Social Psych Final

Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) "opposites attract" 2) "birds of a feather flock together" Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that...

#2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves

Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her. Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the BEST chance of being accurate in her attempts to detect whether or not the student is lying

Bella sees a silent video of the student's body language as the student tells the the story.

research on catharsis demonstrates that

aggressive behavior that makes people feel good is likely to occur again

research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that....

all forms of media violence appear to increase aggressive behavior

Attitudes are useful because they

allow us to judge whether something we encounter is good or bad

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute

another person's behavior to personal factors rather than to the situation

Keith is a memebr of a jury trying to decide whether the accused is guilty of the heinous murder for which she has been charged. All of the memebers of the jury wish to convict except Keith who believes she is innocent. Keith will have the best chance at having the others seriously consider his position if he

appears confident in his view that she is innocent

Social perceivers are more likely to form accurate judgements of others if they

are motivated to be accurate.

which of the following would be the most effective way for a person to secure help in an emergency situation?

ask a specific individual for help

Implicit personality theories suggest that if we know Homer is an extrovert, we could

assume she also possesses other traits related to extroversion.

What distinguishes social psychology from other specialties in psychology is its

attention to the influence of situational context on behavior.

Which of the following statements regarding physically attractive people is false?

attractive people tend to have higher self esteem than unattractive people

You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female. If you answer this question by thinking of how many females psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the

availability heuristic

Self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes by

eliciting stereotype-confirming behavior from targets

Deindividuation refers to the....

loss of individuality and reduction of constraints against deviant behavior

Which of the following would most likely be described as a collective?

passengers on a plane

Social Psychologist do NOT generally

pay more attention to group behavior than the behavior of individuals within groups.

The "anger superiority effect" in social perception refers to the finding that

people are quicker to spot an angry face in a crowd than a neutral or happy face.

When forming impressions of others,

people differ in the particular traits they are likely to notice

All of the following are necessary conditions for cognitive dissonance specified by Cooper and Fazio (1984) EXCEPT

people must assign responsibility for the behavior to an outside source.

feeling good can lead to increased helping behavior because...

people want to stay in a good mood

The study of social perception involves consideration of how one individual (X) makes judgements about another individual (Y). The terminology typically used to describe the roles of X and Y are

perceiver and target

Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are

problematic world-wide

Arnold wears suits everyday to his job at the bank, but when he is at home in the evening and on weekends, he spends most of his time in a t-shirt and sweat pants because that is what he finds most comfortable. Arnold's daytime behavior illustrates

public conformity

Attitudes are best described as

ranging on a continuum from positive to negative

Eleanor is asked to help the people who live on the other side of the city restore block after it was burned in a fire. it is most probable that she will help if______ the people on the other side of the city....

she feels a meaningful connection with

Aleta gets extremely drunk. given the research on alcohol and aggression, which of the following is unlikely to happen?

she will be more aggressive if she tends to be high in aggressiveness than if she tends to be generally non-aggressive

The work of Muzafer Sherif was important for the development of social psychology because he

showed that complex social behavior could be examined scientifically.

According to social comparison theory, people are MOST likely to compare themselves to others who are

similar

Similarity leads to attraction for all the following reasons except?

similarity implies physical attractiveness, which leads to attraction

the tendency for the presence of other people to increase performance on easy tasks and impair performance on difficult tasks is known as...

social facilitation

Condolezza is quick to defend U.S. foreign policy from criticism by foreign diplomats because she takes great pride in being an American. Condoleeza's feeling are most consistent with

social identity theory

Which of the following concerning research question is social psychology is false

social psychologist can only develop testable research questions by reading about prior research in the field.

Research using meta-analysis procedures

statistically assesses the consistency of several tests of the sames hypothesis

Research has consistently demonstrated that when it comes to perceptions of the self, people have a tendency to

exaggerate their control over life events.

The physical attractiveness of a spokes model will have the greatest effect if the product endorsed is

hair care product

The cocktail effect refers to the tendency for people to

hear the mention of their own name even from across a loud and crowded room.

Social Cognition can be best described as the study of

how we perceive, remember, and interpret information about the self and others.

