dislikes roller coasters, he may decide to take a ride bc his bf really wants him to ride the new Tidal Wave. Example shows importance of ___ on our behavioral decisions a. subjective norms b. reciprocity norm c. altruism d. persuasive comm
a
George's trying to decide which of 2 used cars to buy. He test drives each, listening to radio while he does so. While he's test driving the Honda, his favorite song comes on the radio. George tells his friend, "I know the Toyota's a bit better of a deal, but somehow the Honda just feels better to me" If the reason that the Honda feels better is that George liked the song that he heard while driving it, his decision's being influenced by a. misattribution of emotion b. central route processing c. dissonance reduction d. schematic processing
a
Hai has been taking expensive beta carotene supplements for years bc he believes they'll reduce his risk of cancer. Hai has just learned that a well controlled study published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine showed that beta carotene supplements don't reduce cancer risk. Hai is probably experiencing a. cognitive dissonance b. self affirmation c. rationalization trap d. self discrepancy
a
In general, more ___ decision between alternatives, the ___ the postdecision dissonance a. permanent; greater b. revocable; greater c. trivial; greater d. freer; less
a
Most typical ways of reducing dissonance include all of the following except a. forgetting about our past statements that contradict our behavior b. changing our behavior to bring it into line with dissonant cognitions c. justifying our behavior by changing dissonant cognitions d. justify our behavior by adding new cognitions
a
Next week, you're going to give a lecture to the psychology club about the Yale attitude change approach to persuasion. What'll be your 3 main topics a. source, nature of comm, nature of audience b. source, need for cognition, implicit attitudes audience c. source, nature of comm, route of processing (central/peri) d. personality of audience, nature of message, social status of speaker
a
Petar and Nikolas love the house that they just toured. It's short sale for $180000, which is a great price. They're very excited & want to put in an offer. After they begin the paperwork, their realtor tells them that the price doesn't include fixtures or the appliances. Those will likely cost an extra $20000 what tactic is the realtor using a. lowballing b. bait and switch c. intrinsic motivation
a
Pos. attitude can be formed via classical conditioning when an attitude object is repeatedly paired w/ a. pleasant stimulus/experience b. rewards for a simple behavior c. punishments for misbehavior d. arousal & cognition
a
Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell another person that a boring, tedious task was really fun and interesting. The results of their experiment demonstrated that a. minimal external justification can lead to attitude change b. when ppl experience dissonance, they work to justify their effort c. decisioin to engage in attitude discrepant acts must be voluntary d. ppl often refuse to say in public what they privately believe
a
Samantha really enjoys Gummy Bears. Her attitude didn't stem from any rational exam of the nutritional value of this food, & isn't governed by logic (she can't be persuaded to stop eating them). Samantha's attitude about Gummy Bears is most likely ___ based a. affectively b. cognitively c. behaviorally d. intuitively
a
Threats of severe punishment aren't likely to change behaviors in the absence of the person who punishes, bc such severe threats provide a. external justification for halting the undesirable behavior b. sufficient internal justification for halting the undesirable behavior c. means to justify the problem behavior d. large amount of cognitive dissonance
a
When someone dehumanizes a victim & successfully reduces dissonance in this way, this is likely to lead to a. continuation or escalation of cruelty b. reduction of cruelty c. total cessation of cruelty d. effort justification in form of hate groups
a
Yale Attitude Change approach focused on number of factors that influence success of persuasive message. Which of following best exemplifies audience variables as one of those factors? a. attentive vs inattentive listeners b. high quality vs low quality arguments c. expert vs novel speakers d. one sided vs two sided messages
a
You've observed that there's more litter around signs that say "$500 fine for littering" than around signs that say "please keep our state clean" What social psych theory would you use to explain this observation? a. reactance theory b. cognitive dissonance theory c. attitude inoculation theory d. elaboration likelihood model
a
___ refer(s) to words or pictures that aren't consciously perceived, but that allegedly influence judgments, attitudes, and behaviors a. subliminal messages b. subconscious perception c. paranormal stimuli d. subnormal priming
a
on campus of U of Minnesota, there are signs near large expanses of grass that read, "lie on me, play on me, but please don't walk on me" These signs are more likely to protect the grass than signs that read "Stay off the grass" bc the Minnesota signs a. likely to generate less psych reactance b. contain longer persuasive message c. contain an emotional appeal rather than a logical appeal d. contain logical appeal rather than an emotional appeal