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes

identify what men and women should be like

which of the following statements regarding egoistic helping behavior is true?

it is a form of prosocial behavior

The Central Route to persuasion requires

knowledge of the issue and a credible source or ability and motivation

The peripheral route to persuasion is more likely to be chosen than the central route if

the message is personally significant

Groupthink emerges when...

the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information

two people are placed in a room and are provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room?

there is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than of there was no weapon

Causation cannot be inferred from correlational studies because

they do not involve the manipulation of variables

Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. Rita has...

a high need for affiliation

compared to woman, men are...

more threatened by having to ask for help

Participants in Asch's line judgement study conformed approximatley_____ of the time

37%

at the Pumpkin show this weeks, what time do the 3:30 and 8 pm parades begin?

3:30 and 8 pm

according to standard convention, a research must be ___% sure that the difference she observed between conditions were not simply the result of chance in order to conclude that the difference is statistically significant.

95

Arguably, the most famous research in Social Psychology focused on the situational factor influencing obedience to authority and was conducted by

?

In a particular situation, Arlene exhibits public conformity, whereas Ron exhibits private conformity. given this information, which of the following is most likely to be accurate?

Arlene conformed only when others were present, whereas Ron conformed regardless of whether others were present.

Jack and his girlfriend Diane dine out about three times a week. Jack believes that they hardly ever dine out, whereas Diane thinks they dine out all the time. This illustrates what important theme in Social Psychology?

Different people can see the same situation very differently.

which of the following best illustrates aggression?

Ginger kicks Mary Ann in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie

Sociologists tend to study behavior at the ___ level, whereas social psychologist study behavior at the ___ level.

Group, individual.

Which of the following question would a social psychologist be MOST likely to study

Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?

Jason fills out an application for college with the grade he remembered getting throughout high school. While reviewing the application with a guidance counselor, the counselor points out that Jason seems to have inflated a few of his lower grades. Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for Jason's behavior.

Jason fell prey to the tendency to revise personal histories to reflect favorably on the self.

according to the relevant research, who of the following is likely to be the loneliest?

Jose, who is an adolescent

Mary has just heard five friends say that Massachusetts is the largest state in New England, when she knows it is Maine. Rob, the next friend in line, says that New Hampshire is the largest state in New England. in this situation, Mary is new less likely to conform with the first five friends than if Rob has said that..

Massachusetts is the largest state

The belief "They're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Which of the following "common sense" findings is actually TRUE

People tend to overestimate the extent to which others agree with their points of view.

Cosmo is walking home on a busy downtown street when he notices a woman lying on the sidewalk who appears to have lost consciousness. which of the following obstacles to helping would best explain why he did not interpret the even as an emergency?

Pluralistic ignorance, or Diffusion of responsibility

Kevin asks Winnie to drive him to the airport. though Winnie doesn't really want to, she agrees because Kevin loaned her money last week. Winnie agreed to help because of the norm...

Reciprocity

When she first joined the Army, Stephanie was not entirely sure she would like it, but was excited about the thought of traveling around the world. By the end of the grueling basic training program, she absolutely loved Army life and was totally committed to it, despite the fact that she had been stationed in New Jersey. Stephanie's attitude toward the Army is most likely the result of

Self-monitoring

Mr. Belding notices that his students seem to put more effort into their individual assignments than into their group projects. this is most likely the result of...

Social loafing

the bystander effect refers to the tendency for...

a greater number of bystanders to reduce the probability that a victim will receive help.

Carmella finds a correlation of +0.47 between self-esteem and academic achievement so which of the following is the MOST appropriate interpretation of this correlation.

The higher students' self-esteem, the greater their academic achievement.

Which of the following is consistent with the mere exposure effect?

The more we see someone, the greater the attraction

Random assignment

The procedure used to ensure that research participants have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group in an experiment

positively correlated

When decreases in one variable are accompained by decreases in another variable, the variables are discribed

Three people in the same place at the same time, but not interacting with one another are best described as ....

a collective

Which of the following would best represent the hot perspective in social psychology

a good can foster attitude change.

the finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that...

beauty is objective

Sid is mildly attracted to Nancy. If his parents forbid him to see Nancy, Sid is likely to...

become more attracted to Nancy

A unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition's is called

cognitive dissonance

A half dozen high school students are going to a concert. Chantal wants to wear a new colorful outfit that she just received as a gift, but she assumes that her five friends will all be wearing nothing but black leather. Chantal decides to do likewise, and leaves her colorful outfit in the closet. Chantal's behavior is an example of

conformity

The tendency to alter thoughts, feelings, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group is called

conformity

A Young boy is an avid Mets fan. He reads the statistics for the team in the newspaper every day and goes to SHea Stadium a couple of times each summer to see the Mets play. After the Mets have a particularly bad losing streak, the boy decides that he also likes the Yankees and starts to root for them. This is an example of

cutting off reflected failure

Bandura's (1961) study of aggressive behavior in children...

demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated.