a
ppl are most likely to form behaviorally based attitudes when the initial attitude is ___ & there are no ___ justifications for the behavior a. weak or ambiguous; external b. weak or ambiguous; internal c. strong & clear; external d. strong & clear; internal
a
According to studies discussed in text, one consequence of analyzing or generating reasons for attitueds is that people will a. change attitudes to bring them in line w/ reasons b. change their list of reasons to bring them in line w/ attitudes c. become self aware and hold less positive attitudes d. alter their behaviors to correspond to original attitudes
a. change their attitudes ot bring them in line w/ reasons
One evening after work, Barbara arrives home in a very bad mood. Noticing this, her husband James asks her why she seems so angry and upset. Barbara hadn't thought about her mood before James mentioned it, now she thinks hard about what has caused her to be sullen. She decides that it was because she was hungry and tired, and she tells James. Barbara is ___ her behavior a. constructing a causal theory b. making excuse for c. attempting to discout d. overjustifying
a. constructing a causal theory
According to the authors of your text, the overjustification effect's the tendency for ppl to view their behavior as caused by something a. extrinsic, thus undermining their intrinsic motivation b. intrinsic, thus overshadowing their extrinsic motivation c. overjustified by intrinsic motivation d. rewardable, but not punishable
a. extrinsic, thus undermining their intrinsic motivation
Pablo had always gotten much satisfaction out of caring for his brothers & sisters when they're sick. A few months ago, Pablo's father convinced him to take a job at a hospital as a nurse's aide so that he could earn money doing what he enjoyed. Now that Pablo has been working at the hospital for a while, he no longer enjoys caring for sick people as much as he did before he took the job. One reason for Pablo's attitude change may be that the job has undermined his ___ for helping others a. intrinsic motivation b. extrinsic motivation c. external justification d. internal justification
a. intrinsic motivation
According to the authors of your text, extrinsic rewards are most likely to diminish intrinsic motivation when a. intrinsic motivation was initially high b. extrinsic motivation was initially high c. rewards are performance contingent d. rewards are give at random
a. intrinsic motivation was initially high
While riding a harrowing roller coaster, Jim notices that the person sitting next to him is extremely attractive & he resolves to get her phone number when the ride is over. Jim's probably doing this because he's a. misattributing his arousal from the roller coaster ride to sexual attraction b. inferring a social compatibility based on mutual interest c. correctly inferring, based on introspection, that he's attracted to this person d. a real go getter
a. misattributing his arousal from the roller coaster ride to sexual attraction
Analyzing the reasons for why we feel what we do isn't always the best strategy for making sense of our feelings. This is because a. reasons that are easy to verbalize aren't always the most influential reasons b. self enhancement motives are more powerful than accuracy motives c. we're likely to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error d. such introspections can feel paralyzing, & thus neg. affect our mood
a. reasons that are easy to verbalize aren't always the most influential reasons
Women tend to have more ___ interdependence, and men tend to have more ___ interdependence a. relational; collective b. relational; autonomous c. collective; autonomous d. collective; relational
a. relational; collective
If you are using the misattribution of arousal principle to plan a first date & you really want your partner to be attracted to you, which of the following activities would you choose? a. ride the roller coasters at an amusement park b. get tickets to see a slow moving art film c. go out for coffee & make sure your date orders decaf d. have a nice meal & wine at a quiet, dimly lit restaurant
a. ride the roller caosters at an amusement park
Reading programs that are intended to encourage children to read more by paying them to read books is an example of using a. task contingent rewards b. performance contingent rewards c. negative reinforcement d. intrinsic motivation
a. task contingent rewards
Leonie really likes Giorgi & would like for him to like her. Based on the research presented in this chapter, where should she suggest they go for a date? a. theme park w/ five roller coasters b. quiet dinner at Italian restaurant c. silent movie at a historic theater d. piano recital at school
a. theme park w/ five roller coasters
At the amusement park, Keon's heart begins beating rapidly & his palms begin to sweat. He reasons that since he's next in line for a ride on a roller coaster, he must be feeling exhilarated. This sequence of events in which Keon first perceives his arousal and subsequently labels it's consistent w/ the a. two factor theory of emotion b. predictions of self verification theory c. theory of self monitoring d. theory of the looking glass self
a. two factor theory of emotion
According to the tenets of dissonance theory, when we can't find sufficient external justification for acts such as saying something we don't truly believe, we'll most likely a. deny what we said b. seek internal justifications c. seek out dissonance d. increase the number of dishonest deeds we do
b
Andre is not at all familiar w/ presidential candidate's stand on the issues or w/ his proposed policies, but andre likes his candidate & plans to vote for him anyway. example illustrates that ppls attitudes toward politicians are often a. cognitively based b. affectively based c. behaviorally based d. classically conditioned
b
Attitude inoculation's a way to a. make fear arousing messages more persuasive b. increase resistance to attitude change c. induce ppl to use heuristic processing d. bring attitudes into line w/ values
b
Chloe debated for a long time about whether to take a psych or soc course, both of which looked interesting. She finally chose the psych course. Now, bc she's experiencing ___, she raves about the psych course to her friends a. insufficient justification b. postdecision dissonance c. justification of effort d. threat to self evaluation maintenance
b
Complete following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as a. behaviorally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude b. controlled behavior's to unconscious behavior c. affect is to evaluation d. self-perception theory is to the IAT
b
Explicit attitudes influence our behavior when ____, while implicit attitudes influence our behavior when ___. a. we're not monitoring our behavior; we're monitoring our behavior b. we're monitoring our behavior; we're not monitoring our behavior c. we make public statements, we consider our private beliefs d. our behavior is nonverbal; our behavior's verbal
b
In a 2000 political ad the word "RATS" was flashed on the screen so quickly that it wasn't perceivable at normal viewing speed. Such fast messages are considered a. superliminal b. subliminal c. heuristic d. emotional
b
In order to change attitudes about something on a mass scale, whether it's product, social problem, or political candidate, it would be best to use a. dissonance reduction techniques b. persuasive comm c. insufficient external justification d. counterattitudinal advocacy
b
Jennifer's dad wants to convince her to do her homework as soon as she gets home from school. To ensure that Jennifer actually does her homework immediately-whether or not he's there to keep an eye on her- Jennifer's dad should provide a. large monetary rewards when she begins her homework right away b. mild threats of punishment if she doesn't begin her hw right away c. promises of large rewards when she begins her hw right away d. severe punishment when she doesn't begin her hw right away
b
Marketing agency is trying to put together an ad for a new pain medication. How might they best grab the attention of their audience? a. present highly cognitive arguments b. play to their emotions c. appeal to the central route of processing d. have a prestigious doctor lecture on the benefits of the medication
b
Miguel recaptures the freedom of his youth when he test drives the new Volkswagen bug. He feels 25 years younger & remembers cruising beaches of cali in his old 1970 bug when he was in college. He decides to purchase that new vw model. Miguel's ps. attitude toward the car's primarily driven by a. cognitive component b. affective component c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning
b
Pattersons bought their tv from a store w/ thrity day return policy, & stevensons bought the same tv from a different store w/ policy that "all sales are final" based on what the text reports about cognitive dissonance, which family is more likely to be satisfied w/ their tv? a. pattersons b. stevensons c. they'll be equally happy d. pattersons, but only if they paid less than the stevensons
b
Phil spent an hour & half running cables & toying w/ connections in order to receive cable tv in his room. When he was finished, he got fifty channels, but all of them were kind of fuzzy. His roommate, Jason, arrived home when phil was done, & they both sat down to watch tv. Which one will enjoy the cable tv the most? a. phil bc self fulfilling prophecy b. phil bc justification of effort c. Jason, bc he didn't have to spend the time hooking it up d. Jason, bc insufficient punishment
b
Ppl are more likely to pay attention to characteristics of the communicator, rather than to the contents of the message, when a. they're personally involved in the issue b. issues are too complex to comprehend fully c. stakes are high d. they're high in the need for cognition
b
Raymond's attitude is more likely to be highly accessible if he has ___ attitude object a. thought in more depth about b. more firsthand experience w/ c. neutral perspective about d. only read about
b
Susan carefully rinses her mouth w/ an unpleasant tasting mouthwash every day. One day, Susan reads an article reporting credible dental research that suggests that mouthwash is completely ineffective & that mouthwash may even be related to tooth decay. The discomfort that Susan experiences in response to this article is called a. insufficient justification b. cognitive dissonance c. self discrepancy d. self justification
b