The actor-observer effect refers to the tendency to

explain other people's actions in dispositional terms while viewing personal behavior as situationally determined.

Arianna notices that her neighbor's house is on fire. according to the arousal: cost-reward model, her reaction should be...

feelings of personal distress

Groupthink is more likely to occur....

in highly cohesive groups

As compared to conformity, compliance occurs

in response to direct request

According to self-perception theory, when people are uncertain about their thoughts or feelings regarding an activity, they will

infer their thought and feeling regarding that activity from their behavior

As social perceivers, people's impressions of others are

influenced by the physical appearance of a person

People tend to perceive their ingroup as relatively homogenous when the ingroup

is being threatened by an outgroup

the defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor.....

intends to injure another living being

In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity

involves less direct pressure from others

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotional experience

is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal

One major difference between research in social psychology versus research in other fields such as chemistry is that

many people have common sense intuitions about the questions that social psychologists study empirically.

a form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called

modern racism

Now that Berry knows she has to work with Barney on a project in their education class, she is

more likely to pay attention to his personal characteristics

The fundamental attribution error may promote stereotypes because

observers see stereotype-consistent behavior as dispositional

a local community is committed to reducing violence among its residents. the community leaders have come up with four proposals whose potential success is to be evaluated by a social psychologist. according to social psychological research on aggression, which of the following proposals should be rejected because it would be the least likely to reduce violence?

opening to public viewing executions and other physical punishments of criminals

according to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is?

physical proximity

alcohol contributes to sexual aggression by...

reducing aggression anxiety

compared to non-hunters, hunters are more likely to....

resist the increase on aggression often referred to as the weapons effect

Higher levels of self-awareness often

result in a temporary reduction in self-esteem.

Consider the prisoner's dilemma. You will receive the worst possible outcome in such a scenario if you decide to be_____ and your partner decides to be______?

selfish; cooperative

Two neighboring high schools have been feuding since the annual football game ended in a tie. The principals of the schools decide that the tension may subside if the two schools participate in joint activities, such as assemblies that would allow the students to hear a local band. The strategy is likely to be ineffective, however, because the

students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact.

Through they had been all together on the transcontinental flight for three hours, the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serious turbulence. this behavior is best explained by the....

tendency for external threats to increase affiliation

A hypothesis provides a means of _______ a theory

testing

Mara pays close attention to the quality of the speaker's arguments in making up her mind on an issue. She is demonstrating

the central route to persuasion

In one of the earliest social psychological experiments, Triplett (1898) had children wind fishing reels quickly as they could. He found that...

the children were faster when working next to another child rather and alone.

Maureen was abused as a child. she is now married to a man who abuses her and she is physically abusive toward her child. this pattern of behavior is consistent with...

the cycle of family violence

Jamie wants an extra day to write a paper for class. Jamie first asks the professor for one-week extension for the paper assignment. The professor refuses. Jamie then asks for one-day extension. The professor agrees. Jamie's behavior best illustrates

the door-in-the-face technique

Research on situational factors that influence helping demonstrates that...

the lower the overall population, the more likely people are to help

The process by which a person is persuaded by cues in the persuasion context rather than thinking critically about the content of persuasive message is called

the peripheral route to persuasion

Which of following is not a common attribute of theories in social psychology

they prelude the need for testing further hypothesises

group cohesiveness is decreased by?

threats from within the group

research on attractiveness and helping indicates that....

we are more likely to help attractive people than unattractive people

the belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the...

what-is-beautiful-is-good-stereotype

Physical appearance is extremely important to Adriana. When she enters a beauty contest, she beasts all but one of the other contestants and finishes in second place. However, the one contestant that beat her is her neighbor and arch-rival, Lisa. Research by Tesser suggests that Adriana

will avoid future contact with Lisa in order to avoid further threats to her self-esteem.

According to theories regarding self-perception of emotions, what would be the likely effect of sitting at your desk slumped over in the chair with a bowed head

you would be likely to feel dejected