Tesser (1993) & other researchers suggest that some attitudes are linked to genetic influences. According to these researchers, how's it possible that we might inherit from our parents a love of something like classical music? a. influence of genes is modified by early childhood experiences b. genes influence temperament & personality, which are in turn related to attitudes c. genes that influence attitudes are dominant genes, not recessive genes d. there are specific genes related to musical preferences, but not to other attitudes
b
The overall pos. or neg. evaluation that ppl have themselves is a. extrinsic motivation b. self esteem c. terror management d. dispositional attribution
b
Using the "how do I feel about it?" heuristic can be problematic bc we can make mistakes about what's causing our feelings. This idea's related to which other ideas in social psych a. schematic processing; fundamental attribution error b. misattribution; reasons generated attitude change c. biased scanning; self fulfilling prophecy d. self serving biases; dissonance reduction
b
What do the following describe: tends to persevere when times are difficult & protects against worry about death? a. characteristics of low self esteem b. characteristics of high self esteem c. characteristics of behavioral self handicapping d. characteristics of reported self handicapping
b
When it comes to designing a persuasive message, authors assert that "it's best to fight fire w/ fire" By this, they mean that a. emotion is much more powerful persuasive force than is logic b. it's effective to match the type of message appeal to the basis of the attitude c. before trying to persuade ppl, be sure to get their attention first d. before ppl can be persuaded, they must be convinced to abandon prior attitudes
b
Which of the following's most closely related to notion of behaviorally based attitudes? a. self persuasion theory b. self perception theory c. yale attitude change approach d. elaboration likelihood model
b
Who's more likely to use the central route to persuasion when attending to comm about health insurance reform? a. Tammy, who's doing her hw as she watches Anderson cooper: 360 b. James, who's undergoing extensive treatment after his auto accident c. Rachel, who has never had any health problems d. Raul, who has little interest in public policy issues
b
Why would anyone want to use fear in a commercial? a. advertisers find it increases sales by appealing to cog based attidues b. advertisers want to grab the attention of the target audience c. advertisers don't use fear unless mandated by the gov d. scaring ppl into healthy behaviors is highly effective
b
Your bf nina may or may not visit new York this weekend. According to theory of planned behavior, what info would be mot useful in helping you predict whether nina will actually travel to new York a. nina's attitude about traveling b. intention to visit new York c. attitude toward new York d. intention to get away this weekend
b
who's most likely to enjoy boring & lackluster rock & roll concert performed by washed up, fifty something has beens a. paul, who won the tickets in a radio trivia quiz b. mick, who waited in line all night for tickets c. keith, who got the tickets for his birthday from his Aunt Bertha d. Rod, who used to work as a soundman for the band
b
"There's no way I'd give up drinking! I'd just be stressed out all the time" says Lilly, as she sips her third martini of the evening. Lilly's comments about her drinking habit are an example of using ___ to reduce cognitive dissonance a. minimized shift b. justification c. behavior change d. cognitive change
b.
Anita spent 2 months trying to decide whether to buy a pc or a macintosh. She finally decided on Mac. Anita most likely a. wishes she'd bought the IBM b. certain she made the right decision c. still thinks Ibms and macs are equally good computers d. tries to convince all her friends to buy ibms
b.
Bc dissonance reduction processes are mostly unconscious, ppl a. tend to use them as coping strategies b. often will overestimate how badly negative feedback may affect them c. usually will put a lot of effort into reducing cognitive dissonance d. must change their behaviors, not their thoughts, to reduce feelings of dissonance
b.
Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay bout the benefits of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset, which of the following results would you expect? a. Vera would be more favorable than Carol towards affirmative action b. Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action c. Carol & Vera would be equally favorable toward affirmative action d. Both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action
b.
Scott believes very strongly that saccharine is an unsafe sugar substitute that may even cause cancer. Even though Scott is diabetic, and thus should be using sugar subs, he often opts for sugar laden foods & drinks to avoid saccharine. "I'll just exercise more later; the sugar isn't a big deal. I'm really being healthier by avoiding saccharine," he thinks to himself. Scott's behavior & thoughts are examples of ___ in the face of cognitive dissonance a. harmonizing b. rationalizing c. patronizing d. denial
b.
Self Handicapping a. is harmless to one's performance b. has a neg. impact on one's performance c. is good for skill development d. is more useful in a group
b.
Tim has asked Robin to marry him. Robin isn't sure whether she loves him enough or whether she loves him in the right way. She talks w/ her sister about all the reasons why it would be wise to marry Tim, & all reasons why it wouldn't be such a great idea. According to Wilson's theory of reasons generated attitude change, Robin might regret it were she to base her decision on the reasons she mentioned. Why's that? a. her sister will unconsciously reinforce some reasons & punish other b. reasons Robin generates during the conversation won't predict her long term attitudes & feelings very well c. such objective, dispassionate verbal reports will counteract the passionate feelings she has for Tim d. Ppl often fall prey to post decision regret, due to their need to justify their decisions
b. Reasons Robin generates during the conversation won't predict her long-term attitudes and feelings very well
Which of the following ppl is engaging in upward social comparison? a. Jermaine, who checks the distribution of scores on his final examination b. Toni, who reads William Faulkner to assess her own writing skills c. Chet, who checks his stopwatch & vows to run faster next time d. Daniel, who feels better when he realizes that rich ppl pay a lot more in taxes than he does
b. Toni, who reads William Faulkner to assess her own writing skills
According to research on the overjustification effect, why would high course grades be very unlikely to undermine intrinsic motivation to learn? Grades a. aren't important to some students b. are based on course performance c. are based on both skill and motivation d. cause students to become anxious
b. are based on course perfomance
Women are most often awarded custody of their children because of the belief that they're the best custodians of children, even though we know that women commit infanticide and abuse. Our belief represents a. extrinsic motivation b. causal theory c. external attribution d. terror management theory
b. causal theory
Social comparison theory suggests that in order to learn about our own abilities & attitudes, we a. use introspection b. compare ourselves to others c. examine our past behaviors d. must experience both arousal and cognition
b. compare ourselves to others
Mindset that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate & nurture best describes a ___ mindset a. fixed b. growth c. intrinsic d. overjustified
b. growth
Cognitive dissonance always a. leads to a change in behavior b. produces discomfort c. leads to the rationalization trap d. makes ppl produce new cognitions
b. produces discomfort
Jenny's trying to decide how she feels about Garth, so she sits down & lists the reasons why she feels the way she does. By doing this, Jenny runs the risk of incurring a a. feelings genrated attitude change b. reasons generated attitude change c. misattribution of arousal d. broken heart
b. reasons generated attitude change
___ posits that we learn about our own abilities & attitudes by comparing ourselves to other ppl a. notion of the looking glass self b. social comparison theory c. self verification theory d. esteem enhancement theory
b. social comparison theory
When there are no objective criteria & we feel uncertain, w/ whom are we most likely to compare ourselves? a. anyone who happens to be available as a standard of comparison b. those who are similar to us on the relevant dimension c. those who are different from us on the relevant dimension d. those who are slightly better than we're on the relevant dimension
b. those who're similar to us on the relevant dimension
A fixed mindset is the idea that abilities are a. malleable b. unchangeable c. both genetic and environmental d. learned
b. unchangeable
According to the authors of your text, feelings like love or sadness are often difficult to explain because a. humans are incredibly self serving b. we're unaware of many of our basic mental processes c. environmental stimuli override internal signals d. they're frequently the result of social interactions
b. we're unaware of many of our basic mental processes
3 parts that form our evaluations of attitude objects are a. affective, cognitive, evaluative b. cognitive, behavioral, evaluative c. affective, behavioral, cognitive d. affective, behavioral, evaluative
c
According to info presented in this chapter, researchers exposed ppl who were strongly in favor of segregation & strongly opposed to segregation to both plausible & silly arguments in favor of both sides of the issue. They found that ppl tended to best recall a. all arguments equally well b. rational arguments of the opposing side best c. rational arguments of their side & silly arguments of the opposite side the best d. all arguments from the opposing side better than those of their own side
c
According to the authors of your text, after carefully making a decision, what's likely to happen? a. you'll focus on the neg. aspects of the choice you made b. you'll experience dissonance for sev days c. you'll start to think more & more about the good qualities of your decision d. you'll begin to regret all the time you put into making your decision
c
According to the authors of your text, using ___ rewards or punishments leads to longer lasting attitude change than using ___ rewards or punishments a. larger; smaller b. tangible; intangible c. smaller; larger d. meaningful; smaller
c
According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child's behavior permanently (i.e., even behavior that occurs in the absence of the parent)? a. ignoring the child's troublesome behavior b. threat of severe punishment c. threat of mild punishment d. severe punishment
c
Although affectively based attitudes can be derived from a number of different sources, they're alike in that they tend to be a. based on rational examination of relevant info b. logically organized c. linked to personal values d. unrelated to past experience
c
Armando's listening carfully to persuasive comm & thinking about the arguments. He's using the ___ route to persuasion a. peripheral b. heuristic c. central d. direct
c
Based on studies of twins, some attitudes are linked to a. parental discipline b. peer group & sibling influence c. genetic influences d. amount of tv ppl watch
c
Before Jane schedules an appointment to undergo plastic surgery, she asks herself, "But what will my husband ted think about me getting a face lift" This example reflects the power of ___ to influence intentions and behaviors a. perspective taking b. specific attitudes c. subjective norms d. deliberations
c
Brenna's attitude about shoes would be composed of all of the following components except a. emotional reactions b. behavioral tendencies c. self perceptions d. thoughts & beliefs
c
Claude had unpleasant experience during his last visit to Dallas, Texas. He was approached by 2 men w/ strong texas accents who wielded sharp knife, roughed him up, cracked a rib, & stole all his money. Ever since Claude was mugged, he has taken an instant dislike to anyone who speaks w/ texas twang. Claude's neg. attitude toward texas accents is most probably a result of a. instrumental conditioning b. attitude accessibility c. classical conditioning d. cognitive dissonance reduction
c
Emile just ditched a friend at a party to spend time w/ pretty woman. Emile feels uncomfortable but he tells himself it's bc the woman's so hot & not bc he treated his friend badly. The way he's feeling is dissonance, but he tells himself it's sexual attraction. This describes which of the following? a. self affirmation b. self esteem c. misattribution of arousal d. priming
c
George thinks of himself as an honest person until his brother reminds him that he's been known to keep extra change given to him by a cashier & to stock his home office for a sideline business w/ supplies taken from his job. George is now probably feeling a sense of discomfort known as a. misattribution of arousal b. self serving bias c. cognitive dissonance d. anxiety
c
If an attitude is cognitively based, it's best to use rational arguments. What types of arguments work best to change an affectively based attitude? a. implicit associations b. logical arguments c. emotional appeals d. heuristics
c
If person goes through demanding process involving lots of effort & hard work to achieve a goal, what would cognitive dissonance suggest that person will think about the experience afterwards? a. "I loved all of that work; it's really fun to pull all nighters & not sleep" b. "I really liked being so stressed out, especially when I ended up sick because of it" c. "going through all of that effort was worth it" d. "it's fun to have bad things happen to you when you're trying to attain a goal"
c
Imagine you really enjoy lying out in the sun to get a deep, dark tan. If you heard arguments both for and against tanning, you would probably remember ___ arguments for tanning, & tanning ___ arguments against tanning a. long; short b. short; long c. plausible; implausible d. implausible; plausible
c
Mahmoud wants his 7 year old daughter to learn that littering is bad. According to cognitive dissonance theory, how should Mahmoud teach his daughter not to be a litterbug? Mahmoud should a. give his daughter a big ice cream cone every time she throws her garbage in trash can b. yell & scream at his daughter every time she tosses garbage on the ground c. give his daughter stern look whenever she litters d. raise his daughter's allowance whenever she refrains from littering
c
Maria is on a limited budget, & can only afford one cd. She really likes two in particular: Frank Sinatra's Greatest hits & the soundtrack from the musical wicked. When she gets home & listens to the frank Sinatra, she can't imagine why she ever considered the wicked cd. This is because a. maria has to justify buying cd, given her limited budget b. frank Sinatra music reminds maria of her childhood c. maria was motivated to reduce her postdecision dissonance d. Maria wasn't sure about the store's return policy
c
Mother's trying to get her child to behave in store & stop running around, yelling, & grabbing things off the shelves. According to cognitive dissonance theory, if she wants to stop child's behavior immediately for time being, she should use ___, but if she wants more permanently change behavior she should use ___ a. bribe; punishment b. small reward; large punishment c. large punishment; small punishment d. large punishment; large reward
c
Of the following, how are individuals most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance? a. by pretending they didn't perform a particular behavior b. by reducing their total number of cognitions c. by adding new cognitions that are consistent w/ their behavior d. by decreasing their arousal
c
Paul has very pos. reaction to the smell of wood smoke. In all likelihood, this is bc the smell of a fire reminds him of wonderful winter days he spent as a child in front of the fireplace at his grandparents' cabin in the north woods. This example illustrates ___ as a basis for affectively based attitudes a. operant conditioning b. systematic processing c. classical conditioning d. nostalgia
c
Ppl tend to be less aware of their ___ attitudes, which are more likely to influence behaviors they're not monitoring a. explicit b. cognitively based c. implicit d. self perceived
c
Ppl tend to fall subject to the impact bias (& not understand that they'll usually successfully reduce cognitive dissonance) because reducing cognitive dissonance is a. painful process b. controlled & conscious c. largely unconscious d. quick & effortful
c
Term ___ refers to a practice whereby a salesperson initially accepts a customer's offer, but then claims an error & quotes the customer a higher price a. horse trading b. bait and switch c. lowballing d. highrolling
c
The theory of planned behavior states that the best predictors of deliberate behaviors are a. behavioral intentions, subjective norms, & attitude accessibility b. attitude salience, behavioral patterns, perceived behavior control c. behavioral intentions, subjective norms, perceived behavior control d. behavioral intentions, attitude accessibility, and perceived behavior control
c
Tobacco grower says, "I'm not the only one growing it. If I stop, someone else will be there" Assuming that the man was experiencing dissonance from the fact that he was making his living from a crop that's bad for ppls health, he appears to be reducing this dissonance by a. changing his behavior b. changing his cognitions c. adding new cognitions d. self affirmation in an unrelated domain
c
Tom's trying to quit smoking. His parents, siblings, wife, children, & his doctor have all emphasized to him how important it's for him to quit. According to the theory of planned behavior, what factor's most likely to interfere w/ tom's forming a firm behavioral intention to quit a. specific attitude toward quitting smoking b. subjective norms c. perceived behavior control d. attitude accessibility
c
Which of the following is out of place a. depressed b. out of control c. high self esteem d. ineffective
c
Which of the following ppl is using an internal justification to reduce dissonance? a. betty, who points to the fact that she was coerced into an undesirable behavior b. colin, who identifies a large reward as the cause of his behavior c. terri, who changes her attitude to bring it in line w/ an undesirable behavior d. Jessie, who reconciles herself to the discomfort that dissonance produces
c
Who would be least likely to remember sound & well founded arguments against smoking? a. person who has finally quit smoking after repeated attempts b. person who keeps trying to quit smoking w/o success c. person who has no desire to quit smoking d. person who has never smoked
c
Willow's mother took away her tv privileges as punishment for missing her curfew when the punishment could have been much more severe such as being grounded for a week and losing access to her cell phone. Why is willow's mother using insufficient punishment, according to dissonance theory? a. so that there's sufficient external justification for missing curfew again, willow will begin to devalue the forbidden activity b. so that there's sufficient external justification for missing curfew again, & willow will begin to admire her mother c. so that there's insufficient external justification for missing curfew again, & willow will begin to devalue the forbidden activity d. so that there's insufficient external justification for missing curfew again, & willow'll begin to admire her mother
c
You work for an advertising agency. You've been assigned to come up w/ an advertising campaign for new brand of designer water, which in reality's standard city reservoir water in a fancy bottle. In this case, you're best off using the ___ route, bc ___ a. central; you've strong arguments for why your product's superior b. central; your audience's going to be highly motivated c. peripheral; you don't have strong arguments for why your product's superior d. peripheral; your audience's going to be low in the need for cognition
c
___ refers to the tendency of ppl to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain a. postdecision dissonance b. insufficient justification c. justificatioin of effort d. minimal justification
c
recent mri study revealed when participants successfully reduced & resolved their cognitive dissonance, they experienced a. surge of activity in reasoning areas of the brain b. reduced capacity in the motor areas of the brain c. pleasurable emotions d. increase in activation of rear hemisphere
c
According to the authors of your text, one of the most powerful determinants of human behavior stems from our need to a. acquire as much social power as possible b. forge strong connections w/ other ppl c. preserve & maintain a relatively favorable view of ourselves d. behave in rational, logical, reasonable ways
c.
On the night of an important bball game, Albert decided to leave his glasses at home. When his coach asked him if he wanted to return home to get them, Albert told the coach that he would rather not risk missing part of the game & that he'd try his best w/o them. Which of the following self presentational strategies is Albert using? a. overjustification b. discounting c. self handicapping d. rationalization
c.
One of the chief executive functions of the ___ is making choices about what to do a. ego b. cortex c. self d. superego
c.
When Daphne goes on an interview, she does her best to present herself well & put her best foot forward. Which function of the self is exemplified in this situation? a. self knowledge b. self esteem c. impression management d. self control
c.
___ refers to the desire to undertake an activity because of external rewards, not because we find it interesting or enjoyable a. intrinsic motivation b. compliance c. extrinsic motivation d. social comparison
c. Extrinsic motivation
Which of the following ppl is using ingratiation as a self presentational tactic? a. Edwin, who recites all the fellowships he has received b. Kurt, who gets drunk the night before his midterm examination c. Iman, who brings her boss coffee & offers to do other favors for her d. Becky, who plays helpless in order to get her boyfriend's attention
c. Iman, who brings her boss coffee & offers to do other favors for her
Where do many causal theories such as "Absence makes the heart grow fonder" come from? a. introspection b. self perception c. culture d. evolution
c. culture
Earl wants to understand his self-concept better, so he sits quietly by himself and thinks about who he is & what his values & attitudes are. What's EArl enganging in? a. self awareness b. self conceptualization c. introspection d. meditation
c. introspection
Why, when we introspect about the reasons underlying our attitudes or feelings, do we believe the explanations we arrive at seem reasonable? a. reasons behind them were previously suppressed, but now brought to light b. reasons behind them are generally correct & seem objective c. reasons behind them, were easy to verbalize d. reasons behind them are self serving, & that enhances self esteem
c. reasons behind them were easy to verbalize
2 weeks after making a public statement at odds w/ his previous positions, which politician's most likely to report to his close friends that he sticks by his most recent (contradictory) statement? a. candidate who spoke at a $1000 plate fundraiser b. candidate who was far behind in the polls & had to shift tactics c. candidate who was "cornered" by demonstrators d. candidate who couldn't quite figure out why he contradicted himself
d
According to authors of your text, why would ppl experience cog dissonance after investing lot of time & effort in pursuit of goal that falls short of their expectations? a. punishment serves to reduce intrinsic motivation b. heightened intrinsic motivation biases ppl perceptions c. actually, ppl wouldn't experience cog dissonance in situation d. sensible ppl don't work hard to attain something trivial
d
All of the following are characteristics of affectively based attitudes except that they're a. not a result of rational exam b. often linked to values c. central part of one's self d. governed by logic
d
Although cognitive dissonance is very powerful way to change someone's attitude, it's not implemented on mass scales. Why not? a. most ppl are resistant to persuasion attempts b. very few ppl ever experience cognitive dissonance c. ppl would become psychologically reactive to persuasion attempt & do the opposite d. it would be difficult to create a situation of low external justification on a mass scale
d
Based on the principles of psych reactance, what should a mother say to her daughter who wants to have her nose pierced? a. I won't be seen w/ you in public if you pierce your nose b. wait until your father hears about this c. you'd hate if I took away your driving privileges d. please think about how you'll feel when you're 30 w/ a hole in your nose
d
Person who supports gay marriage listens to a tv debate between 2 politicians on either side of the issue. According to dissonance theory, this person's likely to remember a. best arguments on each side of the issue, regardless of who presented them b. only the arguments presented by the person who was for gay marriage c. only the arguments presented by the person who was against gay marriage d. most plausible arguments in favor of gay marriage & most implausible arguments against it
d
Persuasion from the perspective of "who says what to whom" is best associated w/ a. elaboration likelihood model b. heuristic systematic model of persuasion c. use of central route to persuasion d. yale attitude change apporach
d
Ppl may have difficulty in changing a number of health related behaviors bc of low perceived behavior control. This problem is least likely to interfere w/ ppl's a. dieting b. overcoming a fear of flying c. quitting smoking d. remembering to schedule an annual physical
d
Upward social comparison is to ___ as downward social comparison is to ___ a. superior; equal b. inferior; equal c. equal; inferior d. superior; inferior
d
When our behaviors are inconsistent w/ our values or beliefs, we're not likely to experience cognitive dissonance if a. beliefs are integral to our self concepts b. we engaged in the behavior voluntarily c. no one observed the inconsistent behavior d. we can point to external justifications for our behavior
d
When ppl act contrary to their self perceptions as reasonable and sensible ppl, they experience a feeling known as ___ a. defensive attribution b. low self esteem c. affective ambivalence d. cognitive dissonance
d
When ppl try to maintain their self esteem & reduce cognitive dissonance, they may resort to maladaptive thinking known as a. heuristics b. schemas c. norms d. rationalizing
d
You want to have a talk w/ your younger sister about the dangers of drugs. You begin the discussion by saying, "Now, your friends are probably going to tell you that only ppl w/ problems to begin w/ get into trouble w/ drugs, & that you're a chicken if you don't get high w/ them, but..." You have just used ___ to persuade her to avoid experimenting w/ drugs a. fear based appeal b. one sided argument c. attitude accessibility d. attitude inoculation
d
You assume that Franklin is intrinsically motivated to write a course paper because a. it'll increase his chances of making Dean's List b. It's requirement to pass the course c. he wants his professor to write him a letter of recommendation d. Franklin seems to savor immersing himself in writing
d. Franklin seems to savor immersing himself in writing
Based on information presented in the text, what childhood activities foster development of collective interdependence for males? a. gardening w/ parent b. playing dolls w/ friend c. music lessons w/ teacher d. camping w/ scout troop
d. camping w/ scout troop
Based on the info in your text about intrinsic motivation, who would be most likely to lose their enthusiasm for reading if a "Read for Cash" program were implemented in their school? a. someone who doesn't like to read very much his or her own b. boys would be more likely than girls to lose their motivation c. good students d. children who enjoy reading to begin with
d. children who enjoy reading to begin with
All of the following except ___ are likely to be used as escapes from aversive self awareness a. getting drunk b. binge eating c. watching tv d. doing one's makeup
d. doing one's makeup
Complete the following analogy: "practice makes perfect": ___:: "born leader": ___ a. positive mental attitude; strong social support network b. strong social support network; pos. mental attitude c. fixed mindset; growth mindset d. growth mindset; fixed mindset
d. growth mindset; fixed mindset
Attempting to get others to see you as you want to be seen is the definition of a. social comparison b. self awareness c. lookin glass self d. impression management
d. impression management
According to the authors of your text, which of the following is considered crucial to the development of the self concept? a. introspection b. intrinsic motivation c. self perception d. social contact
d. social contact
According to research mentioned in this chapter, when children initially enjoyed a game, then were rewarded for it, how did they later behave after the reward was removed? a. They persisted at the game at baseline levels b. they persisted at the game as though there was a reward c. they completely ceased playing the game d. they gradually played the game less
d. they gradually played the game less
